Wikiciv - User contributions [en]

Bronze

2022-09-23T06:02:06Z

Signore Galilei: close paren

[[File:God of Cape Artemision 01.JPG|thumb|250px|The Artemision Bronze, 460-450 BCE. National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]

'''Bronze''' is an alloy consisting primarily of [[copper]], commonly with about 12–12.5% [[tin]] and often with the addition of other metals (such as [[aluminum]], [[manganese]], [[nickel]] or [[zinc]]), as well as sometimes non-metals. The additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as strength, ductility, or machinability.

== See also ==
* [[Arsenic]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Steel]]

== References ==
{{wa|Bronze}}

[[Category:Alloys]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Iron

2022-09-07T20:15:55Z

Signore Galilei: Cleaned up grammar, a few facts, and added information about natural sources of iron.

[[File:Fe-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of iron in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Iron element.jpg|thumb|200px|Iron.]]

'''Iron''' is a chemical element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal and a very common element in Earth's crust, after only [[oxygen]], silicon, and aluminum. It can be naturally found in small quantities in a nearly-pure form from meteorites and telluric iron. Most iron is extracted from [[Iron Ore|Iron ores]] which are quite abundant in the Earth's crust, requiring kilns or furnaces to extract usable metal. Humans started to master that process in Eurasia around 3000 BCE with the development of the [[Bloomery Furnace|bloomery furnace]]. The displacement of [[copper]] alloys by iron tools and weapons is considered to mark the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In the modern world, iron alloys, such as steel, stainless steel, cast iron and special steels, have been by far the most common industrial metals because of their mechanical properties and low cost.

== See also ==
* [[Bloomery Furnace]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron Ore]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Sponge Iron]]
* [[Steel]]
* [[Wrought Iron]]

== References ==
{{wa|Iron}}

== External links ==
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/08/17/iron-prills/ Iron Prills] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 17 August 2018
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyGLE0usN_I Primitive Technology: Iron prills] - Primitive Technology, 17 August 2018, YouTube

[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Iron]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Copper

2022-09-07T20:08:48Z

Signore Galilei: Added natural sources, uses. Moved links from See Also to the main article

[[File:Cu-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of copper in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Copper-21991.jpg|thumb|200px|Copper.]]

'''Copper''' is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of [[heat]] and [[electricity]], as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys.

== Natural Sources==

Copper can be found in pure or nearly-pure nuggets as "native" copper in several places, including in the upper peninsula of Michigan and Coro Coro, Bolivia. Copper can also be obtained from [[Copper Ore|copper ore]] by the process of [[copper smelting]].

== Uses ==
Copper is very ductile and electrically conductive, making [[copper wire]] a common choice for electrical circuits. Copper can be alloyed with other metals, for instance with tin to create [[bronze]] and with zinc to create brass. It can also be used for ornamentation, although it does slowly oxidize forming a green patina.

==See also==
*[[Arsenic]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[Iron]]
*[[Lead]]

==References==
{{wa|Copper}}

[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Copper]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Copper ore

2022-09-07T20:00:17Z

Signore Galilei: Fixed up the page, a lot of it was left over from the Iron Ore page.

[[File:Min chalcopyrite.jpg|thumb|200px|Chalcopyrite, a type of copper ore.]]

'''Copper ore''' is a rock containing [[copper]] that can be extracted. Copper ores have a variable copper content depending on the copper mineral. In the modern era, copper sulfide minerals such as chalcocite are the most commercially important copper ores<ref>https://chestofbooks.com/crafts/art/Art-Metalwork/III-The-Ores-Of-Copper.html</ref>, while carbonites such as malachite offer alternative sources. Native copper, consisting of pure or almost-pure copper, has been used since around 7500 BCE near the Great Lakes of North America, and is still mined in the 21st century. Though copper ore is more difficult to use than native copper, requiring the mastery of [[copper smelting]], it is available in larger quantities and in more locations around the world.

== See also ==
* [[Copper wire]]
* [[Iron Ore]]
* [[wikipedia:List of copper ores|List of copper ores]]

== References ==
{{Wa|List_of_copper_ores}}

[[Category:Copper]]
[[Category:Ores]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Wrought iron

2022-03-27T06:49:21Z

Signore Galilei: Added categories

'''[[wikipedia:Wrought iron|Wrought Iron]]''' (or soft iron) is an iron material that has the property of being forged and hammered when very hot ("red-hot") and hardens by cooling rapidly. It melts at temperatures above 1500 °C, is not very tough and can be welded by forging.

== Uses ==

Industrial processes in the 19th century made it possible to produce wrought iron in large quantities, so that this material could be used in the construction of large architectural and engineering structures.

The difficulty of joining wrought iron elements by welding has relegated the use of this material to decorative or secondary uses in construction, such as gratings and other pieces.

== References ==

{{wa|Wrought_iron}}

[[Category:Iron]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Direct Reduced Iron

2022-03-27T06:48:45Z

Signore Galilei: Added categories

A '''sponge iron''' is a product that is produced from iron ore. Iron ore is often found in the form of granules or lumps and undergoes a reduction process that is created through the use of a reducing gas emitting coal or natural gas source. This type of iron can be produced in several different types of furnaces, including [[Bloomery Furnace|bloomery furnaces]] coke or coal-fired furnaces, blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces.

== Uses ==
One of the most common uses of sponge iron is the creation of [[Wrought Iron|wrought iron]]. Iron of this type is useful in the creation of ornamental objects for use in the household, such as decorative grilles for screen doors, burglar-resistant grilles for windows, and even for various types of wall hangings.

Sponge iron is also often used for the manufacture of components used to create durable lawn and patio furniture. When properly treated, wrought iron furniture can easily withstand weather deterioration and last for many years.

== References ==

* [https://spiegato.com/es/que-es-la-esponja-de-hierro ¿Qué es la esponja de hierro?] (in Spanish)

[[Category:Iron]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Category:Iron

2022-03-27T06:47:22Z

Signore Galilei: Created category page for iron

Iron ore

2022-03-27T06:46:12Z

Signore Galilei: Category for iron

[[File:Limonite bog iron cm02.jpg|alt=A photograph of a piece of bog iron.|thumb|A piece of bog iron. Note the light reddish brown color and pitted texture]]'''Iron ore''' is a rock containing iron, usually in the form of oxides, such as hematite.

Iron ores have a variable iron content depending on the iron mineral. Additionally, isomorphism, almost always present in natural minerals, reduces the nominal content.

== Uses ==

The primary use for iron ore is the production of [[iron]], including [[Sponge Iron|sponge iron]] and [[Pig Iron|pig iron]]. Some forms of iron ore also have other uses, such as in the pigment ocher.

== Natural sources ==

=== Bog iron ===
An easily accessible source of iron ore is so-called “bog iron”, formed naturally in bogs or swamps by the oxidation of iron minerals dissolved in water. It can be identified by its reddish brown color and uneven texture. Early metallurgists identified bog-iron deposits by indicators such as withered grass, a wet environment, hygrophilous grass-dominated vegetation, and reddish-brown solutions or depositions in nearby waters. Chemically, bog iron is mostly made up of the mineral geothite, a form of iron oxyhydroxide that is also the main component of rust. Because iron-bearing water continues to flow into a bog over time, the iron in a given bog will replenish over the course of a few decades.

== See also ==
* [[Copper Ore]]

== References ==
{{Wa|Bog_iron}}
{{Wa|Iron_ore}}

[[Category:Ores]]
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Iron]]

Main Page

2022-03-27T06:44:17Z

Signore Galilei: Link to Flint

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'''Welcome to Wikiciv!'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
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* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].

* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.

|}

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* [[Axe]]
* [[Basket]]
* [[Bloomery Furnace]]
* [[Bow and arrow]]
* [[Clay]]
*[[Flint]]
* [[Iron Ore]]
* [[Lime Concrete]]
* [[Lime Mortar]]
* [[Sponge Iron]]
* [[Wood]]
* [[Wrought Iron]]
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | '''Requested articles'''
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* [[Black powder]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Copper Ore]]
* [[Copper wire]]
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Energy]]
* [[Grasses|Grass]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Zeolite]]

|}

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'''Getting started'''
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord</big>]

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Flint

2022-03-27T06:43:09Z

Signore Galilei: Created page, including basic information on minerology, natural sources and knapping

'''Flint''' is a form of the mineral quartz that was widely used historically to make tools and start [[Fire|fires]]. Related minerals, such as chert (of which flint is one type), can serve the same purpose.

==Uses==

===Fire===
Flint can be struck against an iron-bearing substance, such as steel or pyrite, to create sparks. These sparks can then be used to light a fire.

===Tools or cutting edges===
Flint was used in the manufacture of tools during the Stone Age as it splits into thin, sharp splinters called flakes or blades (depending on the shape) when struck by another hard object (such as a hammerstone made of another material). This process is referred to as knapping. The splinters or the larger remaining piece of flint can be used in tools where a sharp edge is needed, such as the head of an [[axe]] or an [[Bow and arrow|arrow]]. If possible, knapping should be done in the open air to avoid hazardous flint dust, and with hand and eye protection from the sharp flint shards.

==Natural sources==
Flint is formed in chalk and limestone and is harder than those minerals, so it can often be found near where cliffs of chalk and limestone are eroded such as on shorelines. It can also be found as nodules inside larger formations of chalk or limestone. Other forms of chert occur in their own geologic layers called "bedded chert". The banded iron formations, an important source of [[Iron Ore|iron ore]], consist of chert layered with iron oxides.

==References==
{{wa|Flint}}
{{wa|Chert}}
{{wa|Knapping}}

Lime concrete

2022-02-23T22:01:33Z

Signore Galilei: Grammar

'''Lime concrete''' is composite mixture of lime as binding material, sand as fine aggregate and gravel as coarse aggregate in appropriate proportions. It has been well known for at least 5000 years and was widely used for the construction works all over the world before the replacement of lime with cement.

== References ==
* [https://theconstructor.org/concrete/lime-concrete-uses-construction/37391/ Lime Concrete - Mix Proportions, Uses and Properties] ''theconstructor.org''

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Direct Reduced Iron

2022-02-23T21:59:23Z

Signore Galilei: Links

Bloomery furnace

2022-02-23T21:52:57Z

Signore Galilei: Grammar, links

A '''[[Wikipedia:Bloomery|Bloomery Furnace]]''' is a pre-industrial furnace capable of transforming [[Iron Ore|iron ore]] extracted from nature into metal suitable for forging weapons, tools and other objects, without the use of hydraulic power. These reduction furnaces were arranged in the open air, with human power directly involved in the various production processes. They are usually constructed from [[clay]], [[brick]], or [[stone]], and produce "blooms" of [[Sponge Iron|sponge iron]].

Early bloomeries were small in size and usually half dug into the ground. They reached approximately one meter in height and their interior diameter was between 40 and 70 cm approximately. They were built with sandstone and clay and could optionally have a hole for waste to exit.

== References ==
{{wa|Bloomery}}

Iron ore

2022-02-23T21:45:32Z

Signore Galilei: Grammar

[[File:Limonite bog iron cm02.jpg|alt=A photograph of a piece of bog iron.|thumb|A piece of bog iron. Note the light reddish brown color and pitted texture]]'''Iron ore''' is a rock containing iron, usually in the form of oxides, such as hematite.

Iron ores have a variable iron content depending on the iron mineral. Additionally, isomorphism, almost always present in natural minerals, reduces the nominal content.

==Uses==

The primary use for iron ore is the production of [[iron]], including [[Sponge Iron|sponge iron]] and [[Pig Iron|pig iron]]. Some forms of iron ore also have other uses, such as in the pigment ocher.

==Natural Sources==

===Bog Iron===
An easily accessible source of iron ore is so-called “bog iron”, formed naturally in bogs or swamps by the oxidation of iron minerals dissolved in water. It can be identified by its reddish brown color and uneven texture. Early metallurgists identified bog-iron deposits by indicators such as withered grass, a wet environment, hygrophilous grass-dominated vegetation, and reddish-brown solutions or depositions in nearby waters. Chemically, bog iron is mostly made up of the mineral geothite, a form of iron oxyhydroxide that is also the main component of rust. Because iron-bearing water continues to flow into a bog over time, the iron in a given bog will replenish over the course of a few decades.

== References ==
{{Wa|Bog_iron}}
{{Wa|Iron_ore}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Clay

2022-02-15T07:33:40Z

Signore Galilei: fixed template usage

'''[[wikipedia:Clay | Clay]]''' is a type of fine grained natural soil material. Clay is able to be worked into a desired shape when wet, and becomes hard and brittle when dried or fired, retaining its previous shape.

==Uses==

===Ceramics===

Clay can be shaped when wet and then fired to create clay [[Ceramic | ceramics]], including [[Brick | bricks]] which can be used for construction, and [[pottery]] which includes clay vessels, dishware, pipes, and other wares.

===Construction===

In addition to clay bricks, clay can be used directly in buildings, such as in the daub used in wattle and daub construction, or in the walls of a [[Bloomery Furnace]].

===Writing===

Clay tablets are the earliest known medium for writing, used in Sumeria and Greece as early as 3000 BCE. Symbols can be inscribed into wet clay using a stylus, and the clay can either be remolded to record a new set of symbols or fired to make the record more permanent.

==Natural Sources==

Clay can be gathered from riverbanks and dry riverbeds or lakebeds in almost any part of the world. Wet clay is slippery even if it is unprocessed, unlike other kinds of soil or sand. A sample of clay can be tested by wetting it to a workable consistency and seeing if it breaks when rolled out or coiled into shape. A good sample of clay will be easy to work and resistant to breaking.

===Processing===

Before using clay, impurities such as stones and plant matter should be removed. This can be done by picking the impurities out while the clay is dry, by sifting the clay through a sieve, or by filtering clay particles suspended in water by passing them through a cloth. If clay is intended to be used for ceramics, it can be tempered with sand or with ground up bits of broken previously fired ceramics. This will improve the chance that the clay fires successfully.

{{wa|clay}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Clay

2022-02-15T07:23:49Z

Signore Galilei: Added category of raw materials

Wood

2022-02-15T07:23:27Z

Signore Galilei: Added category of raw materials

[[wikipedia:Wood|Wood]] is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material – a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Green wood is wood that has been so recently taken from a plant that it still has some of its natural moisture (usually in the form of sap). Dry wood is wood from which the natural moisture has evaporated over time.

== Uses ==

=== Fuel ===
Wood can use used as a fuel in [[fire]]. Dry wood is better than green wood for fires. Green wood, when burned, makes more smoke.

=== Building Construction ===

=== Tools ===

=== Containers ===
Wood can be used in making [[Basket|baskets]]. Green wood is often a better material for baskets than dry wood is.

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Iron ore

2022-02-15T07:23:10Z

Signore Galilei:

'''Iron ores''' are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be extracted.

==Uses==

The primary use for iron ore is the production of [[Iron|iron]], including [[Sponge Iron|sponge iron]] and [[Pig Iron|pig iron]]. Some forms of iron ore also have other uses, such as in the pigment ochre.

==Natural Sources==

===Bog Iron===
[[File:Limonite bog iron cm02.jpg|alt=A photograph of a piece of bog iron.|thumb|A piece of bog iron. Note the light reddish brown color and pitted texture]]
An easily accessible source of iron ore is so-called "bog iron", formed naturally in bogs or swamps by the oxidation of iron minerals dissolved in water. It can be identified by its reddish brown color and uneven texture. Early metallurgists identified bog-iron deposits by indicators such as withered grass, a wet environment, hygrophilous grass-dominated vegetation, and reddish-brown solutions or depositions in nearby waters. Chemically, bog iron is mostly made up of the mineral geothite, a form of iron oxyhydroxide that is also the main component of rust. Because iron-bearing water continues to flow into a bog over time, the iron in a given bog will replenish over the course of a few decades.

{{Wa | Bog iron}}
{{Wa | Iron ore}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Category:Raw materials

2022-02-15T07:22:42Z

Signore Galilei: Created category page for raw materials

Main page: [[Raw material]]

Raw material

2022-02-15T07:20:02Z

Signore Galilei: Added category of raw materials

A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material raw material], also known as a '''feedstock''', '''unprocessed''' '''material''', or '''primary commodity''', is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy, or intermediate materials that are feedstock for future finished products. As feedstock, the term connotes these materials are bottleneck assets and are required to produce other products.

==Role on Wikiciv==
Raw materials are the basic building blocks from which technologies are made. All technologies on Wikiciv should be documented in such a way that after following all the parent technologies, the only required inputs are raw materials or energy. [[Recycled materials]] can be included as useful shortcuts for when they are available, but only as a supplement to a raw material method.

==Categories of Raw Materials==

===Plant-Derived===
*[[Wood]]
*[[Grasses|Grass]]

===Metalic Ores===
*[[Iron Ore]]
*[[Copper Ore]]

===Rocks===
*[[Limestone]]

===Soils===
*[[Clay]]
*[[Sand]]
*[[Gravel]]

===Minerals===
*[[Zeolite]]

===Animal-Derived===
*[[Rawhide]]

===Hydrocarbons===
*[[Coal]]
*[[Petroleum]]

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Main Page

2022-02-15T07:16:12Z

Signore Galilei: /* Getting started */ added the page on clay

Welcome to Wikiciv!

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
== Getting started ==
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord</big>]

*[[Wikiciv:About|About Wikiciv]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Editing|How to edit on Media Wiki]]
'''Featured Articles'''

* [[Fire]]
*[[Charcoal]]
'''Stubs that need expanding'''
* [[Wood]]
* [[Lime Mortar]]
* [[Lime Concrete]]
* [[Iron Ore]]
* [[Bloomery Furnace]]
* [[Sponge Iron]]
* [[Wrought Iron]]
* [[Basket]]
*[[Clay]]

Clay

2022-02-15T07:15:28Z

Signore Galilei: Created page, including basic information on ceramics, clay tablets, and processing clay

Iron ore

2022-02-13T23:00:23Z

Signore Galilei: Created outline of page, added content about bog iron.

User:Signore Galilei

2022-02-12T15:49:36Z

Signore Galilei: Created user page

Hi! I'm a user who joined on Feb 12, 2022!