Lead: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Two pieces of lead, 11 grams, 1 x 1.5 cm each.jpg|thumb|200px|Lead.]] | [[File:Two pieces of lead, 11 grams, 1 x 1.5 cm each.jpg|thumb|200px|Lead.]] | ||
'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal | '''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Pb''' and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal and is one of the common densest metal in the [[Periodic table|periodic table]].{{citation needed}} Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to [[air]]. | ||
Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems. | Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems. | ||
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== Uses == | == Uses == | ||
:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]] | :''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]] | ||
Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity | Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity. | ||
== Production == | |||
Lead production can be divided into '''Primary processes''' and '''Secondary processes'''. Primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap and debris. | |||
<p>Lead can be obtained with scrap lead. Given adequate techniques, lead obtained via secondary processes is indistinguishable from lead obtained via primary processes. Scrap lead from the building trade is usually fairly clean and is re-melted without the need for smelting, though refining is sometimes needed. Secondary lead production is usually cheaper depending on the process, in terms of energy requirements, than is primary production, often by 50% or more but may need refinement.</p> | |||
=== Primary === | |||
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=== Secondary === | |||
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== Refinement == | |||
Lead refining involves several steps to remove impurities from crude lead ore or lead-containing materials. This is a list of some of the possible refinement techniques: | |||
<blockquote> | |||
[[Smelting|Smelting]]: Crude lead ore (galena) is heated in a furnace with coal or natural gas to produce a lead-bismuth alloy. | |||
[[Flotation]]: The lead-bismuth alloy is then separated from impurities using flotation, a process that uses air bubbles to separate particles based on their density. | |||
[[Roasting]]: The lead ore is roasted to convert lead sulfide into lead oxide, which is then heated to produce lead monoxide. | |||
[[Leaching]]: The lead monoxide is then leached with acid to dissolve the lead, leaving impurities behind. | |||
<p>These are some of the more primitive methods of refinement. It is also important to note that some processes may create toxic lead fumes that may lead to lead poisoning</p> | |||
</blockquote> | |||
Some of the more advance refinement technique includes: | |||
[[Crystallization]]: The purified lead is then crystallized into a solid, high-purity lead product. | |||
[[Electrolysis|Anode electrolysis]]: This method uses an anode made of lead to remove impurities from the lead solution. | |||
[[Electrolysis|Cathode electrolysis]]: This method uses a cathode made of lead to deposit pure lead onto the surface. | |||
[[Vacuum distillation]]: This method uses a vacuum to distill impurities from the lead solution, resulting in high-purity lead. | |||
Some of the impurities removed in the process may include: | |||
<blockquote> | |||
[[Arsenic|Arsenic]]: removed through roasting and leaching | |||
[[Bismuth|Bismuth]]: removed through flotation and electrolysis | |||
[[Copper|Copper]]: removed through electrolysis | |||
[[Silver|Silver]]: removed through electrolysis | |||
[[Gold|Gold]]: removed through electrolysis | |||
</blockquote> | |||
== Application == | |||
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== Biological effects == | |||
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=== Health hazard === | |||
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==Dependencies== | ==Dependencies== | ||
*[[Arsenic]] | *[[Arsenic]] | ||
*'''Lead''' | *'''Lead''' | ||
*[[solder|Solder]] | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
Revision as of 15:29, 25 July 2025
Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal and is one of the common densest metal in the periodic table.[citation needed] Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air.
Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems.
Uses
Lead is an option as projectiles for ranged weapons, including the sling and the slingshot.[1] Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity.
Production
Lead production can be divided into Primary processes and Secondary processes. Primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap and debris.
Lead can be obtained with scrap lead. Given adequate techniques, lead obtained via secondary processes is indistinguishable from lead obtained via primary processes. Scrap lead from the building trade is usually fairly clean and is re-melted without the need for smelting, though refining is sometimes needed. Secondary lead production is usually cheaper depending on the process, in terms of energy requirements, than is primary production, often by 50% or more but may need refinement.
Primary
Secondary
Refinement
Lead refining involves several steps to remove impurities from crude lead ore or lead-containing materials. This is a list of some of the possible refinement techniques:
Smelting: Crude lead ore (galena) is heated in a furnace with coal or natural gas to produce a lead-bismuth alloy.
Flotation: The lead-bismuth alloy is then separated from impurities using flotation, a process that uses air bubbles to separate particles based on their density.
Roasting: The lead ore is roasted to convert lead sulfide into lead oxide, which is then heated to produce lead monoxide.
Leaching: The lead monoxide is then leached with acid to dissolve the lead, leaving impurities behind.
These are some of the more primitive methods of refinement. It is also important to note that some processes may create toxic lead fumes that may lead to lead poisoning
Some of the more advance refinement technique includes:
Crystallization: The purified lead is then crystallized into a solid, high-purity lead product.
Anode electrolysis: This method uses an anode made of lead to remove impurities from the lead solution.
Cathode electrolysis: This method uses a cathode made of lead to deposit pure lead onto the surface.
Vacuum distillation: This method uses a vacuum to distill impurities from the lead solution, resulting in high-purity lead.
Some of the impurities removed in the process may include:
Arsenic: removed through roasting and leaching
Bismuth: removed through flotation and electrolysis
Copper: removed through electrolysis
Silver: removed through electrolysis
Gold: removed through electrolysis
Application
Biological effects
Health hazard
Dependencies
See also
References
| This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Lead, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (view authors). | 
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