Wikiciv - User contributions [en]

Medicinal Plants

2025-05-09T16:30:05Z

TigerishVirus:

Medicinal Plants are [[Plant|plants]] used as [[medicine]] and treatments. Medicinal plants range widely in applications as well as effectiveness, some can be life saving while others may have very little effect. Most medicinal plants should be used for minor issues and proper medications are nearly always superior, however medicinal plants are extremely important to primitive medicine and as an [[Emergency Medicine|emergency]] [[Emergency Medicine|medicine]] or treatment.

== List of medicinal plants ==

* [[Wild lettuce|Wild]] [[Wild lettuce|lettuce]]
* [[Opium poppy|Opium]] [[Opium poppy|poppy]]
* [[Willow]]
* [[Cannabis]]
* [[Peppermint]]
* [[Lavender]]
* [[Valerian (herb)|Valerian]]
* Feverfew
* [[Tea]]
* Khat
* Kratom
* Coca
* Ayahuasca
* Aloe vera
* Foxgloves
* Marigold
* Cinchona
* San pedro cactus
* Eucalyptus
* Kava
* Elderberry
* Kanna
* Ginger
* Thyme

== See also ==

* Medicinal fungi
* [[Gathering]]

== References ==

Hemp

2025-05-09T14:11:29Z

TigerishVirus: /* See also */

'''Hemp''' is a plant grown specifically for industrial or medicinal use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plants on the planet, and it was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber. It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including [[paper]], [[rope]], textiles, clothing, biodegradable [[plastic]]s, food, and animal feed.

== Uses ==
{{See also|Bow and arrow}}
Hemp fiber has been used extensively throughout history. Items ranging from rope and fabrics to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber for centuries. Hemp was also commonly used to make sail canvas. Pure hemp has a texture similar to [[linen]]. Because of its versatility for use in a variety of products, hemp has been used in a number of consumer goods, including clothing, shoes and accessories.

Hemp cord can also be used as a potential [[Bow and arrow|bowstring]] crafting material.<ref name="WH">"[https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Bow-and-Arrow How to Make a Bow and Arrow]", Wikihow, Retrieved on 11 April 2022</ref>

== Dependencies ==

* '''Hemp'''
** [[Bow and arrow|Bowstring]]
** [[Paper]]
** [[Twine]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Cotton]]
* [[Grasses]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Rubber]]
* [[Silk]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Textiles]]
* [[Cannabis]]
* [[Marijuana]]
</div>

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Hemp}}

[[Category:Plant-derived raw materials]]
[[Category:Textiles]]

Marijuana

2025-05-09T14:09:28Z

TigerishVirus:

'''NOTICE: While marijuana is legal to grow and use in many places, there are many jurisdictions where it is not. Illicit activities are not supported, this is for educational purposes. Please adhere to your local laws.'''

Marijuana, commonly referred to by a plethora of names ('''weed, cannabis, ganja, dope, pot,''' etc.), is a variety of [[cannabis]] bred specifically for higher concentrations of intoxicating cannabinoids (primarily Delta9-tetrahyrdocannabinol).

Marijuana is used as a wildly applicable [[medicine]] to treat various mild ailments. It is also used recreationally for its intoxicating effects.

Can be cultivated identically to non-intoxicating varieties. (Although typically nurtured more heavily then those grown for fiber, seed, etc.)

== Medicinal use ==

== Recreational use ==

== History ==

== See also ==

* [[Cannabis]]
* [[Hemp]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Opium]]

== References ==

Marijuana

2025-05-09T14:08:20Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "'''NOTICE: While marijuana is legal to grow and use in many places, there are many jurisdictions where it is not. Illicit activities are not supported, this is for educational purposes. Please adhere to your local laws.''' Marijuana, commonly referred to by a plethora of names ('''weed, cannabis, ganja, dope, pot,''' etc.), is a variety of cannabis bred specifically for higher concentrations of intoxicating cannabinoids (primarily Delta9-tetrahyrdocannabinol). Ma..."

'''NOTICE: While marijuana is legal to grow and use in many places, there are many jurisdictions where it is not. Illicit activities are not supported, this is for educational purposes. Please adhere to your local laws.'''

Marijuana, commonly referred to by a plethora of names ('''weed, cannabis, ganja, dope, pot,''' etc.), is a variety of [[cannabis]] bred specifically for higher concentrations of intoxicating cannabinoids (primarily Delta9-tetrahyrdocannabinol).

Marijuana is used as a wildly applicable medicine to treat various mild ailments. It is also used recreationally for its intoxicating effects.

Can be cultivated identically to non-intoxicating varieties. (Although typically nurtured more heavily then those grown for fiber, seed, etc.)

== Medicinal use ==

== Recreational use ==

== History ==

== See also ==

* [[Cannabis]]
* [[Hemp]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Opium]]

== References ==

Cannabis

2025-05-09T13:50:35Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "Cannabis (''Cannabis sativa),'' is a flowering plant with wide use applications such as medicine, textiles, food and more. Cannabis is often categorized into two varieties, marijuana and hemp."

Cannabis (''Cannabis sativa),'' is a flowering plant with wide use applications such as medicine, textiles, food and more. Cannabis is often categorized into two varieties, [[marijuana]] and [[hemp]].

Medicinal Plants

2025-05-09T13:25:22Z

TigerishVirus: /* List of medicinal plants */

Medicinal Plants are [[Plant|plants]] used as [[medicine]] and treatments. Medicinal plants range widely in applications as well as effectiveness, some can be life saving while others may have very little effect. Most medicinal plants should be used for minor issues and proper medications are nearly always superior, however medicinal plants are extremely important to primitive medicine and as an [[Emergency Medicine|emergency]] [[Emergency Medicine|medicine]] or treatment.

== List of medicinal plants ==

* [[Wild lettuce|Wild]] [[Wild lettuce|lettuce]]
* [[Opium poppy|Opium]] [[Opium poppy|poppy]]
* [[Willow]]
* [[Hemp]]
* [[Peppermint]]
* [[Lavender]]
* [[Valerian (herb)|Valerian]]
* Feverfew
* [[Tea]]
* Khat
* Kratom
* Coca
* Ayahuasca
* Aloe vera
* Foxgloves
* Marigold
* Cinchona
* San pedro cactus
* Eucalyptus
* Kava
* Elderberry
* Kanna
* Ginger
* Thyme

== See also ==

* Medicinal fungi
* [[Gathering]]

== References ==

Medicinal Plants

2025-05-09T12:59:13Z

TigerishVirus:

Medicinal Plants are [[Plant|plants]] used as [[medicine]] and treatments. Medicinal plants range widely in applications as well as effectiveness, some can be life saving while others may have very little effect. Most medicinal plants should be used for minor issues and proper medications are nearly always superior, however medicinal plants are extremely important to primitive medicine and as an [[Emergency Medicine|emergency]] [[Emergency Medicine|medicine]] or treatment.

== List of medicinal plants ==

* [[Wild lettuce|Wild]] [[Wild lettuce|lettuce]]
* [[Opium poppy|opium]] [[Opium poppy|poppy]]
* [[Willow]]
* [[Hemp]]
* [[Peppermint]]
* [[Lavender]]

== See also ==

* Medicinal fungi
* [[Gathering]]

== References ==

Medicinal Plants

2025-05-09T01:35:31Z

TigerishVirus:

Medicinal Plants are [[Plant|plants]] used as [[medicine]] and treatments. Medical plants range widely in applications as well as effectiveness, some can be life saving while others may have very little effect. Most medicinal plants should be used for minor issues and proper medications are nearly always superior, however medicinal plants are extremely important to primitive medicine and as an [[Emergency Medicine|emergency]] [[Emergency Medicine|medicine]] or treatment.

== List of medicinal plants ==

* [[Wild lettuce|Wild]] [[Wild lettuce|lettuce]]
* [[Opium poppy|opium]] [[Opium poppy|poppy]]
* [[Willow]]
* [[Hemp]]
* [[Peppermint]]
* [[Lavender]]

== See also ==

* Medicinal fungi
* [[Gathering]]

== References ==

Medicinal Plants

2025-05-09T01:03:21Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "Medicinal Plants are plants used as medicine and treatments. Medical plants range widely in applications as well as effectiveness, some can be life saving while others may have very little effect. Most medicinal plants should be used for minor issues and proper medications are nearly always superior, however medicinal plants are extremely important to primitive medicine and as an emergency medicine or treatment. == List of medicinal plants == * Wild ..."

Medicinal Plants are plants used as medicine and treatments. Medical plants range widely in applications as well as effectiveness, some can be life saving while others may have very little effect. Most medicinal plants should be used for minor issues and proper medications are nearly always superior, however medicinal plants are extremely important to primitive medicine and as an emergency medicine or treatment.

== List of medicinal plants ==

* [[Wild lettuce|Wild]] [[Wild lettuce|lettuce]]
* opium poppy

Wild lettuce

2025-05-08T06:59:56Z

TigerishVirus:

'''Wild lettuce''', also known as '''bitter lettuce''' or '''opium lettuce''', ('''''Lactuca virosa''''') is an edible plant that grows abundantly in the wild. As the common name opium lettuce implies, it has has [[Medicine|medicinal]] properties moderately akin to [[opium]]. A dark, putty-like extract of the plant can be made the same way as done with [[opium poppy]] that can used similarly, although being much weaker (as well as not quite providing a "high" like opium does) to treat minor aches and pains as well as induce sleep.

== Identification ==
Wild lettuce is fairly easy to identify for beginners and is a staple plant to look for while [[Gathering|foraging]].

== Food ==
Wild lettuce can be used just as regular lettuces are used, however being slightly more bitter. Eating large quantities of the leaves can have similar medicinal effects as taking an extract.

== Simple putty extract ==

== Dependencies ==

== See also ==

* [[Opium]]
* [[Food]]
* [[Medicine]]

== References ==

Wild lettuce

2025-05-08T06:57:52Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "'''Wild lettuce''', also known as '''bitter lettuce''' or '''opium lettuce''', ('''''Lactuca virosa''''') is an edible plant that grows abundantly in the wild. As the common name opium lettuce implies, it has has medicinal properties moderately akin to opium. A dark, putty-like extract of the plant can be made the same way as done with opium that can used similarly, although being much weaker (as well as not quite providing a "high" like opium does) to t..."

'''Wild lettuce''', also known as '''bitter lettuce''' or '''opium lettuce''', ('''''Lactuca virosa''''') is an edible plant that grows abundantly in the wild. As the common name opium lettuce implies, it has has [[Medicine|medicinal]] properties moderately akin to [[opium]]. A dark, putty-like extract of the plant can be made the same way as done with opium that can used similarly, although being much weaker (as well as not quite providing a "high" like opium does) to treat minor aches and pains as well as induce sleep.

== Identification ==
Wild lettuce is fairly easy to identify for beginners and is a staple plant to look for while [[Gathering|foraging]].

== Food ==
Wild lettuce can be used just as regular lettuces are used, however being slightly more bitter. Eating large quantities of the leaves can have similar medicinal effects as taking an extract.

== Simple putty extract ==

== Dependencies ==

== See also ==

* [[Opium]]
* [[Food]]
* [[Medicine]]

== References ==

Gathering

2025-05-08T06:40:14Z

TigerishVirus: /* Common edible wild plants */

[[File:Gathering berries (Boston Public Library).jpg|thumb|Berry picking]]
'''Gathering''', also known as '''foraging''', is the activity of collecting food from edible wild plants and [[fungi]]. (could also include small, easy to collect animals such as insects, crustaceans, etc.)

== Safe and poisonous plants ==
When gathering [[food]] from wild plants, it is important to recognize which food is safe for consumption and which is poisonous. There are a few mnemonics that help to recognize which berries are edible:<ref>[https://www.thehealthy.com/aging/mind-memory/mnemonic-devices-save-life/ 14 Survival Mnemonics That Could Save You From Big Trouble] - Beth Dreher; Brandon Specktor. 22 August 2017. The Healthy. Retrieved on 27 October 2022‎.</ref><ref>[https://lifehacker.com/get-to-know-your-edible-berries-with-a-simple-mnemonic-5334055 Get to Know Your Edible Berries with a Simple Mnemonic] - Adam Pash, 10 August 2009. Lifehacker. Retrieved on 27 October 2022.</ref>

* "White and yellow, kill a fellow."
* "Purple and blue, good for you."
* "Red could be good, could be dead."
Likewise, there are rhymes specifically about recognizing and avoiding poison ivy:<ref>[https://appvoices.org/2004/12/01/2715/ Leaves of Three, Let it Be] - Jay Kranyik, 1 December 2004, Appalachian Voices. Retrieved on 27 October 2022.</ref>

* "Leaves of three, let it be"
* "Berries white, poisonous sight."

== Common edible wild plants ==

* Dandelions
* Purslane
* Cattails
* Elderberry
* Wood sorrel
* Mulberry
* Burdock
* [[Wild lettuce]]

== Common edible wild fungi ==

* Morels
* Oyster mushrooms
* Chicken of the woods
* Maitake
* Pheasant back

== Common edible critters ==

* Woodlouse "pill bug, rolly-polly"
* Mealworms
* House cricket
* Clams/mussels
* Black ants
* Grasshoppers
* Earthworms
* Cicadas

==Dependencies==
*[[Basket]]
**'''Gathering'''
***[[Food]]

== See also ==
* [[Cooking]]
* [[Farming]]
* [[Fishing]]
* [[Hunting]]
* [[Activities]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leaves_of_three,_let_it_be leaves of three, let it be] - Wiktionary
{{wa|Hunter-gatherer}}

[[Category:Activities]]
[[Category:Food]]

Quinine

2025-05-08T06:34:12Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "Quinine is a chemical compound used as a medicine to treat malaria and was first extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree."

Quinine is a chemical compound used as a medicine to treat malaria and was first extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree.

Medicine

2025-05-08T06:22:01Z

TigerishVirus: /* Examples */

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== World Health Organization's Essential Medicine List ==
[[World Health Organization's Essential Medicine List|Dedicated article: ''World Health Organization's Essential Medicine List'']]

The '''WHO EML''' contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.

The list is divided into core items and complementary items. The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources. The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.

The most recent '''EML''' (as of 2025) contains 591 drugs and 103 therapeutic equivalents.<ref>"WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". ''World Health Organization''. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</ref>

== Examples ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

[[Opium]], made from the [[opium poppy]], is another medicine that has been used for over 8,000 years as potent pain relief, anesthesia, and cough suppression. Its derivatives such morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are still pertinent to advanced modern medicine today. <ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref>

[[Quinine]] was the first proper medicine used to treat [[malaria]] at least 400 years ago.

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Product
!Treatment
!Shelf life
|-
|Albuterol
|Asthma attacks
|
|-
|Antibiotics
|Most illnesses caused by bacterial infection
|
|-
|Antihistamines
|Most allergies symptoms
|
|-
|Atorvastatin
|High cholesterol
|
|-
|Gabapentin
|Seizures or nerve pain relieve after shingles <br> (rash caused by viral infection)
|
|-
|Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
|Severe pain <br> Antitussive (cough suppressant)
|
|-
|Levothyroxine
|Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
|
|-
|Losarttan
|Hypertension (high blood pressure)
|
|-
|Metformin
|Type 2 diabetes
|3 years from the date of manufacture.<ref>[https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/m/metformintab.pdf METFORMIN NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET], Medsafe. Retrieved on 14 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|Omeprazole
|Heartburn and acid reflux
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]
* [[Emergency Medicine]]
* [[Penicillin]]
* [[Aspirin]]
* [[Activated charcoal]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Aspirin

2025-05-08T06:17:15Z

TigerishVirus:

== Overview ==
Aspirin is a salicylate, a similar molecule, salicin, was originally extracted from the bark of willow trees, and has a broad range of clinical uses - from pain relief, to survival benefits in heart attacks. It can be consumed orally or applied topically. Overdose can cause significant metabolic disturbances, and is life threatening.

== Clinical Uses ==

=== Contraindications ===

==== Pregnancy ====
During pregnancy, the foetal circulation depends on the presence of prostaglandins to maintain added pathways between the right and left sides of the heart. Aspirin will block these prostaglandins and can cause the foetus to die.

==== Bleeding disorders or significant active bleeding ====
Aspirin has some anti-platelet activity, which can slow clotting. Generally the effect is mild, but careful consideration should be given to those patients for whom bleeding is likely, or where active bleeding is posing a risk to their life.

==== Gastric ulcers or vomiting blood (haematemesis) ====
Used frequently, aspirin can predispose patients to the formation of gastric ulcers, and should ideally be taken alongside food to help limit this side effect.

'''Kidney failure'''

While difficult to measure directly in a post-modern medicine situation, patients with signs of kidney failure should receive reduced doses and frequency, ideally avoiding the drug where possible. There is a risk of the drug metabolites building up in the body, which can cause toxicity.

==== Children (<16 years) ====
There is a risk of Reye's syndrome, which causes brain and liver swelling, and has a high mortality rate. Especially avoid aspirin in children recovering from a viral illness.

=== Dosing ===

==== Pain relief (oral) ====
240-300 mg (milligrams) THREE times daily, aim to limit use to maximum of 3 days to minimise side effects on stomach + kidneys

==== Migraine ====
900 mg ONCE only as a single dose.

(exquisite diagnostic caution should be taken to avoid other malignant headaches, such as subarachnoid haemorrhage or intracerebral haemorrhage, as aspirin would worsen bleeding)

== Extraction ==
Needs expansion...

== See also ==

* [[Salicin]]

Drying

2025-05-07T20:19:55Z

TigerishVirus: /* Methods of drying */

'''Drying''', or '''dehydrating''', is a process by which the [[water]] is removed from something, primarily for the reason of [[Food preservation|preservation of food]].

== Methods of drying ==

=== Sun-drying ===

=== Air-drying ===
Moist items are typically hung from a string, spike or some variety of hanger and let to dry out naturally in the air. This method is not ideal for most food items as it takes a longer period of time relative to other methods and puts many foods at a high risk of spoilage as well as leaving more opportunity for pests, such as animals, to cause issues. To improve results, items should be hung exposed to moving air such as a fan, wind or draft and avoiding higher humidities.

=== Smoking ===

=== Salt-drying ===
item is entombed in salt and water is slowly drawn out via osmosis, leaving the item dry and extremely salty.

=== Food dehydrator ===
Food is placed in device that blows air, typically hot air, around the food to evaporate and dissipate moisture.

=== Freeze-drying ===

== Dependencies ==

== See also ==

* [[Food preservation|Food Preservation]]

== References ==

Drying

2025-05-07T20:13:25Z

TigerishVirus:

'''Drying''', or '''dehydrating''', is a process by which the [[water]] is removed from something, primarily for the reason of [[Food preservation|preservation of food]].

== Methods of drying ==

=== Sun-drying ===

=== Air-drying ===
Moist items are typically hung from a string, spike or some variety of hanger and let to dry out naturally in the air. This method is not ideal for most food items as it takes a longer period of time relative to other methods and puts many foods at a high risk of spoilage as well as leaving more opportunity for pests, such as animals, to cause issues. To improve results, items should be hung exposed to moving air such as a fan, wind or draft and avoiding higher humidities.

=== Smoking ===

=== Food dehydrator ===
Food is placed in device that blows air, typically hot air, around the food to evaporate and dissipate moisture.

=== Freeze-drying ===

== Dependencies ==

== See also ==

* [[Food preservation|Food Preservation]]

== References ==

Drying

2025-05-07T20:11:14Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "'''Drying''', or '''dehydrating''', is a process by which the water is removed from something, primarily for the reason of preservation of food. == Methods of drying == === Sun-drying === === Air-drying === Moist items are typically hung from a string, spike or some variety of hanger and let to dry out naturally in the air. This method is not ideal for most food items as it takes a longer period of time relative to other methods and puts many..."

'''Drying''', or '''dehydrating''', is a process by which the [[water]] is removed from something, primarily for the reason of [[Food preservation|preservation of food]].

== Methods of drying ==

=== Sun-drying ===

=== Air-drying ===
Moist items are typically hung from a string, spike or some variety of hanger and let to dry out naturally in the air. This method is not ideal for most food items as it takes a longer period of time relative to other methods and puts many foods at a high risk of spoilage as well as leaving more opportunity for pests, such as animals, to cause issues. To improve results, items should be hung exposed to moving air such as a fan, wind or draft and avoiding higher humidities.

=== Smoking ===

=== Food dehydrator ===
Food is placed in device that blows air, typically hot air, around the food to evaporate and dissipate moisture.

=== Freeze-drying ===

Food preservation

2025-05-07T19:54:34Z

TigerishVirus:

[[File:PreservedFood1.jpg|thumb|250px|Preserved food]]

'''Food preservation''' includes processes that make [[food]] more resistant to microorganism growth and slow the oxidation of fats. This slows down the decomposition and rancidification process. Food preservation may also include processes that inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut during food preparation. By preserving food, food waste can be reduced, which is an important way to decrease production costs and increase the efficiency of food systems and improve food security and nutrition. Many processes designed to preserve food involve more than one food preservation method. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam, for example, involves boiling (to reduce the fruit's moisture content and to kill [[bacteria]]), sugaring (to prevent their re-growth) and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent recontamination).

==Dependencies==
*[[Food]]
**'''Food preservation'''
***[[Canning]]
***[[Heat]]
***[[Refrigeration]]
***[[Sugar]]
***Salt
***[[Drying]]
***Pickling
***[[Water]]
***[[Fermentation]]

==See also==
*[[Bacteria]]
*[[Cooking]]
*[[Fungi]]
*[[Pot-in-pot refrigerator]]
*[[Water filter]]

==References==
{{wa|Food}}
{{wa|Human_food}}

[[Category:Food preservation]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Gathering

2025-05-07T19:34:44Z

TigerishVirus:

[[File:Gathering berries (Boston Public Library).jpg|thumb|Berry picking]]
'''Gathering''', also known as '''foraging''', is the activity of collecting food from edible wild plants and [[fungi]]. (could also include small, easy to collect animals such as insects, crustaceans, etc.)

== Safe and poisonous plants ==
When gathering [[food]] from wild plants, it is important to recognize which food is safe for consumption and which is poisonous. There are a few mnemonics that help to recognize which berries are edible:<ref>[https://www.thehealthy.com/aging/mind-memory/mnemonic-devices-save-life/ 14 Survival Mnemonics That Could Save You From Big Trouble] - Beth Dreher; Brandon Specktor. 22 August 2017. The Healthy. Retrieved on 27 October 2022‎.</ref><ref>[https://lifehacker.com/get-to-know-your-edible-berries-with-a-simple-mnemonic-5334055 Get to Know Your Edible Berries with a Simple Mnemonic] - Adam Pash, 10 August 2009. Lifehacker. Retrieved on 27 October 2022.</ref>

* "White and yellow, kill a fellow."
* "Purple and blue, good for you."
* "Red could be good, could be dead."
Likewise, there are rhymes specifically about recognizing and avoiding poison ivy:<ref>[https://appvoices.org/2004/12/01/2715/ Leaves of Three, Let it Be] - Jay Kranyik, 1 December 2004, Appalachian Voices. Retrieved on 27 October 2022.</ref>

* "Leaves of three, let it be"
* "Berries white, poisonous sight."

== Common edible wild plants ==

* Dandelions
* Purslane
* Cattails
* Elderberry
* Wood sorrel
* Mulberry
* Burdock

== Common edible wild fungi ==

* Morels
* Oyster mushrooms
* Chicken of the woods
* Maitake
* Pheasant back

== Common edible critters ==

* Woodlouse "pill bug, rolly-polly"
* Mealworms
* House cricket
* Clams/mussels
* Black ants
* Grasshoppers
* Earthworms
* Cicadas

==Dependencies==
*[[Basket]]
**'''Gathering'''
***[[Food]]

== See also ==
* [[Cooking]]
* [[Farming]]
* [[Fishing]]
* [[Hunting]]
* [[Activities]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leaves_of_three,_let_it_be leaves of three, let it be] - Wiktionary
{{wa|Hunter-gatherer}}

[[Category:Activities]]
[[Category:Food]]

Farming

2025-05-07T19:20:15Z

TigerishVirus: /* See also */

[[File:Tacuin épeautre39.jpg|thumb|14th century manuscript depicting farming.]]

'''Farming''' is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created [[food]] surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, [[Fuel|fuels]], and [[Raw material|raw materials]], including [[rubber]]. Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, milk, eggs, and [[fungi]].

== Dependencies ==

* [[Fertilizer]]
* [[Shovel]]
** '''Farming'''
*** [[Food]]

== See also ==
* [[Cooking]]
* [[Hunting]]
* [[Fishing]]
* [[Gathering]]
* [[Activities]]
* [[Growing potatoes]]
* [[Fungiculture]]
* [[Compost]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEvpGvgSMh4 Primitive Cultivation of Sweet Potatoes: Protect From Animals :Finally Eat With Primitive Cooking] - Pre Technology, 14 July 2021, YouTube

{{wa|Farming}}

[[Category:Farming]]

Fertilizer

2025-05-07T19:17:28Z

TigerishVirus: /* See also */

[[File:Manure spreading Hlokozi 2007 11 29.jpg|thumb|250px|A farmer spreading manure to improve soil fertility]]
'''Fertilizer''' is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients.

==Nitrogen fertilizer==

===From Urea===

Urea can be used as a source of [[nitrogen]] for plants, however, it will quickly break down into unusable [[ammonia]] gas. Urinary urine concentration ranges from 9 to 23 g/L.<ref>Thomas, Liji (27 February 2019). [https://www.news-medical.net/health/Urine-Composition-Whats-Normal.aspx Urine Composition: What’s Normal?]. News-Medical.Net. Retrieved 7 August 2022‎.</ref>

Urease inhibitors can slow the breakdown of urea so that it can be more efficiently used as a fertilizer. The most widely use compound is [[N-(n-Butyl)thiophosphoric triamide]].<ref>[http://www.ipni.net/publication/nss.nsf/0/EA265C5FE184D4F285257C8300753585/$FILE/NSS-25%20Urease%20Inhibitors.pdf NSS-25 Urease Inhibitors]. International Plant Nutritution Institute. Retrieved 7 August 2022‎.</ref>

== Dependencies ==
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sulfur]]
** '''Fertilizer'''
* [[Manganese oxide]]
**'''Fertilizer'''

* [[Ammonia]]
** '''Fertilizer'''

== See also ==
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[:Category:Soils|Category:Soils]]
* [[Compost]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Fertilizer}}

[[Category:Farming]]

Ink

2025-05-07T19:07:29Z

TigerishVirus:

[[File:Bird_Feather_Feather_Paper_inkwell_pen_inkblot_Edited_2020.jpg|thumb|A quill dipped in black ink]]

'''Ink''' is a colored liquid or paste used for [[writing]], drawing, printing, or marking surfaces. It's made by combining pigments or dyes (which provide color) with a carrier fluid (like [[water]], [[oil]], or [[alcohol]]) and various additives that help with drying, flow, or adhesion.

== Materials used ==

* '''Colorant''', like [[lampblack|lampblack (soot)]], a mix of [[Iron|iron oxide]] and oak gall, or sepia (squid ink)
* '''Carrier''', like water, [[linseed oil]], or [[alcohol]]
* '''Thickeners, thinners, dryers, and such as needed'''

== Crafting instructions ==

=== India Ink ===

# Mix two parts lampblack with one part shellac or gum arabic
# Add water to desired thickness and mix
# [[Animal glue]] may be added to form an inkstick

=== Iron-gall ink ===

# Soak two parts crushed oak galls in water for 24 - 48 hours to create a solution of tannic acid
# Add one part fine powder of iron(II) sulfate to the solution
# Add thickener as desired.
# Strain and store.

=== Print ink ===

# Add linseed oil to lampblack or other colorant as desired. This ink sticks to metal and was commonly used for printing press

=== Simple walnut ink ===

# simmer walnut husks in water for at least 30 min (the longer the better)
# Strain thoroughly
# Simmer down to desired darkness
# Optionally alcohol can be added to around 10-30% to preserve long term

== Uses ==
India ink is the traditional ink used in Chinese calligraphy and has existed for millennia. It is still used today in art, calligraphy, writing, and as the black ink in tattoos. Iron-gall ink was very common in Europe, from the 5th to 19th centuries. It was so commonplace that it was also called "standard" or "common" ink. Print ink sticks to metal unlike water-based inks, and so was instrumental in the use of the [[Printing press|printing press.]]

== Dependencies ==

Ethanol

2025-05-07T19:05:19Z

TigerishVirus:

[[File:Ethanol-2D-flat.svg|thumb|250px|Chemical structure of ethanol]]

'''Ethanol''' is an organic compound. It is an alcohol with the chemical formula C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic [[wine]]-like odor and pungent taste. It is a psychoactive recreational drug, the active ingredient in alcoholic drinks.

Ethanol is naturally produced by the [[fermentation]] process of [[Sugar|sugars]] by [[Yeast|yeasts]] or via petrochemical processes such as ethylene hydration. Historically it was used as a general anesthetic, and has modern medical applications as an antiseptic, disinfectant, solvent for some [[Medicine|medications]], and antidote for methanol poisoning and ethylene glycol poisoning. It is used as a chemical solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds, and as a fuel source. Ethanol also can be dehydrated to make ethylene, an important chemical feedstock.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Carbon]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
** '''Ethanol'''

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Ammonia]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Carbon dioxide]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Methane]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nitroglycerin]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sulfuric acid]]
* [[Water]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Ethanol}}

[[Category:Organic compounds]]

Farming

2025-05-07T19:02:04Z

TigerishVirus: /* See also */

[[File:Tacuin épeautre39.jpg|thumb|14th century manuscript depicting farming.]]

'''Farming''' is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created [[food]] surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, [[Fuel|fuels]], and [[Raw material|raw materials]], including [[rubber]]. Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, milk, eggs, and [[fungi]].

== Dependencies ==

* [[Fertilizer]]
* [[Shovel]]
** '''Farming'''
*** [[Food]]

== See also ==
* [[Cooking]]
* [[Hunting]]
* [[Fishing]]
* [[Gathering]]
* [[Activities]]
* [[Growing potatoes]]
* [[Fungiculture]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEvpGvgSMh4 Primitive Cultivation of Sweet Potatoes: Protect From Animals :Finally Eat With Primitive Cooking] - Pre Technology, 14 July 2021, YouTube

{{wa|Farming}}

[[Category:Farming]]

Still

2025-05-07T18:48:56Z

TigerishVirus: /* How to makeshift a simple pot still */

A still is a device for facilitating the [[distillation]] process. Generally, a distillation flask, chamber, or tank is filled with a liquid and heat is applied. Compounds with lower boiling points will vaporize first and be condensed back into a liquid by the [[condenser]] and collected.

== How to makeshift a simple pot still ==

# place a large pot on the stove and add liquid to be distilled
# place a small strainer or stand of some kind into the pot so that it peaks just above the liquids surface
# place a small bowl on strainer within the pot, then a larger bowl atop the pot in place of a lid
# the larger bowl on top can be filled with ice and/or cool water and the stove can be turned on

The liquid will vaporize as it heats and the vapor will condense on the cold bowl lid and run down the bowl, drip, and be collected into the small bowl within the pot held up by the strainer.

This method is very far from ideal but will work for a crude alcohol or steam distillation in a pinch.

== Also see ==

* [[alcohol]]

== References ==

Still

2025-05-07T18:45:07Z

TigerishVirus:

Still

2025-05-07T18:34:36Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "A still is a device for facilitating the distillation process. Generally, a distillation flask, chamber, or tank is filled with a liquid and heat is applied. Compounds with lower boiling points will vaporize first and be condensed back into a liquid by the condenser and collected."

Opium

2025-05-07T18:24:22Z

TigerishVirus:

'''Warning: While it is perfectly legal in most cases to grow opium producing poppies, harvesting opium from them is not in most places. Under no circumstances are illicit activities supported, this is for educational purposes. Please adhere to your local laws.'''

'''Opium''', or rather raw opium, is the dried milky, latex sap collected from gently slicing the sides of the unripe seed pods of the [[opium poppy]], ''Papaver somniferum''. Raw opium contains about 12% morphine by weight, and much smaller percentages of 23 other opiate alkaloids such as codeine.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/opium</ref> Opium is traditionnaly used as a pain-relief medicine and recreational drug through smoking, inhalation of vapors, suppositories or medical poultices.

Opium contains two main groups of alkaloids. Phenanthrenes such as morphine, codeine, and thebaine are the main psychoactive constituents. Isoquinolines such as papaverine and noscapine have no significant central nervous system effects. Morphine is the most prevalent and important alkaloid in opium. Morphine binds to and activates mu opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, stomach and intestine. Regular use can lead to drug tolerance or physical dependence. Morphine is also responsible for most of its harmful effects such as lung edema, respiratory difficulties, coma, or cardiac or respiratory collapse.

While the majority of the opiate alkaloids of the plant are released in the opium sap, useable quantities remain within the rest of the plant. The seed pods (even after collecting raw opium and seeds from), as well as the flower petals contain enough alkaloids to be useful without needing much if any extraction or refinement. The leaves, stems, and roots contain very little active alkaloids and require extraction and refinement to be used as an opium product.

== History, medicinal and recreational use ==
Opium has been used both [[Medicine|medicinally]] and recreationally for over 8,000 years<ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref> .

== How raw opium is gathered ==
To extract opium, the unripe poppy seed pod is scored by a sharp blade at a time carefully chosen so that rain, wind, and dew cannot spoil the exudation of white, milky latex, usually in the afternoon, upward along the pod. Incisions are made three or four times at intervals of two to three days, and each time the "poppy tears", which dry to a sticky brown resin, are collected the following morning. A traditional Chinese method of harvesting opium latex involved cutting off the heads and piercing them with a coarse needle then collecting the dried opium 24 to 48 hours later.

== Processing of the raw latex into opium ==

== How to make a simple opium tea ==
Before or after opium or seeds are harvested, the seed pods (and optionally, the flower petals) and be dried and stored. A simple opium tea can be made by steeping the dried pods in hot water like any other common herbal tea. Seed pods that have already had opium extracted from them will be notably less potent. While this tea can be made to be very potent, it is generally quite mild and is best used as a light pain killer for headaches, joint pains, and other minor pains and injuries.

== How to make a mild opium putty ==

== References ==
<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.00737/full</ref>

Opium poppy

2025-05-07T17:54:19Z

TigerishVirus: /* How to grow */

[[File:Papaver somniferum 2021 G3.jpg|thumb]]
'''''Papaver somniferum''''', known as the '''opium poppy''', is a flowering plant valued for its decorative and [[Medicine|medicinal]] uses.

== History ==

== Uses ==
Opium poppies are grown for: their seeds as [[food]], for the opiate compounds they produce as both a [[Medicine|medicinal]] and recreational drug, as well as for purely decorative purposes.

== How to grow ==

'''NOTICE: While it is perfectly legal in most cases to grow opium producing poppies, harvesting opium from them is not in most places. Under no circumstances are illicit activities supported, this is for educational purposes. Please adhere to your local laws.'''

Like other poppy varieties, the seeds must first be cold stratified before sowing. Once cold stratified, the seeds can simply be sprinkled on the surface of the soil. It is best to do this in early spring or to sprinkle the seeds in the fall or winter season beforehand and let naturally cold stratify. Poppies do not take well to being transplanted nor being potted so its best to use aforementioned methods.

=== Harvesting ===
The seeds of the opium poppy can be harvested for food or later planting, The seed pods scored to gather raw [[opium]], and the seed pods, leaves and stems can be dried or extracted to make a mild opium tea or puddy (see [[opium]]). After the flower has been pollinated and the petals break away the seeds will develop and ripen within the seed pod, during this growth period is when opium is collected. If left unmanaged, the seed pod will mature letting loose the seeds within the pod (this is when the seeds should be harvested for food and the pods, stems, and leaves collected for opium tea/puddy), dry out and holes near the top of the pod will open, and expel the seeds as the dried pod shakes in the wind.

== References ==

Yeast

2025-05-07T05:42:59Z

TigerishVirus: /* Other ways to harvest yeast */

Yeast is a unicellular [[fungi]] commonly found on fruits and vegetables. The uses of yeast are varied and range from a leavening agent in breads and other foods to creation of low-concentration [[Ethanol|alcohol]]<nowiki/>s from sugars. In turn, [[distillation]] of the alcohols can yield to higher concentrations, which can be used as a disinfectant. [[Selective breeding]] can yield a yeast that has a heightened production of certain traits, such as a yeast that produces more carbon dioxide, useful for leavening, or a yeast that produces more ethanol.

== Yeast starters ==
A yeast starter is a solution of yeast, sugar, and minerals that can keep a yeast culture alive for a prolonged period of time. Yeast starters are needed to spark the fermentation process of different foods and drinks. They must be fed sugars and minerals, usually in the form of [[flour]] and [[sugar]], every couple of weeks in order to survive, or if the supply of the starter is running low. It needs to be kept moist and runny and water might need to be added too.

=== Materials needed (Yeast starter) ===

* Fruit, flour, honey (Any of them)
* Water
* (Relative) Warmth

=== Crafting instructions (Yeast starter) ===
Add the foodstuffs (fruit, flour, honey) to water at a relatively high concentration and must be mashed and mixed to form a relatively homogenous substance. Keep covered in a room-temperature dark area for a couple of days, when opened, bubbles should have formed and it should not smell foul.

=== Other ways to harvest yeast ===
In the process of [[wine]] making and [[mead]] making, no yeast starter is needed. The yeasts on the fruits themselves will [[Fermentation|ferment]] the sugars into alcohols. A bubbly layer on the top or a silty layer on the bottom may form and can be used as a yeast starter as well.

Yeast

2025-05-07T05:41:38Z

TigerishVirus:

Yeast is a unicellular [[fungi]] commonly found on fruits and vegetables. The uses of yeast are varied and range from a leavening agent in breads and other foods to creation of low-concentration [[Ethanol|alcohol]]<nowiki/>s from sugars. In turn, [[distillation]] of the alcohols can yield to higher concentrations, which can be used as a disinfectant. [[Selective breeding]] can yield a yeast that has a heightened production of certain traits, such as a yeast that produces more carbon dioxide, useful for leavening, or a yeast that produces more ethanol.

== Yeast starters ==
A yeast starter is a solution of yeast, sugar, and minerals that can keep a yeast culture alive for a prolonged period of time. Yeast starters are needed to spark the fermentation process of different foods and drinks. They must be fed sugars and minerals, usually in the form of [[flour]] and [[sugar]], every couple of weeks in order to survive, or if the supply of the starter is running low. It needs to be kept moist and runny and water might need to be added too.

=== Materials needed (Yeast starter) ===

* Fruit, flour, honey (Any of them)
* Water
* (Relative) Warmth

=== Crafting instructions (Yeast starter) ===
Add the foodstuffs (fruit, flour, honey) to water at a relatively high concentration and must be mashed and mixed to form a relatively homogenous substance. Keep covered in a room-temperature dark area for a couple of days, when opened, bubbles should have formed and it should not smell foul.

=== Other ways to harvest yeast ===
In the process of wine making and mead making, no yeast starter is needed. The yeasts on the fruits themselves will [[Fermentation|ferment]] the sugars into alcohols. A bubbly layer on the top or a silty layer on the bottom may form and can be used as a yeast starter as well.

Candle

2025-05-06T09:46:26Z

TigerishVirus:

A '''candle''' is a tool for producing light consisting of a fibrous wick encased in beeswax, tallow, or paraffin wax.

== Materials needed ==

* '''A wick''' preferably of [[cotton]], but other materials such as [[hemp]] or [[linen]] may be used.
* '''Beeswax, tallow, or paraffin wax,''' for the body of the candle. Beeswax will burn clean, while tallow will be smoky, but generally cheaper and easier. (In a pinch, most fats and oils will work for a crude candle or lamp. Even crayons!)
* '''A mold,''' to shape the candle, or '''a bar,''' from which to hang the candles

== Crafting instructions ==
There are two main ways to make a candle: by pouring, or by dipping

=== Pouring the candles ===

# coat the inside of your mold with a thin layer of oil
# Cut your wicks just over twice as long as your mold
# Your candle mold should consist of several pairs of tubes with small holes in the bottom. Use a wire to thread each end of your wick through adjacent holes and seal it with some clay.
# tie the ends of the wick to sticks at the opening of the mold to keep them centered,
# Pour your wax in the mold. Once cool, remove candles.

=== Dipping the candles ===

# Tie your wicks to a stick
# Dip your wicks in wax just barely above its melting point
# Remove the wicks, allow this layer of wax to cools.
# Repeat the process until desired thickness

== Uses ==
Candles were the main source of light after dark for much of human history. this allowed for work to be done when previously it would be impossible to see.

== Dependencies ==

Candle

2025-05-06T09:44:39Z

TigerishVirus: /* Materials needed */

A '''candle''' is a tool for producing light consisting of a fibrous wick encased in beeswax, tallow, or paraffin wax.

== Materials needed ==

* '''A wick''' preferably of [[cotton]], but other materials such as [[hemp]] or [[linen]] may be used.
* '''Beeswax, tallow, or paraffin wax,''' for the body of the candle. Beeswax will burn clean, while tallow will be smoky, but generally cheaper and easier. (In a pinch, most fats are oils will work as a candle or lamp. Even crayons!)
* '''A mold,''' to shape the candle, or '''a bar,''' from which to hang the candles

== Crafting instructions ==
There are two main ways to make a candle: by pouring, or by dipping

=== Pouring the candles ===

# coat the inside of your mold with a thin layer of oil
# Cut your wicks just over twice as long as your mold
# Your candle mold should consist of several pairs of tubes with small holes in the bottom. Use a wire to thread each end of your wick through adjacent holes and seal it with some clay.
# tie the ends of the wick to sticks at the opening of the mold to keep them centered,
# Pour your wax in the mold. Once cool, remove candles.

=== Dipping the candles ===

# Tie your wicks to a stick
# Dip your wicks in wax just barely above its melting point
# Remove the wicks, allow this layer of wax to cools.
# Repeat the process until desired thickness

== Uses ==
Candles were the main source of light after dark for much of human history. this allowed for work to be done when previously it would be impossible to see.

== Dependencies ==

Quill

2025-05-06T07:22:58Z

TigerishVirus:

A '''quill''' is a writing utensil made from a feather of a large bird. The quilt is usually repeatedly dipped in liquid [[ink]].

== Materials needed ==

* a '''feather,''' preferably of a primary wing feather of the wing matching the writers dominant hand. (Right wing for right hand, left wing for left hand)
* a '''[[knife]]''' with which to cut the nib
* an '''[[oven]]''' to cure the tip

== Crafting instructions ==

# Cure the quill by inserting the tip into hot sand for a few minutes, or by placing the quill in the oven at about 300°F for 30 minutes. this hardens the tip.
# Cut the tip of the quill at 45 degrees.
# cut a small slit in the end of the quill.
# adjust as needed.

== Uses ==
quills were a ubiquitous writing tool that allowed for communication and the spread of knowledge. Quills were used to write letters, manuscripts, legal documents, and records from the 6th to 19th centuries.

== Dependencies ==

Opium

2025-05-06T07:04:36Z

TigerishVirus:

'''Opium''', or rather raw opium, is the dried milky, latex sap collected from gently slicing the sides of the unripe seed pods of the [[opium poppy]], ''Papaver somniferum''. Raw opium contains about 10% morphine by weight, and much smaller percentages of 23 other opiate alkaloids such as codeine.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/opium</ref>

== History, medicinal and recreational use ==
Opium has been used both [[Medicine|medicinally]] and recreationally for over 8,000 years<ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref> .

== How raw opium is made ==
'''NOTICE: While it is perfectly legal in most cases to grow opium producing poppies, harvesting opium from them is not in most places. Under no circumstances are illicit activities supported, this is for educational purposes. Please adhere to your local laws.'''

== References ==
<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.00737/full</ref>

Opium poppy

2025-05-06T07:03:01Z

TigerishVirus:

'''''Papaver somniferum''''', known as the '''opium poppy''', is a flowering plant valued for its decorative and [[Medicine|medicinal]] uses.

== History ==

== Uses ==
Opium poppies are grown for: their seeds as [[food]], for the opiate compounds they produce as both a [[Medicine|medicinal]] and recreational drug, as well as for purely decorative purposes.

== How to grow ==

'''NOTICE: While it is perfectly legal in most cases to grow opium producing poppies, harvesting opium from them is not in most places. Under no circumstances are illicit activities supported, this is for educational purposes. Please adhere to your local laws.'''

Like other poppy varieties, the seeds must first be cold stratified before sowing. Once cold stratified, the seeds can simply be sprinkled on the surface of the soil. It is best to do this in early spring or to sprinkle the seeds in the fall or winter season beforehand and let naturally cold stratify. Poppies do not take well to being transplanted nor being potted so its best to use aforementioned methods.

== References ==

Opium poppy

2025-05-06T06:58:04Z

TigerishVirus: /* How to grow */

'''''Papaver somniferum''''', known as the '''opium poppy''', is a flowering plant valued for its decorative and [[Medicine|medicinal]] uses.

== History ==

== Uses ==
Opium poppies are grown for: their seeds as [[food]], for the opiate compounds they produce as both a [[Medicine|medicinal]] and recreational drug, as well as for purely decorative purposes.

== How to grow ==

'''NOTICE: While it is perfectly legal in most cases to grow opium producing poppies, harvesting opium from them is not in most places.'''

Like other poppy varieties, the seeds must first be cold stratified before sowing. Once cold stratified, the seeds can simply be sprinkled on the surface of the soil. It is best to do this in early spring or to sprinkle the seeds in the fall or winter season beforehand and let naturally cold stratify. Poppies do not take well to being transplanted nor being potted so its best to use aforementioned methods.

== References ==

Medicine

2025-05-06T06:47:49Z

TigerishVirus:

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

[[Opium]], made from the [[opium poppy]], is another medicine that has been used for over 8,000 years as potent pain relief, anesthesia, and cough suppression. Its derivatives such morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are still pertinent to advanced modern medicine today. <ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref>

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Product
!Treatment
!Shelf life
|-
|Albuterol
|Asthma attacks
|
|-
|Antibiotics
|Most illenesses caused by bacterial infection
|
|-
|Antihistamines
|Most allergies symptoms
|
|-
|Atorvastatin
|High cholesterol
|
|-
|Gabapentin
|Seizures or nerve pain relieve after shingles <br> (rash caused by viral infection)
|
|-
|Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
|Severe pain <br> Antitussive (cough suppressant)
|
|-
|Levothyroxine
|Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
|
|-
|Losarttan
|Hypertension (high blood pressure)
|
|-
|Metformin
|Type 2 diabetes
|3 years from the date of manufacture.<ref>[https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/m/metformintab.pdf METFORMIN NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET], Medsafe. Retrieved on 14 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|Omeprazole
|Heartburn and acid reflux
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Opium poppy

2025-05-06T06:47:04Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "'''''Papaver somniferum''''', known as the '''opium poppy''', is a flowering plant valued for its decorative and medicinal uses. == History == == How to grow == Like other poppy varieties, the seeds must first be cold stratified before sowing. Once cold stratified, the seeds can simply be sprinkled on the surface of the soil. It is best to do this in early spring or to sprinkle the seeds in the fall or winter season beforehand and let naturally cold strati..."

'''''Papaver somniferum''''', known as the '''opium poppy''', is a flowering plant valued for its decorative and [[Medicine|medicinal]] uses.

== History ==

== How to grow ==
Like other poppy varieties, the seeds must first be cold stratified before sowing. Once cold stratified, the seeds can simply be sprinkled on the surface of the soil. It is best to do this in early spring or to sprinkle the seeds in the fall or winter season beforehand and let naturally cold stratify. Poppies do not take well to being transplanted nor being potted so its best to use aforementioned methods.

== References ==

Opium

2025-05-06T06:35:07Z

TigerishVirus:

'''Opium''', or rather raw opium, is the dried milky, latex sap collected from gently slicing the sides of the unripe seed pods of the [[opium poppy]], ''Papaver somniferum''. Raw opium contains about 10% morphine by weight, and much smaller percentages of 23 other opiate alkaloids such as codeine.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/opium</ref>

== History, medicinal and recreational use ==
Opium has been used both [[Medicine|medicinally]] and recreationally for over 8,000 years<ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref> .

== References ==
<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.00737/full</ref>

Opium

2025-05-06T06:32:59Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "'''Opium''', or rather raw opium, is the dried milky, latex sap collected from gently slicing the sides of the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum''. Raw opium contains about 10% morphine by weight, and much smaller percentages of 23 other opiate alkaloids such as codeine.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/opium</ref> == History, medicinal and recreational use == Opium has been used both Medicine|medic..."

'''Opium''', or rather raw opium, is the dried milky, latex sap collected from gently slicing the sides of the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy, ''Papaver somniferum''. Raw opium contains about 10% morphine by weight, and much smaller percentages of 23 other opiate alkaloids such as codeine.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/opium</ref>

== History, medicinal and recreational use ==
Opium has been used both [[Medicine|medicinally]] and recreationally for over 8,000 years<ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref> .

== References ==
<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.00737/full</ref>

Medicine

2025-05-06T06:14:23Z

TigerishVirus:

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

[[Opium]], made from the opium poppy, is another medicine that has been used for over 8,000 years as potent pain relief, anesthesia, and cough suppression. Its derivatives such morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are still pertinent to advanced modern medicine today. <ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref>

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Product
!Treatment
!Shelf life
|-
|Albuterol
|Asthma attacks
|
|-
|Antibiotics
|Most illenesses caused by bacterial infection
|
|-
|Antihistamines
|Most allergies symptoms
|
|-
|Atorvastatin
|High cholesterol
|
|-
|Gabapentin
|Seizures or nerve pain relieve after shingles <br> (rash caused by viral infection)
|
|-
|Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
|Severe pain <br> Antitussive (cough suppressant)
|
|-
|Levothyroxine
|Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
|
|-
|Losarttan
|Hypertension (high blood pressure)
|
|-
|Metformin
|Type 2 diabetes
|3 years from the date of manufacture.<ref>[https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/m/metformintab.pdf METFORMIN NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET], Medsafe. Retrieved on 14 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|Omeprazole
|Heartburn and acid reflux
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Medicine

2025-05-06T06:12:33Z

TigerishVirus: /* Items */

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

[[Opium]], made from the opium poppy, is another medicine that has been used for over 8,000 years potent pain relief, anesthesia, and cough suppression. Its derivatives such morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are still pertinent to advanced modern medicine today. <ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref>

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Product
!Treatment
!Shelf life
|-
|Albuterol
|Asthma attacks
|
|-
|Antibiotics
|Most illenesses caused by bacterial infection
|
|-
|Antihistamines
|Most allergies symptoms
|
|-
|Atorvastatin
|High cholesterol
|
|-
|Gabapentin
|Seizures or nerve pain relieve after shingles <br> (rash caused by viral infection)
|
|-
|Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
|Severe pain <br> Antitussive (cough suppressant)
|
|-
|Levothyroxine
|Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
|
|-
|Losarttan
|Hypertension (high blood pressure)
|
|-
|Metformin
|Type 2 diabetes
|3 years from the date of manufacture.<ref>[https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/m/metformintab.pdf METFORMIN NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET], Medsafe. Retrieved on 14 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|Omeprazole
|Heartburn and acid reflux
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Mead

2025-05-06T04:40:11Z

TigerishVirus:

'''Mead''' is a simple, [[wine]]-like alcoholic drink made from [[Fermentation|fermented]] honey.

== How to make a simple mead ==

# dissolve roughly 3 lbs of honey per gallon of water in a pot and bring to a simmer (optionally add sliced fruits)
# let honey solution cool and pour into a sanitized food safe, nonreactive fermenting container (mason jars or 5 gallon buckets work great)
# add yeast (any yeast will do but a wine yeast is ideal)
# close the lid but not air tight so CO2 can escape or use a fermentation bubbler/airlock (optionally add spices like black tea, clove, lemongrass, mint, etc.)
# let ferment for about 1 month or until solution is no longer bubbling (optionally after fermentation, chill the mead to "cold crash" it so the mead comes out more clear)
# filter and store in sanitized containers, optionally a very small amount of honey or sugar can be added to carbonate the finished mead in pressure safe containers (bottles, mason jars, etc.)

== History ==

== References ==
<ref>https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/mead/</ref>

Mead

2025-05-06T04:35:02Z

TigerishVirus: /* How to make a simple mead */

'''Mead''' is a simple, [[wine]]-like alcoholic drink made from [[Fermentation|fermented]] honey.

== How to make a simple mead ==

# dissolve roughly 3lbs of honey per gallon of water in a pot and bring to a simmer (optionally add sliced fruits)
# let honey solution cool and pour into a food safe, nonreactive fermenting container (mason jars or 5 gallon buckets work great)
# add yeast (any yeast will do but a wine yeast is ideal)
# close the lid but not air tight so CO2 can escape or use a fermentation bubbler/airlock (optionally add spices like black tea, clove, lemongrass, mint, etc.)
# let ferment for about 1 month or until solution is no longer bubbling (optionally after fermentation, chill the mead to "cold crash" it so the mead comes out more clear)
# filter and store in sanitized containers, optionally a very small amount of honey or sugar can be added to carbonate the finished mead in pressure safe containers (bottles, mason jars, etc.)

== History ==

== References ==
<ref>https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/mead/</ref>

Mead

2025-05-06T04:31:30Z

TigerishVirus: /* How to make a simple mead */

'''Mead''' is a simple, [[wine]]-like alcoholic drink made from [[Fermentation|fermented]] honey.

== How to make a simple mead ==

# dissolve roughly 3lbs of honey per gallon of water in a pot and bring to a simmer (optionally add sliced fruits)
# let honey solution cool and pour into a food safe, nonreactive fermenting container (mason jars or 5 gallon buckets work great)
# add yeast (any yeast will do but a wine yeast is ideal)
# close lid but not air tight so CO2 can escape (optionally add spices like black tea, clove, lemongrass, mint, etc.)
# let ferment for about 1 month or until solution is no longer bubbling (optionally after fermentation, chill the mead to "cold crash" it so the mead comes out nice and clear)
# filter and store in sanitized containers, optionally a very small amount of honey or sugar can be added to carbonate the finished mead in pressure safe containers (bottles, mason jars, etc.)

== History ==

== References ==
<ref>https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/mead/</ref>

Mead

2025-05-06T04:30:48Z

TigerishVirus: Created page with "'''Mead''' is a simple, wine-like alcoholic drink made from fermented honey. == How to make a simple mead == # dissolve roughly 3lbs of honey per gallon of water in a pot and bring to a simmer (optionally add sliced fruits) # let honey solution cool and pour into a food safe, nonreactive fermenting container (mason jars or 5 gallon buckets work great) # add yeast (any yeast will do but a wine yeast is ideal) # close lid but not air tight so CO2 can..."

'''Mead''' is a simple, [[wine]]-like alcoholic drink made from [[Fermentation|fermented]] honey.

== How to make a simple mead ==

# dissolve roughly 3lbs of honey per gallon of water in a pot and bring to a simmer (optionally add sliced fruits)
# let honey solution cool and pour into a food safe, nonreactive fermenting container (mason jars or 5 gallon buckets work great)
# add yeast (any yeast will do but a wine yeast is ideal)
# close lid but not air tight so CO2 can escape (optionally add spices like black tea, clove, lemongrass, mint, etc.)
# let ferment for about 1 month or until solution is no longer bubbling (optionally after fermentation, chill the mead to "cold crash" it so the mead comes out nice and clear)
# filter and store in sanitized containers, optionally a very small amount of honey or sugar can be added to carbonate the finished mead in pressure safe containers (bottles, mason jars, etc.)

== References ==
<ref>https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/mead/</ref>

Fermentation

2025-05-06T04:03:34Z

TigerishVirus: /* Common fermented products */

An anaerobic process by which molecules, such as sugars, are broken down primarily via microorganisms such as [[bacteria]] and [[fungi|fungi.]]

== Common fermented products ==

* [[Beer]]
* [[Wine]]
* [[Mead]]
* [[Sake]] (rice wine)
* Miso
* Soy sauce
* Kombucha
* [[Vinegar]]
* Natto

== References ==
<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "fermentation". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Mar. 2025, <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/fermentation</nowiki>. Accessed 5 May 2025.</ref>

Compost

2025-05-06T04:00:04Z

TigerishVirus:

'''Compost''' is a [[Dirt|soil]] amendment used to improve soil heath and provide nutrients to plants. It is the product of '''composting''', an aerobic decomposition of organic material by microorganisms such as [[bacteria]] and [[fungi]], as well as macroscopic organisms such as worms and other "bugs".

== Making, maintaining and using a simple compost heap ==
To begin a compost heap find a small open area of exposed soil, preferably out of direct sunlight, and begin adding organic materials. These organic materials should be a mix of "greens" and "browns" such as:

# grass clippings
# fruit and vegeetable scraps
# leaves
# eggshells
# coffee grounds
# shredded untreated/unbleached cardboard or paper
# small twigs

While most organic materials are good to compost some should generally be avoided (for various reasons):

# meat
# dairy
# fats and oils
# feces
# aggressive weeds
# infested plants
# anything "treated" (treated/painted wood, "biodegradable" plastics and packaging, anything that may have had contact with herbicides or potentially harmfully chemicals/fertilizers)

While, for the most part, this heap can be left and forgotten about, the heap should be kept moist but not wet so it may require light watering during hot and dry weather. To speed up and more importantly, ensure an even and quality decomposition, the heap should be churned and mixed occasionally. Over time a rich, soil like compost will form and can be collected (and optionally sieved) for use as a soil amendment.

== References ==
<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/recycle/composting-home#:~:text=Composting%20is%20the%20managed%2C%20aerobic,tree%20trimmings%2C%20and%20food%20scraps. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/composting-home#:~:text=Composting%20is%20the%20managed%2C%20aerobic,tree%20trimmings%2C%20and%20food%20scraps.]</ref>