Wikiciv - User contributions [en]

Lead

2025-07-28T09:25:48Z

Tristan(original): completed 'Production' and 'Application' sections

[[File:Pb-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of lead in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Two pieces of lead, 11 grams, 1 x 1.5 cm each.jpg|thumb|200px|Lead.]]

'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Pb''' and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal and is one of the common densest metal in the [[Periodic table|periodic table]].{{citation needed}} Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to [[air]]. It also has the highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major nuclear decay chains of heavier elements (e.g. [[Uranium|Uranium]]).

Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems. It is commonly associated with heavy metal poisoning and can also cause insanity.

== Uses ==
:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]
Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity.

<p>
Other uses of lead for more advanced purposes/technologies also include radiation shielding, ceramic and glass production, cheap batteries, creation of specific chemical compounds and more.
</p>

== Production ==
Lead production can be divided into '''Primary processes''' and '''Secondary processes'''. Primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap and debris.

<p>
Lead can be obtained with scrap lead. Given adequate techniques, lead obtained via secondary processes is indistinguishable from lead obtained via primary processes. Scrap lead from the building trade is usually fairly clean and is re-melted without the need for smelting, though refining is sometimes needed. Secondary lead production is usually cheaper depending on the process, in terms of energy requirements, than is primary production, often by 50% or more but may need refinement.
</p>

=== Primary ===
Most lead ores contain a low percentage of lead which must be concentrated for extraction. During initial processing, ores undergo crushing, dense-medium separation, grinding, froth flotation, drying. The resulting concentrate, which has a lead content is then turned into (impure) lead metal.{{citation needed}}

There are two main ways of doing this: a two-stage process involving roasting followed by [[blast furnace|Blast furnace]] extraction, carried out in separate vessels; or a direct process in which the extraction of the concentrate occurs in a single vessel.

=== Secondary ===
Smelting, which is an essential part of the primary production but can be often skipped during secondary production. It is only performed when metallic lead has undergone significant oxidation. The process is similar to that of primary production in either a blast furnace or a [[rotary furnace|Rotary furnace]] used to melt and cast lead.

<p>
Common sources of lead for secondary production are lead–acid batteries, lead pipe, sheet, and cable sheathing.
</p>

== Refinement ==
Lead refining involves several steps to remove impurities from crude lead ore or lead-containing materials. This is a list of some of the possible refinement techniques:

<blockquote>
[[Smelting|Smelting]]: Crude lead ore (galena) is heated in a furnace with coal or natural gas to produce a lead-bismuth alloy.

[[Flotation]]: The lead-bismuth alloy is then separated from impurities using flotation, a process that uses air bubbles to separate particles based on their density.

[[Roasting]]: The lead ore is roasted to convert lead sulfide into lead oxide, which is then heated to produce lead monoxide.

[[Leaching]]: The lead monoxide is then leached with acid to dissolve the lead, leaving impurities behind.

<p>These are some of the more primitive methods of refinement. It is also important to note that some processes may create toxic lead fumes that may lead to lead poisoning</p>

</blockquote>

Some of the more advance refinement technique includes:

[[Crystallization]]: The purified lead is then crystallized into a solid, high-purity lead product.

[[Electrolysis|Anode electrolysis]]: This method uses an anode made of lead to remove impurities from the lead solution.

[[Electrolysis|Cathode electrolysis]]: This method uses a cathode made of lead to deposit pure lead onto the surface.

[[Vacuum distillation]]: This method uses a vacuum to distill impurities from the lead solution, resulting in high-purity lead.

Some of the impurities removed in the process may include:
<blockquote>
[[Arsenic|Arsenic]]: removed through roasting and leaching

[[Bismuth|Bismuth]]: removed through flotation and electrolysis

[[Copper|Copper]]: removed through electrolysis

[[Silver|Silver]]: removed through electrolysis

[[Gold|Gold]]: removed through electrolysis
</blockquote>

== Application ==
=== Elemental lead ===
Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting-point, ductility, and relative inertness compared to other common metals.{{citation needed}} Although many metals are superior to lead in some of these aspects but are generally less common and more difficult to extract from parent ores. Due to lead's toxic properties, it is recommended to phased out the use of lead when possible; although, this may only be possible in advance stages of civilization, due to the abundance of lead and its cheap cost of production, as well as the rarity of other viable replacement metals for lead.

=== Batteries ===
Lead can also be used to create lead–acid batteries. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. Although caution is required in the production of lead battery or recycling plants due to the exposure to lead fumes. The reactions in the battery between lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid provide a reliable source of voltage compared to other cheap alternatives. {{citation needed}} These batteries have lower energy density and charge-discharge efficiency than lithium-ion batteries, but are significantly cheaper.

=== Radioactive shielding ===
Lead's high density and ability to absorb radiation make it a cheap and effective material for shielding against X-rays, gamma rays, and other forms of ionizing radiation.

=== Soldering ===
Lead can be used in soldering due to its low melting-point and cheap cost of production. But due to the toxicity of lead, it is recommended to use safer alternatives. Examples of lead-free solders that can be use are [[tin|Tin]], [[copper|Copper]], [[silver|Silver]], [[bismuth|Bismuth]], [[indium|Indium]], [[zinc|Zinc]], [[antimony|Antimony]], and alloys including these metals.

=== Ceramics and glass ===
Lead oxide can also be used in the production of ceramic glazes and glass, imparting a bright, shiny appearance. It may also be used as non-food-grade pigments in paints. Although it is important to note that due to its toxicity, it is recommended to avoid its use when possible.

== Health hazards and biological effects ==
Lead has no confirmed biological role, and there is no confirmed safe level of lead exposure. Pure lead is tasteless and odorless, it is also one of the main metals that causes heavy metal poisoning (along side with [[Mercury|Mercury]], [[Arsenic|Arsenic]], [[Cadmium|Cadmium]], [[Thallium|Thallium]], and [[Copper|Copper]]).

Lead salts are very efficiently absorbed by the body. A small amount of lead (~1%) is stored in bones; the rest is excreted in urine and feces within a few weeks of exposure ('''Note''' - Only about a third of lead is excreted by a child). Continual exposure may result in the accumulation of lead in the body.{{citation needed}}

=== Toxicity ===
Lead is a highly poisonous metal when inhaled or consumed, affecting almost every organ and system in the human body. Most ingested lead is absorbed into the bloodstream. The primary cause of its toxicity is interfering with the proper functioning of essential enzymes. It does so by binding to the sulfhydryl groups found on many enzymes, or mimicking and displacing other metals which are essential for normal function. The essential metals that lead interacts with include calcium, iron, and zinc. High levels of calcium and iron in the body provides some protection from lead poisoning however low levels cause increased susceptibility.{{citation needed}}

=== Symptoms and effects ===
Lead '''will''' cause severe damage to the brain and kidneys, and can cause death. By mimicking calcium, lead can cross the blood–brain barrier. It also interferes with neurotransmission routes, and decreases brain growth which can lead to insanity.

<p>
Here is a list of symptoms ranging from mild to severe, it also includes symptoms in children:{{citation needed}}
</p>

<blockquote>
'''Mild Symptoms''':

- Abdominal pain or cramps

- Constipation

- Headaches or dizziness

- Fatigue or weakness

- Irritability or mood changes

- Loss of appetite

- Nausea or vomiting

</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Moderate Symptoms''':

- Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet

- Muscle weakness or tremors

- Confusion or difficulty concentrating

- Memory problems or learning disabilities

- Hearing loss or ringing in the ears

- Vision problems or blurred vision

</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Severe Symptoms''':

- Seizures or convulsions

- Coma or loss of consciousness

- Organ failure (kidney, liver, or heart)

- Respiratory problems or difficulty breathing

- Cardiovascular problems or high blood pressure

- Reproductive problems or infertility

</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Symptoms in Children''':

- Delayed development or learning disabilities

- Behavioral problems or hyperactivity

- Speech or language delays

- Vision problems or eye damage

- Hearing loss or ear damage

- Developmental delays or growth problems

</blockquote>

=== Sources of exposure ===
Here is a list of common causes of lead poisoning:

<blockquote>
- Lead-based paint and contaminated dust in older buildings.

- Contaminated air, water, and soil.

- Lead pipes and fixtures in homes.

- Occupational exposure, such as in mining, construction, and manufacturing.

- Used firearm ammunition and gunsmoke.

- Contaminated food and water.

- Lead fumes ('''note''' - Lead vapors are tasteless, odorless, and colorless).
</blockquote>

==Dependencies==
*[[Arsenic]]
*'''Lead'''
*[[solder|Solder]]
== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Tin]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Zinc]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

== References ==
<references/>
{{wa|Lead}}

[[Category:Metals]]

Tin

2025-07-26T14:00:14Z

Tristan(original): /* Production */ removed it due to lack of evidence/proof

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys (such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]] (such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks (including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits can be collected and separated by methods similar to [[Panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It is a relatively easy common metal to mine and [[panning|pan]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic tools such as a [[Pickaxe|pickaxe]] or [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

=== Scraping ===
Tin is found in many items in Human civilization. These are some of the most common items made with tin. Depending on the item, methods and processes of extraction may differ.

:
<blockquote>
[[Canning|Cans]]: tinplate (tin-coated steel) is used to make cans for food and beverages.

[[Solder]]: a tin-lead alloy used to join metals together.

[[Tin foil]]: used for wrapping food, wrapping electrical components, and in cooking. It is also a good insulator and can be used for insulating shelters if needed.

[[Pewter]]: a tin-based alloy used to make decorative items, tableware, and other household items.

[[Brass|Any item containing brass]]: an alloy of copper and tin, used in various applications such as casings for bullets, handrails, valves, and gears.

[[Solder|Zinc-tin solder]]: used in electronics, plumbing, and other applications.

[[Steel|Tin-plated steel]]: used in construction, such as in roofing panels, steel frames in buildings, and suspension bridges.

[[Ceramics|Ceramic coatings]]: tin-based coatings are used in the production of ceramics, such as in cookware and tableware.

[[Thermocouples]]: tin-based alloys are used in the production of thermocouples, which measure temperature.

[[Copper|Copper-tin alloys]]: used in the production of bearings, bushings, and other mechanical components.
</blockquote>

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

Lead

2025-07-26T13:41:06Z

Tristan(original):

[[File:Pb-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of lead in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Two pieces of lead, 11 grams, 1 x 1.5 cm each.jpg|thumb|200px|Lead.]]

'''Lead''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Pb''' and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal and is one of the common densest metal in the [[Periodic table|periodic table]].{{citation needed}} Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to [[air]]. It also has the highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major nuclear decay chains of heavier elements (e.g. [[Uranium|Uranium]]).

Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones; it damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes, causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems. It is commonly associated with heavy metal poisoning and can also cause insanity.

== Uses ==
:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]
Lead is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref> Lead is also commonly used as Solder for pipes and Electronic circuits due to its low melting point and electrical conductivity.

== Production ==
Lead production can be divided into '''Primary processes''' and '''Secondary processes'''. Primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap and debris.

<p>
Lead can be obtained with scrap lead. Given adequate techniques, lead obtained via secondary processes is indistinguishable from lead obtained via primary processes. Scrap lead from the building trade is usually fairly clean and is re-melted without the need for smelting, though refining is sometimes needed. Secondary lead production is usually cheaper depending on the process, in terms of energy requirements, than is primary production, often by 50% or more but may need refinement.
</p>

=== Primary ===
{{placeholder}}

=== Secondary ===
{{placeholder}}

== Refinement ==
Lead refining involves several steps to remove impurities from crude lead ore or lead-containing materials. This is a list of some of the possible refinement techniques:

<blockquote>
[[Smelting|Smelting]]: Crude lead ore (galena) is heated in a furnace with coal or natural gas to produce a lead-bismuth alloy.

[[Flotation]]: The lead-bismuth alloy is then separated from impurities using flotation, a process that uses air bubbles to separate particles based on their density.

[[Roasting]]: The lead ore is roasted to convert lead sulfide into lead oxide, which is then heated to produce lead monoxide.

[[Leaching]]: The lead monoxide is then leached with acid to dissolve the lead, leaving impurities behind.

<p>These are some of the more primitive methods of refinement. It is also important to note that some processes may create toxic lead fumes that may lead to lead poisoning</p>

</blockquote>

Some of the more advance refinement technique includes:

[[Crystallization]]: The purified lead is then crystallized into a solid, high-purity lead product.

[[Electrolysis|Anode electrolysis]]: This method uses an anode made of lead to remove impurities from the lead solution.

[[Electrolysis|Cathode electrolysis]]: This method uses a cathode made of lead to deposit pure lead onto the surface.

[[Vacuum distillation]]: This method uses a vacuum to distill impurities from the lead solution, resulting in high-purity lead.

Some of the impurities removed in the process may include:
<blockquote>
[[Arsenic|Arsenic]]: removed through roasting and leaching

[[Bismuth|Bismuth]]: removed through flotation and electrolysis

[[Copper|Copper]]: removed through electrolysis

[[Silver|Silver]]: removed through electrolysis

[[Gold|Gold]]: removed through electrolysis
</blockquote>

== Application ==
{{placeholder}}

== Health hazards and biological effects ==
Lead has no confirmed biological role, and there is no confirmed safe level of lead exposure. Pure lead is tasteless and odorless, it is also one of the main metals that causes heavy metal poisoning (along side with [[Mercury|Mercury]], [[Arsenic|Arsenic]], [[Cadmium|Cadmium]], [[Thallium|Thallium]], and [[Copper|Copper]]).

Lead salts are very efficiently absorbed by the body. A small amount of lead (~1%) is stored in bones; the rest is excreted in urine and feces within a few weeks of exposure ('''Note''' - Only about a third of lead is excreted by a child). Continual exposure may result in the accumulation of lead in the body.{{citation needed}}

=== Toxicity ===
Lead is a highly poisonous metal when inhaled or consumed, affecting almost every organ and system in the human body. Most ingested lead is absorbed into the bloodstream. The primary cause of its toxicity is interfering with the proper functioning of essential enzymes. It does so by binding to the sulfhydryl groups found on many enzymes, or mimicking and displacing other metals which are essential for normal function. The essential metals that lead interacts with include calcium, iron, and zinc. High levels of calcium and iron in the body provides some protection from lead poisoning however low levels cause increased susceptibility.{{citation needed}}

=== Symptoms and effects ===
Lead '''will''' cause severe damage to the brain and kidneys, and can cause death. By mimicking calcium, lead can cross the blood–brain barrier. It also interferes with neurotransmission routes, and decreases brain growth which can lead to insanity.

<p>
Here is a list of symptoms ranging from mild to severe, it also includes symptoms in children:{{citation needed}}
</p>

<blockquote>
'''Mild Symptoms''':

- Abdominal pain or cramps

- Constipation

- Headaches or dizziness

- Fatigue or weakness

- Irritability or mood changes

- Loss of appetite

- Nausea or vomiting

</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Moderate Symptoms''':

- Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet

- Muscle weakness or tremors

- Confusion or difficulty concentrating

- Memory problems or learning disabilities

- Hearing loss or ringing in the ears

- Vision problems or blurred vision

</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Severe Symptoms''':

- Seizures or convulsions

- Coma or loss of consciousness

- Organ failure (kidney, liver, or heart)

- Respiratory problems or difficulty breathing

- Cardiovascular problems or high blood pressure

- Reproductive problems or infertility

</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Symptoms in Children''':

- Delayed development or learning disabilities

- Behavioral problems or hyperactivity

- Speech or language delays

- Vision problems or eye damage

- Hearing loss or ear damage

- Developmental delays or growth problems

</blockquote>

=== Sources of exposure ===
Here is a list of common causes of lead poisoning:

<blockquote>
- Lead-based paint and contaminated dust in older buildings.

- Contaminated air, water, and soil.

- Lead pipes and fixtures in homes.

- Occupational exposure, such as in mining, construction, and manufacturing.

- Used firearm ammunition and gunsmoke.

- Contaminated food and water.

- Lead fumes ('''note''' - Lead vapors are tasteless, odorless, and colorless).
</blockquote>

==Dependencies==
*[[Arsenic]]
*'''Lead'''
*[[solder|Solder]]
== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Tin]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Zinc]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

== References ==
<references/>
{{wa|Lead}}

[[Category:Metals]]

Talk:Lead

2025-07-25T15:38:29Z

Tristan(original): Created page with "Q1: Do you think that 'Refinement' should be included in 'Production'? <p> Q2: Should I add a 'Common occurrence and distribution'? I've been hesitating to add this section since I haven't found enough resources and citations on this specifically that I think is suitable. If you have any books or resources on this, please discuss and add it if you think you should. </p> <p> Q3: Should I create a section on lead's environmental effects and how to safely handle it? </p>"

Q1: Do you think that 'Refinement' should be included in 'Production'?

<p>
Q2: Should I add a 'Common occurrence and distribution'? I've been hesitating to add this section since I haven't found enough resources and citations on this specifically that I think is suitable. If you have any books or resources on this, please discuss and add it if you think you should.
</p>

<p>
Q3: Should I create a section on lead's environmental effects and how to safely handle it?
</p>

Talk:Tin

2025-07-25T15:35:55Z

User talk:Tristan(original)

2025-07-25T15:33:42Z

Tristan(original): added context and fixed typos

Hey, this is the first time I'm editing, if I made any mistakes or left anything you think is important that I've left out, please tell me. I will appreciate all advice that I can get.

Should I add a 'Common occurrence and distribution'? I've been hesitating to add this section since I haven't found enough resources and citations on this specifically that I think is suitable. If you have any books or resources on this, please discuss and add it if you think you should.

== Should 'Refinement' be included in 'Production'? ==

(Context: look at the page for tin and lead)
I've decided to separate the two into different sections as I believe that the production of tin does not necessarily imply refinement. I also did this because the processes of refinement differ from the subsections of 'Production' ('Mining' and 'Smelting and extraction') in context and relatebility.

Please tell me your opinions on it.
- Tristan

Lead

2025-07-25T15:29:11Z

Tristan(original): Added more sections and placeholders for later

Tin

2025-07-25T15:13:07Z

Tristan(original): /* Uses */ fixed link

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys (such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]] (such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks (including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits can be collected and separated by methods similar to [[Panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It is a relatively easy common metal to mine and [[panning|pan]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic stone and [[Flint|flint]] tools such as a [[Pickaxe|pickaxe]] or [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

=== Scraping ===
Tin is found in many items in Human civilization. These are some of the most common items made with tin. Depending on the item, methods and processes of extraction may differ.

:
<blockquote>
[[Canning|Cans]]: tinplate (tin-coated steel) is used to make cans for food and beverages.

[[Solder]]: a tin-lead alloy used to join metals together.

[[Tin foil]]: used for wrapping food, wrapping electrical components, and in cooking. It is also a good insulator and can be used for insulating shelters if needed.

[[Pewter]]: a tin-based alloy used to make decorative items, tableware, and other household items.

[[Brass|Any item containing brass]]: an alloy of copper and tin, used in various applications such as casings for bullets, handrails, valves, and gears.

[[Solder|Zinc-tin solder]]: used in electronics, plumbing, and other applications.

[[Steel|Tin-plated steel]]: used in construction, such as in roofing panels, steel frames in buildings, and suspension bridges.

[[Ceramics|Ceramic coatings]]: tin-based coatings are used in the production of ceramics, such as in cookware and tableware.

[[Thermocouples]]: tin-based alloys are used in the production of thermocouples, which measure temperature.

[[Copper|Copper-tin alloys]]: used in the production of bearings, bushings, and other mechanical components.
</blockquote>

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

Tin

2025-07-25T15:08:28Z

Tristan(original): /*Production*/ fixed typo and added context

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys (such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]] (such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks (including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits can be collected and separated by methods similar to [[Gold panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It is a relatively easy common metal to mine and [[panning|pan]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic stone and [[Flint|flint]] tools such as a [[Pickaxe|pickaxe]] or [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

=== Scraping ===
Tin is found in many items in Human civilization. These are some of the most common items made with tin. Depending on the item, methods and processes of extraction may differ.

:
<blockquote>
[[Canning|Cans]]: tinplate (tin-coated steel) is used to make cans for food and beverages.

[[Solder]]: a tin-lead alloy used to join metals together.

[[Tin foil]]: used for wrapping food, wrapping electrical components, and in cooking. It is also a good insulator and can be used for insulating shelters if needed.

[[Pewter]]: a tin-based alloy used to make decorative items, tableware, and other household items.

[[Brass|Any item containing brass]]: an alloy of copper and tin, used in various applications such as casings for bullets, handrails, valves, and gears.

[[Solder|Zinc-tin solder]]: used in electronics, plumbing, and other applications.

[[Steel|Tin-plated steel]]: used in construction, such as in roofing panels, steel frames in buildings, and suspension bridges.

[[Ceramics|Ceramic coatings]]: tin-based coatings are used in the production of ceramics, such as in cookware and tableware.

[[Thermocouples]]: tin-based alloys are used in the production of thermocouples, which measure temperature.

[[Copper|Copper-tin alloys]]: used in the production of bearings, bushings, and other mechanical components.
</blockquote>

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

Tin

2025-07-25T15:04:22Z

Tristan(original): Included 'Scraping' as a form of production

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys (such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]] (such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks (including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits can be collected and separated by methods similar to [[Gold panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It is a relatively easy common metal to mine and [[panning|pan]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic stone and [[Flint|flint]] tools such as a [[Pickaxe|pickaxe]] or [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

=== Scraping ===
Tin is found in many items in Human civilization. These are some of the most common items made with tim.

:
<blockquote>
[[Canning|Cans]]: tinplate (tin-coated steel) is used to make cans for food and beverages.

[[Solder]]: a tin-lead alloy used to join metals together.

[[Tin foil]]: used for wrapping food, wrapping electrical components, and in cooking. It is also a good insulator and can be used for insulating shelters if needed.

[[Pewter]]: a tin-based alloy used to make decorative items, tableware, and other household items.

[[Brass|Any item containing brass]]: an alloy of copper and tin, used in various applications such as casings for bullets, handrails, valves, and gears.

[[Solder|Zinc-tin solder]]: used in electronics, plumbing, and other applications.

[[Steel|Tin-plated steel]]: used in construction, such as in roofing panels, steel frames in buildings, and suspension bridges.

[[Ceramics|Ceramic coatings]]: tin-based coatings are used in the production of ceramics, such as in cookware and tableware.

[[Thermocouples]]: tin-based alloys are used in the production of thermocouples, which measure temperature.

[[Copper|Copper-tin alloys]]: used in the production of bearings, bushings, and other mechanical components.
</blockquote>

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

Tin

2025-07-25T14:40:39Z

Tristan(original):

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys (such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]] (such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks (including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits can be collected and separated by methods similar to [[Gold panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It is a relatively easy common metal to mine and [[panning|pan]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic stone and [[Flint|flint]] tools such as a [[Pickaxe|pickaxe]] or [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

Tin

2025-07-25T14:39:51Z

Tristan(original):

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys (such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]] (such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks (including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits can be collected and separated by methods similar to [[Gold panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It is a relatively easy common metal to mine and [[panning|pan]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic stone and [[Flint|flint]] tools such as a[[pickaxe|Pickaxe]] or [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

User talk:Tristan(original)

2025-07-25T12:55:05Z

Tristan(original): /* Should 'Refinement' be included in 'Production'? */ new section

Hey, this is the first page I'm editing, if I made any mistakes or left anything you think is important that I've left out, please tell me. I will appreciate all advice that I can get.

Should I add a 'Common occurrence and distribution'? I've been hesitating to add this section since I haven't found enough resources and citations on this specifically that I think is suitable. If you have any books or resources on this, please discuss and add it if you think you should.

== Should 'Refinement' be included in 'Production'? ==

I've decided to seperate the two into different sections as I believe that the production of tin does not necessarily imply refinement. I also did this because the processes of refinement differ from the subsections of 'Production' ('Mining' and 'Smelting and extraction') in context and relatebility.

Please tell me your opinions on it.
- Tristan

Tin

2025-07-25T12:49:06Z

Tristan(original):

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys (such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]] (such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks (including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits can be collected and separated by methods similar to [[Gold panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It should be a common metal to mine and [[pan|panning]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic stone and [[Flint|flint]] tools such as a[[pickaxe|Pickaxe]] or [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

Tin

2025-07-25T12:44:16Z

Tristan(original):

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys(such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]] (such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks (including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits may incidentally have been collected and separated by methods similar to [[Gold panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It should be a common metal to mine and [[pan|panning]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic stone and [[Flint|flint]] tools such as a[[pickaxe|Pickaxe]] or [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

Tin

2025-07-25T12:40:11Z

Tristan(original): This is my first time editing and I hope I haven't absolutely botched it. If there is anything you wish to add please do so, I have decided to use blockquotes on the refinement section due to the lack of other supporting articles. (p.s. this took a while and I hope it's good enough for any future articles I edit.)

[[File:Sn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of tin in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Cín.png|thumb|200px|Tin on a glass plate.]]

'''Tin''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50. It is a silvery-coloured metal. Metallic tin also does not easily oxidize in [[air]] and [[water]].

== Uses ==
Tin is usually used for corrosion-resistant plating of [[steel]], which has been widely used for food packaging as [[Canning|tin cans]] due to its low toxicity.It is also a safer alternative to [[Lead soldering|lead soldering]] and can be used to alloy copper in order to produce bronze, which can then be used to make [[Pewter|pewter]]. Tin alloys(such as bronze) often have lower melting points, improves casting due to its denser fluid, and creates a more solid and less spongy cast.

<p> '''Cassiterite''' (SnO2), a common tin ore, is a viable ore to mine with stone tools. Other tin ores are less common sulfides such as stannite that require a more complex smelting process. Cassiterite often can be found in alluvial channels as deposits and small veins because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying [[Igneous rock|igneous rock]](such as granite). Cassiterite is usually black or dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks(including creeks, marshes, streams, etc...){{citation needed}}. Specifically alluvial placer deposits may incidentally have been collected and separated by methods similar to [[Gold panning|gold panning]].</p>

== Production ==
=== Mining ===
Tin can be mined in every continent. It should be a common metal to mine and [[pan|panning|Panning]] in low lands with flowing water(riverbeds, streams, creeks, marshes, swamps, etc...). It can be mined with basic stone and [[Flint|flint]] tools such as [[pickaxes|pickaxe|Pickaxe]] and [[Adze|adze]]. It can also be panned using a simple [[bowl]] or [[Sieve|sieve]].

=== Smelting and extraction ===
Tin can be extracted by heating tin ore with carbon in a process called [[Carbonthermic reduction]]. It can be smelted using a simple [[Kiln|kiln]] or [[Blast furnace|blast furnace]] if the ore purity is poor {{citation needed}}.

== Refinement ==
Tin can be refined by using basic techniques, although it will require experimentation to perfect in a primitive world. Some of the techniques include:

:
<blockquote>
[[Fire refining|fire refining]]: This method involves heating the tin in large vessels with agitation through compressed air, causing minor impurities to oxidize and rise to the surface

[[Liquation|liquation]]: This method is used to treat impure tin and dross from smelting, removing impurities with a higher melting temperature than tin.

[[Heat treatment|heat treatment]]: This method involves heating the tin from smelters on an inclined hearth to a temperature just above the melting point of pure tin, but below that of the melting point of the impurities.

[[Electrolytic processes|electrolytic processes]]: This method is used to remove metallic impurities from tin produced by smelting concentrate or slag. Although this process will require [[Electricity|electricity]].
</blockquote>

== Dependencies ==
*[[Tin ore]]
**'''Tin'''
***[[Canning]]
**[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
*[[Zinc]]
**[[Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Tin}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Tin]]

User talk:Tristan(original)

2025-07-25T11:38:55Z

Tristan(original): Should I add a 'Common occurrence and distribution' section?