Lead - Revision history

Tristan(original): completed 'Production' and 'Application' sections

2025-07-28T09:25:48Z

completed 'Production' and 'Application' sections

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:25, 28 July 2025
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	:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]		:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]
	Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity.		Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity.

			<p>
			Other uses of lead for more advanced purposes/technologies also include radiation shielding, ceramic and glass production, cheap batteries, creation of specific chemical compounds and more.
			</p>

	== Production ==		== Production ==
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	=== Primary ===		=== Primary ===
	{{~~placeholder~~}}		Most lead ores contain a low percentage of lead which must be concentrated for extraction. During initial processing, ores undergo crushing, dense-medium separation, grinding, froth flotation, drying. The resulting concentrate, which has a lead content is then turned into (impure) lead metal.{{citation needed}}

			There are two main ways of doing this: a two-stage process involving roasting followed by [[blast furnace\|Blast furnace]] extraction, carried out in separate vessels; or a direct process in which the extraction of the concentrate occurs in a single vessel.

	=== Secondary ===		=== Secondary ===
	~~{{placeholder}}~~		Smelting, which is an essential part of the primary production but can be often skipped during secondary production. It is only performed when metallic lead has undergone significant oxidation. The process is similar to that of primary production in either a blast furnace or a [[rotary furnace\|Rotary furnace]] used to melt and cast lead.

			<p>
			Common sources of lead for secondary production are lead–acid batteries, lead pipe, sheet, and cable sheathing.
			</p>

	== Refinement ==		== Refinement ==
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	== Application ==		== Application ==
	{{~~placeholder~~}}		=== Elemental lead ===
			Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting-point, ductility, and relative inertness compared to other common metals.{{citation needed}} Although many metals are superior to lead in some of these aspects but are generally less common and more difficult to extract from parent ores. Due to lead's toxic properties, it is recommended to phased out the use of lead when possible; although, this may only be possible in advance stages of civilization, due to the abundance of lead and its cheap cost of production, as well as the rarity of other viable replacement metals for lead.

			=== Batteries ===
			Lead can also be used to create lead–acid batteries. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. Although caution is required in the production of lead battery or recycling plants due to the exposure to lead fumes. The reactions in the battery between lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid provide a reliable source of voltage compared to other cheap alternatives. {{citation needed}} These batteries have lower energy density and charge-discharge efficiency than lithium-ion batteries, but are significantly cheaper.

			=== Radioactive shielding ===
			Lead's high density and ability to absorb radiation make it a cheap and effective material for shielding against X-rays, gamma rays, and other forms of ionizing radiation.

			=== Soldering ===
			Lead can be used in soldering due to its low melting-point and cheap cost of production. But due to the toxicity of lead, it is recommended to use safer alternatives. Examples of lead-free solders that can be use are [[tin\|Tin]], [[copper\|Copper]], [[silver\|Silver]], [[bismuth\|Bismuth]], [[indium\|Indium]], [[zinc\|Zinc]], [[antimony\|Antimony]], and alloys including these metals.

			=== Ceramics and glass ===
			Lead oxide can also be used in the production of ceramic glazes and glass, imparting a bright, shiny appearance. It may also be used as non-food-grade pigments in paints. Although it is important to note that due to its toxicity, it is recommended to avoid its use when possible.

	== Health hazards and biological effects ==		== Health hazards and biological effects ==

Tristan(original) at 13:41, 26 July 2025

2025-07-26T13:41:06Z

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[File:Two pieces of lead, 11 grams, 1 x 1.5 cm each.jpg|thumb|200px|Lead.]]
-'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Pb''' and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal and is one of the common densest metal in the [[Periodic table|periodic table]].{{citation needed}} Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to [[air]].
+'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Pb''' and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal and is one of the common densest metal in the [[Periodic table|periodic table]].{{citation needed}} Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to [[air]]. It also has the highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major nuclear decay chains of heavier elements (e.g. [[Uranium|Uranium]]).
 == Uses ==
@@ Line 13: / Line 16: @@
 Lead production can be divided into '''Primary processes''' and '''Secondary processes'''. Primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap and debris.
-<p>Lead can be obtained with scrap lead. Given adequate techniques, lead obtained via secondary processes is indistinguishable from lead obtained via primary processes. Scrap lead from the building trade is usually fairly clean and is re-melted without the need for smelting, though refining is sometimes needed. Secondary lead production is usually cheaper depending on the process, in terms of energy requirements, than is primary production, often by 50% or more but may need refinement.</p>
+<p>
 === Primary ===
@@ Line 64: / Line 69: @@
 {{placeholder}}
-== Biological effects ==
+== Health hazards and biological effects ==
-{{placeholder}}
+Lead has no confirmed biological role, and there is no confirmed safe level of lead exposure. Pure lead is tasteless and odorless, it is also one of the main metals that causes heavy metal poisoning (along side with [[Mercury|Mercury]], [[Arsenic|Arsenic]], [[Cadmium|Cadmium]], [[Thallium|Thallium]], and [[Copper|Copper]]).
-=== Health hazard ===
+- Lead fumes ('''note''' - Lead vapors are tasteless, odorless, and colorless).
-{{placeholder}}
+</blockquote>
 ==Dependencies==

Tristan(original): Added more sections and placeholders for later

2025-07-25T15:29:11Z

Added more sections and placeholders for later

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[File:Two pieces of lead, 11 grams, 1 x 1.5 cm each.jpg|thumb|200px|Lead.]]
-'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to [[air]].
+'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Pb''' and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal and is one of the common densest metal in the [[Periodic table|periodic table]].{{citation needed}} Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to [[air]].
 Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems.
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 == Uses ==
 :''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]
-Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity
+Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity.
 ==Dependencies==
 *[[Arsenic]]
 *'''Lead'''
 == See also ==
 <div style="column-count:2">

104.28.144.175: /* Uses */

2025-05-06T06:52:37Z

Uses

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:52, 6 May 2025
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	== Uses ==		== Uses ==
	:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]		:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]
	Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref>		Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity
	==Dependencies==		==Dependencies==
	*[[Arsenic]]		*[[Arsenic]]

PolarTwin: /* See also */ Other metals

2023-01-08T11:51:48Z

PolarTwin: Link

2022-12-24T14:58:32Z

Link

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:58, 24 December 2022
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	[[File:Two pieces of lead, 11 grams, 1 x 1.5 cm each.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Lead.]]		[[File:Two pieces of lead, 11 grams, 1 x 1.5 cm each.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Lead.]]

	'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements\|chemical element]] with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air.		'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements\|chemical element]] with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to [[air]].

	Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems.		Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems.

PolarTwin: -Category:Chemical elements

2022-12-24T13:42:29Z

-Category:Chemical elements

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:42, 24 December 2022
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	{{wa\|Lead}}		{{wa\|Lead}}

	~~[[Category:Chemical elements]]~~
	[[Category:Metals]]		[[Category:Metals]]

PolarTwin: Dependencies section

2022-12-11T16:48:58Z

Dependencies section

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 11 December 2022
Line 9:		Line 9:
	:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]		:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]
	Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref>		Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref>
			==Dependencies==
			*[[Arsenic]]
			*'''Lead'''
	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Aluminum]]		* [[Aluminum]]

PolarTwin: /* Uses */ Merging template, link

2022-11-16T17:02:39Z

Uses: Merging template, link

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 16 November 2022
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	== Uses ==		== Uses ==
	{{See also\|Sling}}		:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]
	~~{{See also\|~~Slingshot}}		Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref>
	Lead is an option as ~~projectiles~~ for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==

PolarTwin: -Category:Stubs

2022-11-16T16:04:49Z

-Category:Stubs

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 16 November 2022
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	[[Category:Chemical elements]]		[[Category:Chemical elements]]
	[[Category:Metals]]		[[Category:Metals]]
	~~[[Category:Stubs]]~~

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:51, 8 January 2023
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	*'''Lead'''		*'''Lead'''
	== See also ==		== See also ==
			<div style="column-count:2">
	* [[Aluminum]]		* [[Aluminum]]
	* [[~~Bronze]]~~		* [[Calcium]]
	* [[Arsenic]]
	* [[Copper]]		* [[Copper]]
			* [[Gold]]
	* [[Iron]]		* [[Iron]]
			* [[Lithium]]
			* [[Magnesium]]
			* [[Manganese]]
			* [[Mercury]]
			* [[Nickel]]
			* [[Potassium]]
			* [[Sodium]]
			* [[Tin]]
			* [[Titanium]]
			* [[Zinc]]
	* [[Chemical elements]]		* [[Chemical elements]]
			</div>

	== References ==		== References ==