Boron
Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as boric acid, the mineral sodium borate, and the ultra-hard crystals of boron carbide and boron nitride.
Materials Needed
Crafting Instructions
Note: This process involves high temperatures, flammable and toxic gases, and potentially explosive reactions. It should only be attempted by trained individuals in a properly equipped lab setting with appropriate safety protocols.
- Heat the boric acid to create boric anhydride (B₂O₃).
- Mix finely powdered B₂O₃ and Mg in 1:3 ratio.
- Heat the mixture to about 900°C in a covered crucible or a refractory container.
- Wash the residue with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to dissolve magnesium oxide:
- Rinse with distilled water and dry.
Uses
Boron is primarily used in chemical compounds. About half of all production consumed globally is an additive in fiberglass for insulation and structural materials. The next leading use is in polymers and ceramics in high-strength, lightweight structural and heat-resistant materials. Borosilicate glass is desired for its greater strength and thermal shock resistance than ordinary soda lime glass. As sodium perborate, it is used as a bleach. A few boron-containing organic pharmaceuticals are used or are in study.
Borates have low toxicity in mammals (similar to table salt) but are more toxic to arthropods and are occasionally used as insecticides. Boron-containing organic antibiotics are known. Although only traces are required, it is an essential plant nutrient.
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References
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