Wikiciv - User contributions [en]

Water filter

2025-09-22T21:48:38Z

Sargeras:

[[File:The different layers of a filter used at drinking water facilities.jpg|thumb|200px|During filtration, water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles.]]

A '''water filter''' removes impurities by lowering contamination of [[water]] using a fine physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to different extents, for purposes such as: providing agricultural irrigation, accessible drinking water, public and private aquariums, and the safe use of ponds and swimming pools.

To make an artisanal water filter, one must be aware of three risks associated with unclean water: biological ([[bacteria]] and viruses) and chemical (including heavy metals and others toxic [[minerals]]).

== Basic filter making ==
While most biological risks can be avoided through boiling water, chemicals are not affected by heat and must be captured by charcoal, ideally activated to improve surface activity. To protect the charcoal from bigger particles such as silt, clay and sand, one can use a filter, made from alternating layers of gravel, sand, with a paper or cloth to hold any particle. A ceramic filter can also be used.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Water]]
* '''Water filter'''
** [[Charcoal]]
** [[Gravel]]
** [[Sand]]

== See also ==
* [[Ceramic water filter]]
* [[Food preservation]]

== References ==
{{wa|Water_filter}}

[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Water

2025-09-22T21:37:37Z

Sargeras: /* Desalination */

[[File:Water_drop_001.jpg|thumb|250px|A globule of liquid water, and the concave depression and rebound in water caused by something dropping through the water surface.]]

'''Water''' (chemical formula H<sub>2</sub>O) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, [[energy]], nor organic micronutrients.

A number of natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and [[ice]], its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of [[snow]]. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans, about 96.5%.

[[Fishing]] in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and [[Heat|heating]], in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both mineral and organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in [[cooking]] and washing.

== Collection ==
=== Wells ===
A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, or drilling to access liquid resources, usually water. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn up by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets or large water bags that are raised mechanically or by hand. Water can also be injected back into the aquifer through the well. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability, including [[wood]] linings.

Wells have traditionally been sunk by hand digging, and it is still currently the case in rural areas. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour, and the structure can be lined with [[brick]] or [[stone]] as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called caissoning uses pre-cast reinforced [[concrete]] well rings that are lowered into the hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a bit in a borehole. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of [[steel]] or [[plastic]]. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells.

Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. The site of a well can be selected by a hydrogeologist, or groundwater surveyor. Water may be pumped or hand drawn. Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require [[Water#Treatment|treatment]] before being potable. Soil salination can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem is the potential for [[methane]] to seep into the water.

=== Dams ===
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees, also known as dikes, are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.

=== Snowmelt ===
{{see also|Snow}}
The melting of [[snow]] or ice releases water, including in glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater is often found in the ablation zone of glaciers, where the rate of snow cover is reducing, and it can be produced during volcanic eruptions. When meltwater pools on the surface rather than flowing, it forms melt ponds. As the weather gets colder meltwater will often re-freeze. Meltwater can collect or melt under the ice's surface. These pools of water, known as subglacial lakes can form due to geothermal [[heat]] and [[friction]].

Meltwater provides drinking water for a large proportion of the world's population, as well as providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric plants. This meltwater can originate from seasonal snowfall, or from the melting of more permanent glaciers. Climate change threatens the precipitation of snow and the shrinking volume of glaciers.

=== Rain Basin ===
A rainwater tank, sometimes called a rain barrel, is a water tank used to collect and store rain water runoff, typically from rooftops via pipes. Rainwater tanks are devices for collecting and maintaining harvested rain. Rainwater tanks are installed to make use of rain water for later use, reduce mains water use for economic or environmental reasons, and aid self-sufficiency. Stored water may be used for watering gardens and agriculture, as well as for drinking, especially when other water supplies are unavailable, are expensive, or of poor quality, and when adequate care is taken that the water is not contaminated and is adequately filtered. Underground rainwater tanks can also be used for retention of stormwater for release at a later time and offer a variety of benefits described in more detail below. In arid climates, rain barrels are often used to store water during the rainy season for use during dryer periods.

Small scale rain barrels can be recycled from food storage and transport barrels, as well whiskey and wine aging barrels. Low cost designs also exist that allow the use of locally available materials and village level technologies. While most systems are properly engineered to screen out mosquitoes, the lack of proper filtering or closed loop systems may create breeding grounds for larvae. With tanks used for drinking water, if maintenance is not carried out, the user runs a health risk.

=== Evapotranspiration ===
Evapotranspiration is the combined processes by which water moves from the earth's surface into the atmosphere. It covers both water evaporation (movement of water to the air directly from soil, canopies, and water bodies) and transpiration (movement of water from the soil, through roots and bodies of vegetation, on leaves and then into the air). Evapotranspiration is an important part of the local water cycle and climate, as well as measurement of it plays a key role in agricultural irrigation and water resource management.

== Purification ==
{{see also|Drinking water}}
Water must be purified for human consumption whenever it is believed that it can be contaminated, including when staying in the wilderness. The process kills germs and removes both sediments and contaminants, making it safe for drinking.<ref name=":0">[[wikihow:Purify-Water|How to Purify Water]], 1 May 2022, WikiHow. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

One of the best ways to kill harmful microorganisms in the water, including [[bacteria]], viruses, and parasites, is by boiling the water.<ref name=":0" /> While boiling alone will not remove heavy metals or chemical contaminants from the water, boiling it with the core inside cactus leaves, called mucilage, can potentially remove additional pollutants, such as [[arsenic]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://inhabitat.com/6-ways-to-purify-water-without-expensive-technology/ 6 ways to purify water without expensive technology] - Katie Medlock, 27 April 2016, Inhabitat. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

Studies have found the effectiveness of some plants to remove pollutants from water. Specifically, pine trees can remove pathogens from the liquid. For this, remove a small branch from a pine tree, strip it from its bark and place the branch in the container with the water that needs purifying. The sap in the [[stick]] should trap and collect pathogens in the water.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://news.mit.edu/2014/need-a-water-filter-peel-a-tree-branch-0226 Need a water filter? Peel a tree branch] - Jennifer Chu, 26 February 2014, MIT News. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref> Likewise, [[cilantro]] can be effective at removing [[lead]] and [[nickel]] from water. In this case, place a handful of leaves in the container, stir the water and let the leaves sit in the water for at least an hour, removing and discarding them before drinking the water. Cilantro has not tested for the removal of other heavy metals, including [[arsenic]] and [[mercury]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://healthland.time.com/2013/09/12/cilantro-more-than-an-herb-it-can-purify-water-too/ Cilantro: More Than An Herb, It Can Purify Water Too] - Alexandra Sifferlin, 12 September 2013, Time. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

== Desalination ==
Salt water from sources such as seawater has concentrations much higher than the human body's capacity to process it. Kidneys can only make urine that is less salty than salt water, and as such people urinate more water than what was drank to get rid of the excess salt, risking the person's dehydration.<ref>[https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/drinksw.html Can humans drink seawater?], United States National Ocean Service. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

In order to survive in a situation where salt water is only available, a desalination method is needed. One of the simplest methods is through condensation: salt water is collected in a container, such as a bowl, is afterwards placed under direct sunlight, placing a smaller container to collect the desalinated water, such as a cup, and a material that allows for condensation is placed over the container, such as a [[plastic]] wrap, which must be tightly placed into the borders of the container to prevent open areas. A weight can be placed on top of the cover to the collection easier, such as a stone. The water should evaporate under the heat, and after several hours droplets will form in the cover, which should drop in the smaller container. This process can be sped up by using a source of heat such as a fire. The distilled water is safe for drinking, though some salt is required for the human body to assimilate water so adding back a small amount of the mineral residue to the distilled water is advised.<ref>[https://www.wikihow.com/Desalinate-Water How to Desalinate Water], 21 February 2022, WikiHow. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

== Treatment ==
[[File:Wastewater Clarifiers.jpg|thumb|337x337px|Three wastewater clarifiers from above, with skimmers shown]]
Water treatment is extremely important to human health, especially in high density environments, and is responsible for one of the largest gains in human life expectancy, on par with antibiotics and germ theory.

At its core, water treatment consists of three component processes. These are settlement, filtration, and disinfection.

=== Settlement ===
Settlement operates mainly on the principle of gravity, and focuses on channeling water into large containers called clarifiers with high volume and surface area. Water spends a long time in the clarifier, where solid particles suspended in the water are allowed to settle to the bottom and accumulate, forming a sludge layer that can be removed at a later time. A preparatory step to this process called flocculation is key to settlement, because it is during this step that coagulants are added to the water, allowing small particles to bind together and form larger, heavier particles that will settle to the bottom of the clarifier more quickly. The water in a clarifier is cleanest near the top, where the surface can be skimmed of any floating particles and where the water can be allowed to flow over a weir an into the next process station.

[[File:The different layers of a filter used at drinking water facilities.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|During filtration, water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles.]]

=== Filtration ===
{{main|Water filter}}
The next step is filtration. Filtration has two components, biological and physical. Physical filtration is relatively straightforward. Water is flown over a semi-permeable surface, such as cloth or a bed of [[sand]] and crushed [[charcoal]]. Particles that remain in the water after clarification are then caught either because they are too large to fit through the holes in the surface or because they bind to the surface of the sand/charcoal. The sand/charcoal bed also provides a medium for friendly bacteria to form colonies and make biofilms, so that they can process any dissolved nutrients such as [[nitrogen]] or [[phosphorus]] out of the water and release it as [[carbon dioxide]]. In order to treat waters that contain dissolved metals, a bed of ionic sand can be used, which form bonds with the dissolved metals and capture them in the process. In treatment of extremely nutrient dense waters such as wastewater, aeration may be effective in feeding these bacteria oxygen, accelerating the rate at which they digest these nutrients.
[[File:Distillation by Retort.png|thumb|176x176px|Shown here is a simple distillation apparatus, where the dirty water is heated by the burner, turns to steam, and then condenses in the second bulb, which is kept cool by the water from the tap. ]]

=== Disinfection ===
The last component is disinfection. Disinfection generally is done one of three ways, either using chlorination, ozone, or ultraviolet light. However, these methods are generally quite complicated to implement in a scenario where a manufacturing base is not readily available. Therefore, the simplest way to disinfect water is to boil and capture the resulting steam, thus distilling it. Although it is energy intensive, distillation can kill bacterial pathogens and denature viral threats quite effectively.

== As transport ==
{{see also|wikipedia:Water#Transportation}}
Maritime transport, or ocean transport, is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) via waterways. Freight transport by sea has been widely used throughout recorded history. The advent of aviation has diminished the importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air. Maritime transport accounts for roughly 80% of international trade.

Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge, over oceans and lakes, through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be for commerce, recreation, or for military purposes. While extensive inland shipping is less critical nowadays, the major waterways of the world including many canals are still very important and are integral parts of worldwide economies. Particularly, any material can be moved by water; however, water transport becomes impractical when material delivery is time-critical, including various types of perishable produce. Still, water transport is highly cost effective with regular schedulable cargoes, such as trans-oceanic shipping of consumer products, and especially for heavy loads or bulk cargos, such as [[coal]], [[Raw material#Metallic ores|ores]], or grains. Arguably, the industrial revolution took place best where cheap water transport by canal, navigations, or shipping by all types of watercraft on natural waterways supported cost-effective bulk transport.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
** '''Water'''
*** [[Ice]]
*** [[Snow]]
** [[Cooking]]
** [[Latex]]
** [[Sand]]
*** [[Mortar]]

== See also ==
* [[Ammonia]]
* [[Fire]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Tympanum]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
;Purification
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20210212001620/https://www.outdoorlife.com/survival-skills-ways-to-purify-water/ Survival Skills: 10 Ways to Purify Water] - Tim MacWelch, 3 October 2019, Outdoor Life
* [https://all-about-water-filters.com/great-ways-how-to-purify-water-for-drinking/ 25 Great Ways How To Purify Water For Drinking] - Joseph Bartley, 5 April 2021, All About Water Filters
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Category:Safe-Drinking-Water Safe Drinking Water] - WikiHow
* [https://urbansurvivalsite.com/fastest-ways-to-purify-water/ 8 Fastest Ways to Purify Water] - Alan Urban, Urban Survival Plan
* [https://survivalist101.com/tutorials/preppers-guide-prepping-for-beginners/drinking-water-purification-methods/ 10 Drinking Water Purification Methods] - Survivalist 101
* [http://www.enviroalternatives.com/watermethods.html Twenty-Five Methods To Purify Water] - Environmental Alternatives
;Desalination
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AawLiTT2m9s How to Desalinate Water] - Guidecentral English, 24 June 2020, YouTube
* [[wikihow:Turn-Salt-Water-Into-Drinking-Water|How to Turn Salt Water Into Drinking Water]] - 22 February 2022, WikiHow
* [https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/desalination Desalination] - Water Science School, 11 September 2019, United States Geological Survey
* [http://www.sciencefairadventure.com/ProjectDetail.aspx?ProjectID=155 Desalinate Sea Water] - Sciencefairadventure.com

{{wa|Water}}
{{wa|Water#Transportation}}
{{wa|Well}}
{{wa|Meltwater}}
{{wa|Rainwater tank}}
{{wa|Evapotranspiration}}
{{wa|Seawater}}

[[Category:Featured articles]]
[[Category:Water]]

Medicine and Healthcare

2025-09-22T21:33:31Z

Sargeras:

[[Medicine]]

'''Healthcare''' refers to all services, practices and systems designed to maintain, improve or restore people's health. This includes :

* Prevention: ''vaccination, screening, health education.''
** Drinking water
** Vitamins
** Vaccines
** Hygiene (soap)
** Asepsis and antisepsis
* Diagnosis: ''medical examinations, laboratory analyses.''
* Treatment: ''drugs, surgery, therapies.'' This is where Medicine acts.
* Rehabilitation: ''physiotherapy, occupational therapy.''
* Palliative care: a''ccompaniment for serious illnesses or at the end of life.''
[[Category:Food and Health]]

Water

2025-09-22T21:02:36Z

Sargeras: /* Purification */

[[File:Water_drop_001.jpg|thumb|250px|A globule of liquid water, and the concave depression and rebound in water caused by something dropping through the water surface.]]

'''Water''' (chemical formula H<sub>2</sub>O) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, [[energy]], nor organic micronutrients.

A number of natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and [[ice]], its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of [[snow]]. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans, about 96.5%.

[[Fishing]] in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and [[Heat|heating]], in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both mineral and organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in [[cooking]] and washing.

== Collection ==
=== Wells ===
A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, or drilling to access liquid resources, usually water. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn up by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets or large water bags that are raised mechanically or by hand. Water can also be injected back into the aquifer through the well. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability, including [[wood]] linings.

Wells have traditionally been sunk by hand digging, and it is still currently the case in rural areas. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour, and the structure can be lined with [[brick]] or [[stone]] as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called caissoning uses pre-cast reinforced [[concrete]] well rings that are lowered into the hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a bit in a borehole. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of [[steel]] or [[plastic]]. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells.

Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. The site of a well can be selected by a hydrogeologist, or groundwater surveyor. Water may be pumped or hand drawn. Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require [[Water#Treatment|treatment]] before being potable. Soil salination can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem is the potential for [[methane]] to seep into the water.

=== Dams ===
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees, also known as dikes, are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.

=== Snowmelt ===
{{see also|Snow}}
The melting of [[snow]] or ice releases water, including in glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater is often found in the ablation zone of glaciers, where the rate of snow cover is reducing, and it can be produced during volcanic eruptions. When meltwater pools on the surface rather than flowing, it forms melt ponds. As the weather gets colder meltwater will often re-freeze. Meltwater can collect or melt under the ice's surface. These pools of water, known as subglacial lakes can form due to geothermal [[heat]] and [[friction]].

Meltwater provides drinking water for a large proportion of the world's population, as well as providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric plants. This meltwater can originate from seasonal snowfall, or from the melting of more permanent glaciers. Climate change threatens the precipitation of snow and the shrinking volume of glaciers.

=== Rain Basin ===
A rainwater tank, sometimes called a rain barrel, is a water tank used to collect and store rain water runoff, typically from rooftops via pipes. Rainwater tanks are devices for collecting and maintaining harvested rain. Rainwater tanks are installed to make use of rain water for later use, reduce mains water use for economic or environmental reasons, and aid self-sufficiency. Stored water may be used for watering gardens and agriculture, as well as for drinking, especially when other water supplies are unavailable, are expensive, or of poor quality, and when adequate care is taken that the water is not contaminated and is adequately filtered. Underground rainwater tanks can also be used for retention of stormwater for release at a later time and offer a variety of benefits described in more detail below. In arid climates, rain barrels are often used to store water during the rainy season for use during dryer periods.

Small scale rain barrels can be recycled from food storage and transport barrels, as well whiskey and wine aging barrels. Low cost designs also exist that allow the use of locally available materials and village level technologies. While most systems are properly engineered to screen out mosquitoes, the lack of proper filtering or closed loop systems may create breeding grounds for larvae. With tanks used for drinking water, if maintenance is not carried out, the user runs a health risk.

=== Evapotranspiration ===
Evapotranspiration is the combined processes by which water moves from the earth's surface into the atmosphere. It covers both water evaporation (movement of water to the air directly from soil, canopies, and water bodies) and transpiration (movement of water from the soil, through roots and bodies of vegetation, on leaves and then into the air). Evapotranspiration is an important part of the local water cycle and climate, as well as measurement of it plays a key role in agricultural irrigation and water resource management.

== Purification ==
{{see also|Water filter}}
Water must be purified for human consumption whenever it is believed that it can be contaminated, including when staying in the wilderness. The process kills germs and removes both sediments and contaminants, making it safe for drinking.<ref name=":0">[[wikihow:Purify-Water|How to Purify Water]], 1 May 2022, WikiHow. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

One of the best ways to kill harmful microorganisms in the water, including [[bacteria]], viruses, and parasites, is by boiling the water.<ref name=":0" /> While boiling alone will not remove heavy metals or chemical contaminants from the water, boiling it with the core inside cactus leaves, called mucilage, can potentially remove additional pollutants, such as [[arsenic]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://inhabitat.com/6-ways-to-purify-water-without-expensive-technology/ 6 ways to purify water without expensive technology] - Katie Medlock, 27 April 2016, Inhabitat. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

Studies have found the effectiveness of some plants to remove pollutants from water. Specifically, pine trees can remove pathogens from the liquid. For this, remove a small branch from a pine tree, strip it from its bark and place the branch in the container with the water that needs purifying. The sap in the [[stick]] should trap and collect pathogens in the water.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://news.mit.edu/2014/need-a-water-filter-peel-a-tree-branch-0226 Need a water filter? Peel a tree branch] - Jennifer Chu, 26 February 2014, MIT News. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref> Likewise, [[cilantro]] can be effective at removing [[lead]] and [[nickel]] from water. In this case, place a handful of leaves in the container, stir the water and let the leaves sit in the water for at least an hour, removing and discarding them before drinking the water. Cilantro has not tested for the removal of other heavy metals, including [[arsenic]] and [[mercury]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://healthland.time.com/2013/09/12/cilantro-more-than-an-herb-it-can-purify-water-too/ Cilantro: More Than An Herb, It Can Purify Water Too] - Alexandra Sifferlin, 12 September 2013, Time. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

== Desalination ==
Salt water from sources such as seawater has concentrations much higher than the human body's capacity to process it. Kidneys can only make urine that is less salty than salt water, and as such people urinate more water than what was drank to get rid of the excess salt, risking the person's dehydration.<ref>[https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/drinksw.html Can humans drink seawater?], United States National Ocean Service. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

In order to survive in a situation where salt water is only available, a desalination method is needed. One of the simplest methods is through condensation: salt water is collected in a container, such as a bowl, is afterwards placed under direct sunlight, placing a smaller container to collect the desalinated water, such as a cup, and a material that allows for condensation is placed over the container, such as a [[plastic]] wrap, which must be tightly placed into the borders of the container to prevent open areas. A weight can be placed on top of the cover to the collection easier, such as a stone. The water should evaporate under the heat, and after several hours droplets will form in the cover, which should drop in the smaller container. The distilled water is safe for drinking.<ref>[https://www.wikihow.com/Desalinate-Water How to Desalinate Water], 21 February 2022, WikiHow. Retrieved on 18 October 2022</ref>

== Treatment ==
[[File:Wastewater Clarifiers.jpg|thumb|337x337px|Three wastewater clarifiers from above, with skimmers shown]]
Water treatment is extremely important to human health, especially in high density environments, and is responsible for one of the largest gains in human life expectancy, on par with antibiotics and germ theory.

At its core, water treatment consists of three component processes. These are settlement, filtration, and disinfection.

=== Settlement ===
Settlement operates mainly on the principle of gravity, and focuses on channeling water into large containers called clarifiers with high volume and surface area. Water spends a long time in the clarifier, where solid particles suspended in the water are allowed to settle to the bottom and accumulate, forming a sludge layer that can be removed at a later time. A preparatory step to this process called flocculation is key to settlement, because it is during this step that coagulants are added to the water, allowing small particles to bind together and form larger, heavier particles that will settle to the bottom of the clarifier more quickly. The water in a clarifier is cleanest near the top, where the surface can be skimmed of any floating particles and where the water can be allowed to flow over a weir an into the next process station.

[[File:The different layers of a filter used at drinking water facilities.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|During filtration, water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles.]]

=== Filtration ===
{{main|Water filter}}
The next step is filtration. Filtration has two components, biological and physical. Physical filtration is relatively straightforward. Water is flown over a semi-permeable surface, such as cloth or a bed of [[sand]] and crushed [[charcoal]]. Particles that remain in the water after clarification are then caught either because they are too large to fit through the holes in the surface or because they bind to the surface of the sand/charcoal. The sand/charcoal bed also provides a medium for friendly bacteria to form colonies and make biofilms, so that they can process any dissolved nutrients such as [[nitrogen]] or [[phosphorus]] out of the water and release it as [[carbon dioxide]]. In order to treat waters that contain dissolved metals, a bed of ionic sand can be used, which form bonds with the dissolved metals and capture them in the process. In treatment of extremely nutrient dense waters such as wastewater, aeration may be effective in feeding these bacteria oxygen, accelerating the rate at which they digest these nutrients.
[[File:Distillation by Retort.png|thumb|176x176px|Shown here is a simple distillation apparatus, where the dirty water is heated by the burner, turns to steam, and then condenses in the second bulb, which is kept cool by the water from the tap. ]]

=== Disinfection ===
The last component is disinfection. Disinfection generally is done one of three ways, either using chlorination, ozone, or ultraviolet light. However, these methods are generally quite complicated to implement in a scenario where a manufacturing base is not readily available. Therefore, the simplest way to disinfect water is to boil and capture the resulting steam, thus distilling it. Although it is energy intensive, distillation can kill bacterial pathogens and denature viral threats quite effectively.

== As transport ==
{{see also|wikipedia:Water#Transportation}}
Maritime transport, or ocean transport, is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) via waterways. Freight transport by sea has been widely used throughout recorded history. The advent of aviation has diminished the importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air. Maritime transport accounts for roughly 80% of international trade.

Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge, over oceans and lakes, through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be for commerce, recreation, or for military purposes. While extensive inland shipping is less critical nowadays, the major waterways of the world including many canals are still very important and are integral parts of worldwide economies. Particularly, any material can be moved by water; however, water transport becomes impractical when material delivery is time-critical, including various types of perishable produce. Still, water transport is highly cost effective with regular schedulable cargoes, such as trans-oceanic shipping of consumer products, and especially for heavy loads or bulk cargos, such as [[coal]], [[Raw material#Metallic ores|ores]], or grains. Arguably, the industrial revolution took place best where cheap water transport by canal, navigations, or shipping by all types of watercraft on natural waterways supported cost-effective bulk transport.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
** '''Water'''
*** [[Ice]]
*** [[Snow]]
** [[Cooking]]
** [[Latex]]
** [[Sand]]
*** [[Mortar]]

== See also ==
* [[Ammonia]]
* [[Fire]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Tympanum]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
;Purification
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20210212001620/https://www.outdoorlife.com/survival-skills-ways-to-purify-water/ Survival Skills: 10 Ways to Purify Water] - Tim MacWelch, 3 October 2019, Outdoor Life
* [https://all-about-water-filters.com/great-ways-how-to-purify-water-for-drinking/ 25 Great Ways How To Purify Water For Drinking] - Joseph Bartley, 5 April 2021, All About Water Filters
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Category:Safe-Drinking-Water Safe Drinking Water] - WikiHow
* [https://urbansurvivalsite.com/fastest-ways-to-purify-water/ 8 Fastest Ways to Purify Water] - Alan Urban, Urban Survival Plan
* [https://survivalist101.com/tutorials/preppers-guide-prepping-for-beginners/drinking-water-purification-methods/ 10 Drinking Water Purification Methods] - Survivalist 101
* [http://www.enviroalternatives.com/watermethods.html Twenty-Five Methods To Purify Water] - Environmental Alternatives
;Desalination
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AawLiTT2m9s How to Desalinate Water] - Guidecentral English, 24 June 2020, YouTube
* [[wikihow:Turn-Salt-Water-Into-Drinking-Water|How to Turn Salt Water Into Drinking Water]] - 22 February 2022, WikiHow
* [https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/desalination Desalination] - Water Science School, 11 September 2019, United States Geological Survey
* [http://www.sciencefairadventure.com/ProjectDetail.aspx?ProjectID=155 Desalinate Sea Water] - Sciencefairadventure.com

{{wa|Water}}
{{wa|Water#Transportation}}
{{wa|Well}}
{{wa|Meltwater}}
{{wa|Rainwater tank}}
{{wa|Evapotranspiration}}
{{wa|Seawater}}

[[Category:Featured articles]]
[[Category:Water]]

Measuring and Calibration

2025-05-20T18:58:18Z

Sargeras: Distance, mass, quantity

The '''International System of Units (SI)''' is the modern metric system used globally for precise measurement. It defines seven base units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela) from which all other units are derived. These units are '''universal, coherent, and based on fundamental physical constants'''. By adopting SI units, a post-collapse society can '''restore scientific progress, fair trade, and efficient resource management''', laying the groundwork for sustainable development.
= Useful Things to Note =
== Scientific Notation ==
Numbers can get large really fast. To shorten this so that we don't have 30 zeros floating at the end of every number, we use some basic math to describe a notation. If the number has a E(some number here), e(number), or even x10^(number), this stands in the place of x10<sup>(number)</sup>.

This means that you can shorten the number 467,110,000,000 to 4.67110000000x10^11 or, roughly 4.67E11. A negative number means the same that any negative exponent means. (''See basic rules of [[Math]]'')

This means you can turn the number 0.000000846 to 8.46E-7.

== Prefixes ==
Because the previous notation can be hard to read, prefixes are available to whatever unit you want. For instance, instead of 2.53x10^-5 meters, you could say 25.3 µm which means 25.3 1 thousandths of a meter. This is much easier to picture even though it is still really small.

A common set of these prefixes go as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!name
!symbol
!meaning
!
!name
!symbol
!meaning
|-
|queta
|Q
|x10<sup>30</sup>
|
|quecto
|q
|x10<sup>-30</sup>
|-
|ronna
|R
|x10<sup>27</sup>
|
|ronto
|r
|x10<sup>-27</sup>
|-
|yotta
|Y
|x10<sup>24</sup>
|
|yocto
|y
|x10<sup>-24</sup>
|-
|zeta
|Z
|x10<sup>21</sup>
|
|zepto
|z
|x10<sup>-21</sup>
|-
|exa
|E
|x10<sup>18</sup>
|
|atto
|a
|x10<sup>-18</sup>
|-
|peta
|P
|x10<sup>15</sup>
|
|femto
|f
|x10<sup>-15</sup>
|-
|tera
|T
|x10<sup>12</sup>
|
|pico
|p
|x10<sup>-12</sup>
|-
|giga
|G
|x10<sup>9</sup>
|
|nano
|n
|x10<sup>-9</sup>
|-
|mega
|M
|x10<sup>6</sup>
|
|micro
|μ
|x10<sup>-6</sup>
|-
|kilo
|k
|x10<sup>3</sup>
|
|mili
|m
|x10<sup>-3</sup>
|-
|hecto
|h
|x10<sup>2</sup>
|
|centi
|c
|x10<sup>-2</sup>
|-
|deka
|da
|x10<sup>1</sup>
|
|deci
|d
|x10<sup>-1</sup>
|}
The '''International System of Units (SI)''' is the modern metric system used globally for precise measurement. It defines seven base units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela) from which all other units are derived. These units are '''universal, coherent, and based on fundamental physical constants'''. By adopting SI units, a post-collapse society can '''restore scientific progress, fair trade, and efficient resource management''', laying the groundwork for sustainable development.

It would also be worth to make standards to calibrate all devices and ensure two measuring instruments (rulers, clocks, weighing scale, etc.) do not shift too much.

= Useful Things to Note =
== Scientific Notation ==
Numbers can get large really fast. To shorten this so that we don't have 30 zeros floating at the end of every number, we use some basic math to describe a notation. If the number has a E(some number here), e(number), or even x10^(number), this stands in the place of x10<sup>(number)</sup>.

This means that you can shorten the number 467,110,000,000 to 4.67110000000x10^11 or, roughly 4.67E11. A negative number means the same that any negative exponent means.

This means you can turn the number 0.000000846 to 8.46E-7.

== Prefixes ==
Because the previous notation can be hard to read, prefixes are available to whatever unit you want. For instance, instead of 2.53x10^-5 meters, you could say 25.3 µm which means 25.3 "1-thousandth-of-a-meter". This is much easier to picture even though it is still really small.

A common set of these prefixes go as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!name
!symbol
!meaning
!
!name
!symbol
!meaning
|-
|queta
|Q
|x10<sup>30</sup>
|
|quecto
|q
|x10<sup>-30</sup>
|-
|ronna
|R
|x10<sup>27</sup>
|
|ronto
|r
|x10<sup>-27</sup>
|-
|yotta
|Y
|x10<sup>24</sup>
|
|yocto
|y
|x10<sup>-24</sup>
|-
|zeta
|Z
|x10<sup>21</sup>
|
|zepto
|z
|x10<sup>-21</sup>
|-
|exa
|E
|x10<sup>18</sup>
|
|atto
|a
|x10<sup>-18</sup>
|-
|peta
|P
|x10<sup>15</sup>
|
|femto
|f
|x10<sup>-15</sup>
|-
|tera
|T
|x10<sup>12</sup>
|
|pico
|p
|x10<sup>-12</sup>
|-
|giga
|G
|x10<sup>9</sup>
|
|nano
|n
|x10<sup>-9</sup>
|-
|mega
|M
|x10<sup>6</sup>
|
|micro
|μ
|x10<sup>-6</sup>
|-
|kilo
|k
|x10<sup>3</sup>
|
|mili
|m
|x10<sup>-3</sup>
|-
|hecto
|h
|x10<sup>2</sup>
|
|centi
|c
|x10<sup>-2</sup>
|-
|deka
|da
|x10<sup>1</sup>
|
|deci
|d
|x10<sup>-1</sup>
|}

= The Units =
== Time: the second ==
The '''second''' is historically defined through the '''duration of the day'''. One day is divided into 24 hours, which are first divided into 60 minutes which are in turn divided into 60 second each.

* 1 day = 24 hours, 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds.

There's also a "human" way to track time, but it can differ on all sorts of elements. Take this as a basic way to tell time.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Methods to track time
!Unit
!How to measure
!Equivalent to
|-
|Breath
|Inhale and exhale.
|~5 seconds
|-
|Heartbeat
|Place your second and third finger from your thumb, on your wrist or neck, every beat is a pulse.
|~1 second
|-
|Sunrise to sunset
|From the moment you can see the sun, to the moment it can't be seen anymore.
|~11-16 hours, depending on season and place
|-
|One sunrise to another sunrise
|From one sunrise to another.
|~1 day
|-
|30 sunrise to sunrise cycles
|The time it takes to see 30 sunrises.
|~1 month
|-
|One year
|About every 12 months.
|~365 days
|}
More recently the second has been redefined as a number of vibrations of the cesium element, but in everyday life this definition does not have practical use.

== Distance: the meter ==
The '''meter''' is described to be roughly the length of a large walking step. Using the more precise definition of '''the distance light can travel in 1/(299,792,458) seconds.''' This comes out to be roughly 3.33564095E-9 seconds.

To approximate the meter, several methods exist:

# A second-pendulum: by suspending a mass from a length of one meter and swinging it in small oscillations, the period of the pendulum is two seconds, which means it goes from one side to the other in one second.
# A hand-based ruler: the length between the thumb and the pinky when the hand is fully extended is roughly 20cm. Therefore, five times this length is close to a meter.

Distance can be used to describe area, and volume, depending on the number of dimensions used:

* Two distances define an area, for example a one-meter by one-meter square has an area of one-meter-squared.
* Three distances define a volume, for example a one-meter by one-meter by one-meter cube has an area of one-meter-cubed.

Remarque: Yes, the light has a speed, albeit incredibly fast. And as this speed is constant, it has been used to define the meter without requiring a physical object.

== Mass: the kilogram ==
When the meter has been defined it can help to get the mass unit, the '''kilogram''', which is defined as the mass of a volume of water in a 10cm x 10cm x 10cm cube.

== Electric current: the ampere ==
== Temperature: the kelvin ==
== Quantity: the mole ==
The '''mole''' is not really a unit as much as it is a big number which makes it easier to count bit quantities.

It is originally defined as the number of atoms contained in 12g of of carbon 12, which amounts to roughly 6,022 ×10<sup>23</sup>.

This number is huge and not really useful in everyday life and is mainly used in chemical processes which need precision.

== Light: the candela ==

== Useful sub-units ==
=== Frequency: number of occurrences per second ===
=== Force: mass x displacement over time ===
=== Pressure: force over surface ===
Energy
[[Category:Maths]]
[[Category:Physics]]

Literacy and Numeracy

2025-05-17T17:59:23Z

Sargeras: Created page with "== Literacy == '''Literacy''' is the ability to read, write, comprehend, and '''communicate effectively using written language'''. It encompasses a range of skills, including: * '''Reading fluency''' (decoding and understanding text), * '''Writing proficiency''' (composing coherent messages), * '''Critical thinking''' (analyzing and interpreting information). Literacy is foundational for education, economic participation, and civic engagement. The United Nations Sustai..."

== Literacy ==
'''Literacy''' is the ability to read, write, comprehend, and '''communicate effectively using written language'''. It encompasses a range of skills, including:

* '''Reading fluency''' (decoding and understanding text),
* '''Writing proficiency''' (composing coherent messages),
* '''Critical thinking''' (analyzing and interpreting information).

Literacy is foundational for education, economic participation, and civic engagement. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4) emphasize literacy as a key driver of sustainable development.

== Numeracy ==
'''Numeracy''' is the ability to understand, interpret, and '''apply mathematical concepts in everyday life'''. It includes:

* '''Basic arithmetic''' (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division),
* '''Problem-solving''' (using logic and quantitative reasoning),
* '''Data interpretation''' (reading graphs, charts, and statistics).

Numeracy enables individuals to make informed decisions in personal finance, work, and societal contexts.

Main Page

2025-05-17T17:46:03Z

Sargeras: Created Literacy and Numeracy

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6"
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<HR width="0">
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
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<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT>
| align="right" |
{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} <BR>
{{SITENAME}} currently has {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles <BR>
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{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Introduction''' </FONT>
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-Vendetta
|
[[File:Le Moustier.jpg|350px|right|borderless]]
'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].

''We are at a delicate moment in history. The huge, onrushing mass of events must be deflected just a little, – just a little – It cannot be much, but it may be enough to remove twenty-nine thousand years of misery from human history.'' Hari Seldon

<u>Foundation</u>, Isaac Asimov, 1951
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|
* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT size="+1"> '''Main topics'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|'''Food and health:'''
* '''[[Agriculture and Horticulture]]'''
* '''[[Food preservation|Food Preservation]]'''
* '''[[Hunting, Fishing and Foraging]]'''
* '''[[Livestock and Animal Management]]'''
* '''[[Medicine and Healthcare]]'''
* '''[[Hygiene|Soap Production and Hygiene]]'''
* '''[[Water|Water Management]]'''
|'''Crafts and techniques:'''
* '''[[Carpentry (forestry, woodworking)]]'''
* '''Glass Production'''
* '''[[Leather|Leatherwork]]'''
* '''[[Light, Candles and Lamps]]'''
* '''Metalwork (ore, forge, charcoal)'''
* '''[[Pottery]]''' '''(what, where, how)'''
* '''Stonework'''
* '''Textile (weaving, sewing)'''
|'''Concepts:'''
* '''Energy: Production and storage ([[Energetics]])'''
* '''Games and Entertainment'''
* '''[[Literacy and Numeracy]]'''
* '''[[Measuring and Calibration]]'''
* '''Orientation and Transport'''
* '''[[Politics and Economics]]'''
* '''[[Social Sciences and Philosophy]]'''
* '''[[Writing and Communication]]'''
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#f2f5fd; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Articles that need expanding'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:6">
* [[Adhesive]]
* [[Bellows]]
* [[Biomass]]
* [[Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Canning]]
* [[Cement]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Crops]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Energetics]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Generator]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrocarbon]]
* [[Ice]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Methane gas]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Panning]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Pig iron]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Pump drill]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Scrap]]
* [[Scrap copper]]
* [[Scrap iron]]
* [[Scrap steel]]
* [[Seawater]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Water filter]]
* [[Wheel]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Wrought iron]]
* [[Zeolite]]
* [[Zinc]]
</div>
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Requested articles'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:4">
* [[Shelter]] (covered)
* [[Water]] (add basic protocol for safe drinking)
* [[Fire]] (covered, some empty links)
* [[Foraging]]
* [[Twine]] and [[rope]] making
* Iron ore processing
* Metalwork, mostly iron
* Bows and [[Hunting, Fishing and Foraging|hunting]] tools making
* [[Furnace]]
* [[Adhesive]]
* [[Dirt]]
* [[Mirror]]
* [[Oven]]
* [[Spinach]]
* [[Carrot]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Engine]]
</div>
|-
|
|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
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<FONT SIZE="+1">'''Getting started'''</FONT><P>
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord!</big>] <br>
[[Wikiciv:Volunteers|<big>Join Wikiciv!</big>]]
* [https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Special:AllPages All Pages]
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* Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''
|}
|}

Medicine

2025-05-12T21:47:54Z

Sargeras: WHO essential medicine list directs to English now

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== World Health Organization's Essential Medicine List ==
[[WHO Medicine List in English|Dedicated article: ''World Health Organization's Essential Medicine List'']]

The '''WHO EML''' contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.

The list is divided into core items and complementary items. The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources. The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.

The most recent '''EML''' (as of 2025) contains 591 drugs and 103 therapeutic equivalents.<ref>"WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". ''World Health Organization''. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</ref>

== Examples ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

[[Opium]], made from the [[opium poppy]], is another medicine that has been used for over 8,000 years as potent pain relief, anesthesia, and cough suppression. Its derivatives such morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are still pertinent to advanced modern medicine today. <ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref>

[[Quinine]] was the first proper medicine used to treat [[malaria]] at least 400 years ago.

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Product
!Treatment
!Shelf life
|-
|Albuterol
|Asthma attacks
|
|-
|Antibiotics
|Most illnesses caused by bacterial infection
|
|-
|Antihistamines
|Most allergies symptoms
|
|-
|Atorvastatin
|High cholesterol
|
|-
|Gabapentin
|Seizures or nerve pain relieve after shingles <br> (rash caused by viral infection)
|
|-
|Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
|Severe pain <br> Antitussive (cough suppressant)
|
|-
|Levothyroxine
|Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
|
|-
|Losarttan
|Hypertension (high blood pressure)
|
|-
|Metformin
|Type 2 diabetes
|3 years from the date of manufacture.<ref>[https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/m/metformintab.pdf METFORMIN NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET], Medsafe. Retrieved on 14 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|Omeprazole
|Heartburn and acid reflux
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]
* [[Emergency Medicine]]
* [[Penicillin]]
* [[Aspirin]]
* [[Activated charcoal]]
* [[Anesthesia]]
* [[Medicinal Plants]]
* [[Wound Disinfection]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Main Page

2025-05-12T21:45:58Z

Sargeras: Modified requested articles based of Maslow's pyramid, reordered

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6"
|-
| colspan="2" |
<HR width="0">
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif |
<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT>
| align="right" |
{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} <BR>
{{SITENAME}} currently has {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles <BR>
|}
|-
| valign="top" width="75%" |
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Introduction''' </FONT>
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-Vendetta
|
[[File:Le Moustier.jpg|350px|right|borderless]]
'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].

''We are at a delicate moment in history. The huge, onrushing mass of events must be deflected just a little, – just a little – It cannot be much, but it may be enough to remove twenty-nine thousand years of misery from human history.'' Hari Seldon

<u>Foundation</u>, Isaac Asimov, 1951
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|
* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT size="+1"> '''Main topics'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|'''Food and health:'''
* '''[[Agriculture and Horticulture]]'''
* '''[[Food preservation|Food Preservation]]'''
* '''[[Hunting, Fishing and Foraging]]'''
* '''[[Livestock and Animal Management]]'''
* '''[[Medicine and Healthcare]]'''
* '''[[Hygiene|Soap Production and Hygiene]]'''
* '''[[Water|Water Management]]'''
|'''Crafts and techniques:'''
* '''[[Carpentry (forestry, woodworking)]]'''
* '''Glass Production'''
* '''[[Leather|Leatherwork]]'''
* '''[[Light, Candles and Lamps]]'''
* '''Metalwork (ore, forge, charcoal)'''
* '''[[Pottery]]''' '''(what, where, how)'''
* '''Stonework'''
* '''Textile (weaving, sewing)'''
|'''Concepts:'''
* '''Energy: Production and storage'''
* '''Games and Entertainment'''
* '''Literacy and Numeracy'''
* '''[[Measuring and Calibration]]'''
* '''Orientation and Transport'''
* '''[[Politics and Economics]]'''
* '''[[Social Sciences and Philosophy]]'''
* '''[[Writing and Communication]]'''
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#f2f5fd; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Articles that need expanding'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:6">
* [[Adhesive]]
* [[Bellows]]
* [[Biomass]]
* [[Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Canning]]
* [[Cement]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Crops]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Energetics]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Generator]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrocarbon]]
* [[Ice]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Methane gas]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Panning]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Pig iron]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Pump drill]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Scrap]]
* [[Scrap copper]]
* [[Scrap iron]]
* [[Scrap steel]]
* [[Seawater]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Water filter]]
* [[Wheel]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Wrought iron]]
* [[Zeolite]]
* [[Zinc]]
</div>
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Requested articles'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:4">
* [[Shelter]] (covered)
* [[Water]] (add basic protocol for safe drinking)
* [[Fire]] (covered, some empty links)
* [[Foraging]]
* [[Twine]] and [[rope]] making
* Iron ore processing
* Metalwork, mostly iron
* Bows and [[Hunting, Fishing and Foraging|hunting]] tools making
* [[Furnace]]
* [[Adhesive]]
* [[Dirt]]
* [[Mirror]]
* [[Oven]]
* [[Spinach]]
* [[Carrot]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Engine]]
</div>
|-
|
|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif |
<FONT SIZE="+1">'''Getting started'''</FONT><P>
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord!</big>] <br>
[[Wikiciv:Volunteers|<big>Join Wikiciv!</big>]]
* [https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Special:AllPages All Pages]
* [[Wikiciv:About|About Wikiciv]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Editing|How to edit on Media Wiki]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:InstantCommons|Adding Images from Wikimedia Commons]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style|Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones|Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources|Resources]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do|To do]]
* Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''
|}
|}

Hunting, Fishing and Foraging

2025-05-12T21:39:31Z

Sargeras: /* Hunting */

This page lists ways of getting food from the wild.

== Hunting ==

=== Passive hunting: Traps ===
'''Trapping''' is a way of passively hunt for meat, by setting up traps to catch prey. It is easier and less risky, but can take more time depending on the setup.

'''Tools Needed''': Natural materials (vines, sticks, stones), cordage (plant fibers, sinew), bait.

==== Small Game (Rabbits, Squirrels, Birds) ====

* '''Snares''':
** Use bent saplings or vines to create a noose loop. Place near animal trails or burrows.
** ''Example'': A "figure-4 deadfall" (triggered by the animal’s movement).
* '''Pit Traps''':
** Dig a shallow pit, cover with leaves/branches, and bait with nuts/fruit.
* '''Bird Snares''':
** Set nooses near watering holes or perches.

==== Medium Game (Foxes, Raccoons, Wild Pigs) ====

* '''Deadfalls''':
** Heavy rocks/logs rigged to crush prey when triggered (e.g., Paiute deadfall).
* '''Cage Traps''':
** Woven branches or stone corrals with funnel entrances.

==== Large Game (Deer, Boar) ====

* '''Corral Traps''':
** Drive animals into fenced enclosures (used by indigenous tribes).
* '''Pit Traps (Deep)''':
** Dig a 6+ ft pit, camouflage the top, and lure prey with food.

=== Active hunting: Spears and bows ===
[[Hunting|Active hunting]] is more energy-consuming and more dangerous, but can be more rewarding.

'''Tools Needed''': Spears, bows, throwing sticks, slings.

==== Small Game ====

* '''Throwing Sticks (Rabbit Sticks)''':
** Curved sticks thrown to stun prey.
* '''Blowguns''':
** Hollow reeds with darts (poisoned tips optional).
* '''Sling''':
** Stones hurled at birds or small mammals.

==== Medium Game (Deer, Wild Sheep) ====

* '''Bows and Arrows''':
** Self-bows (yew, osage orange) with flint/obsidian arrowheads.
* '''Spears''':
** Thrusting or throwing spears (atlatl for added range).

==== Large Game (Bison, Elk, Bear) ====

* '''Spear Hunting''':
** Ambush near watering holes or migration paths.
* '''Pit Drives''':
** Herd animals into pits or cliffs (e.g., buffalo jumps).
* '''Communal Hunts''':
** Coordinated drives with fire/noise to exhaust prey.

== Fishing ==
Ways to catch fish are

Ways to fish can be: line fishing, pole fishing, net fishing, spear fishing, bow fishing, fish trapping.

All line thickness, hook size, net size and bait depend on type and size of the fish being caught.

=== Line fishing ===
Line fishing revolves around personal feel for the line and strength to pull fish to shore. A line would be tied onto a hook and bait would serve as the sinker.

=== Pole fishing ===
A fishing pole depends on mechanical strength to make the fishing more efficient and being able to throw the bait further.

=== Net fishing ===
Nets able to catch great amounts of fish. Can be hand weaved and are effective.

==== Production ====
Through the use of weavers knot, a net can be made for most types of fish. The space in between the knots should depend on the size of the fish

=== Spear fishing ===
The spearing of a fish relies on shallow waters, patience and quick reflexes to catch fish, preferable use in river and lakes.

=== Bow fishing ===
Use of a bow to fish. A string attached to a arrow which is then pulled by hand or carabiner to retrieve the fish

=== Fish trapping ===
Traps have the ability to be left on the sea or river floor for longer periods of time and are cheap to produce. The "cage" has a door that may open only inwards, leaving any fish or crab trapped until collected

==== Octopus trap ====
There are various types of fishing traps, the most common and easy to build is the octopus trap which catches octopus (of course) moray eels and other various bottom feeder fish. Materials metal mesh or net or thin sticks. make a 2' by1' by 1' cuboid on one end that is 1' by '1 make an inward facing cone out of the same material of the trap body, on the other side make a door that is easily secured shut. in the inside of the trap put a smaller box of the same material (this will hold the bait. Bait to be used may vary(bread, small dead fish, fish guts, fish carcasses, smaller dead animals).

Always make sure to secure the trap to the bank

==== Production ====
A wooden or metal frame of a square or rectangle made which with a trapdoor on one of the sides and are then covered with mesh or net tied to or welded onto the trap creating a cage

Charcoal

2025-05-11T17:14:18Z

Sargeras: /* Crafting instructions */ mound

{{distinguish|Coal}}
[[File:Charcoal Production - Namibia.jpg|thumb|Charcoal production in Namibia, 2021]]

'''[[wikipedia:Charcoal |Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.

== Materials used ==

* '''[[Wood]], bamboo''' or other ligneous sources of carbon

* '''[[Mud]]''' or '''[[clay]]'''

==Crafting instructions==

=== Accidental ===
Any fire, as a result of some of the wood falling and getting covered with ash, will naturally produce charcoal. The yield may be enhanced by dousing the flame with water, and allowing the rest of the wood to smoulder. After a night's rest, the charcoal should be cool, but test it by holding your hand near. It should not radiate heat. This produces low quality charcoal in small quantities, but does notably work in every scenario, and is theorized to be how ancient humans first discovered and harnessed charcoal.

===Mound===
[[Wood]] is collected and cut or broken into lengths of roughly 40-70cm. A hole is dug and a larger piece of wood is driven into it so that it stays upright and acts as a central "post" for the other pieces of wood to lay against. The rest of the wood is stacked around the post upright, with the largest pieces in the center and smaller sticks and leaves around the outside so that its sides slope downward, to build a mound up to 5-6 metres in diameter and 3 metres high. The woodpile is then covered with mud and leaves to prevent gas exchange, except for a hole at the top and 8 smaller air holes around the circumference. A fire is lit at the top hole to set the covered woodpile alight.

Once the fire has burned up against the lower air holes, plug all the holes to seal the mound and let it fire. When the mound is cool to the touch (depending on the size of the mound it can take as long as 2 weeks) excavate the mound and harvest the charcoal. This process cannot recover other products such as tars or wood gas.

=== Pyrolysis ===
You can use most fire-proof containers as a chamber for making charcoal. An example would be a paint bucket. Fill the paint bucket with chunks of wood (preferably hardwood for the best charcoal), then drill some small holes in the paint bucket. A visual indication of the charcoal being finished is when the gas escaping the small holes stops burning, however even if you cannot tell if it is burning or not you can just estimate that the charcoal will take 2-5 hours to complete. Take the bucket out of the fire and let it cool down before removing the charcoal for later use.

If a larger pyrolysis chamber, such as a closed brick structure, is being used for mass producing charcoal then the process will take longer, maybe even over a day. Since each structure or method of heating is different, no exact time can be given so this is a matter of personal experimentation to figure out the timing of your own charcoal production.

== Uses ==
=== Fuel ===
Charcoal is very light, burns for a reasonably long time, and has a consistent temperature throughout, which makes it an ideal [[fuel]] source for carrying long distances. Charcoal is most commonly used as a fuel for [[cooking]], [[Heat|heating]] and manufacturing processes.

Charcoal is harder to light than dry wood, but burns much hotter. Due to its porosity, it is sensitive to the flow of air and the heat generated can be moderated by controlling the air flow to the fire. For these reasons charcoal is still widely used by blacksmiths. A chimney starter, camp fire or electric charcoal starter can ignite charcoal, as it cannot be directly lit easily.

=== Filtration ===
{{See also|Activated charcoal}}
Charcoal processed into [[activated charcoal]] is commonly used to filter contaminants from [[water]] and [[air]], among many other uses.

Activated charcoal readily adsorbs a wide range of organic compounds dissolved or suspended in gases and liquids. It is also used to absorb odors and toxins in gases, such as [[air]]. Charcoal filters are also used in some types of gas masks. The medical use of activated charcoal is mainly the absorption of poisons.
===Carbon feedstock ===
Charcoal can be used as a carbon feedstock for the production of items like as [[black powder]]. Only the best pieces of charcoal should be used for these purposes; they will have the lowest impurities, and produce more consistent products.

It is usually ground into a fine powder, with airfloat grade being the finest particle size available commercially. When used in black powder compositions, it is often ball-milled with other ingredients so that they are intimately mixed together.

==Dependencies==

*[[Wood]]
**'''Charcoal'''
**[[Fuel]]

==See also==
*[[Activated charcoal]]
*[[Black powder]]
*[[Coal]]
*[[Tar]]
*[[Burning gas]]

==References==
{{wa|charcoal}}
{{wa|activated_charcoal}}
== External links==
*[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2016/02/19/making-charcoal/ Making Charcoal] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 19 February 2016
*[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2017/06/17/reusable-charcoal-mound/ Reusable Charcoal Mound] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 17 June 2017
*[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/05/18/blower-and-charcoal/ Blower and Charcoal] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 18 May 2018
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzLvqCTvOQY Primitive Technology: Charcoal] - Primitive Technology, 19 February 2016, YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjK2XlNE39Q Primitive Technology: Reusable charcoal mound] - Primitive Technology, 17 June 2017, YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgQ-07VgJuY Primitive Technology: Blower and charcoal] - Primitive Technology, 18 May 2018, YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AHVnzXIDzc charcoal stove | charcoal making oven In forest. pre technology .survival] - Pre Technology, 14 June 2022, YouTube

[[Category:Featured articles]]
[[Category:Fuel]]
[[Category:Hydrocarbons]]

Measuring and Calibration

2025-05-10T18:16:54Z

Sargeras: Created as a description of all SI units + way to mesure them. WIP

Pottery

2025-05-10T15:50:05Z

Sargeras:

[[File:Mycenaean pottery, Kanellopoulos Museum, 225118.jpg|thumb|Mycenaean vases. Kanellopoulos Museum at Athens.]]'''Pottery''' is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with [[clay]] and other [[ceramic]] materials, which are fired at high temperatures (600–1600 °C) to give them a hard and durable form.

== Uses ==
Pottery is widely used for cookware, storage, and tooling. Art pieces may also be formed with clay.

== Materials needed ==

* '''[[Clay]],''' or other pottery medium
* '''Temper''', a non-plastic material such as '''[[sand]]''' or '''grog''' (ground-up pottery, usually from broken or failed firings)
* '''A source of heat''', in the form of '''fuel''' ([[wood]], [[coal]] or [[Fossil gas|gas]]) or '''electricity''' through a [[Electric wire|resistance]]
* Optionally: a '''[[kiln]]''' for containing the heat and achieving higher temperatures
* Optionally: a pottery wheel and [[ceramic glaze]]

== Identify and extract clay ==
Where to find clay?

Wetlands: '''riverbanks''', lakeshores, or clayey areas ('''sticky soil''' when it rains, cracks when dry).

Geological layers: Cliffs, quarries, or grey/yellow soils ('''avoid sandy soils''').

Simple test: Take a sample, wet it and mix. Make into a '''coil and twist it''' around your finger. If it does not crack, it is clay.

Extraction:

Dig to a depth of 30-50 cm (1-2 elbow to fist length) to avoid impurities.

Recover 5-10 kg for a first test.

== Clean and prepare clay ==

=== Remove impurities ===

# Work the clay with water and remove stones and roots.

=== Decanting ===

# Mix the clay with a lot of water in a bucket or basin.
# Heavy particles (sand) sink to the bottom, while the clay remains in suspension.
# Collect the cloudy water (clay) and discard the sandy deposit.
# Leave for 24 hours: the clay will slowly set. Discard the excess water.
# Spread the mud on a cloth or plate to evaporate remaining water.
# When the clay is malleable (modeling clay consistency), it's ready.

=== Tempering ===
The clay will often require being mixed with temper, roughly 4:1 clay to temper ratio (1 cup of sand for 4 cup of clay).

On the other hand, some clays require no to little temper, it will depend on the nature of the clay that is used.

Mixing clay and temper is easier when the clay is powdered but temper can also be worked in the malleable clay.

== Crafting instructions ==
Pottery can be created using many different methods. Here will be covered: Pinch, coil, and turned pottery. After the pottery is formed, the process is the same.

=== Pinch Pottery ===
# With a ball of clay or other pottery medium, gradually pinch and shape into desired form.

=== Coil Pottery ===
# Begin with a flat base of clay, serving as the bottom of the pottery.
# Roll a coil of clay and fuse it on top of the base, tracing the perimeter. Watered down clay, called slip, is used.
# Subsequent coils are fused to the layer below, building a vessel to desired shape.
# Coils may be smoothed over to finalized its form.

=== Turned pottery ===
While turning pottery, it is important that hands are always kept wet to lubricate the clay.

# On a pottery wheel, secure a lump of clay.
# While the wheel turns and with wet hands, cone the clay up and down to eliminate air bubbles and align the molecules of clay.
# Form a well in the clay until the desired thickness of the base is achieved.
# Pull the clay outwards to turn the well into the flat base.
# The walls can gradually be pulled up, having care to ensure the clay runs concentric to the wheel.
# After the shape is achieved, excess water is removed from inside and out to prevent disintegration.
# Removed from the wheel to dry.
# Once the clay has dried to the point to leather-hardness (firm, and not sticky) it may be trimmed.

== Firing to ceramic ==
When clay is worked into pottery, it is still wet and will dissolve in water. To make it more durable, it must be fired into ceramic.

# Allow the pottery to slowly dry out completely, covered with a damp cloth. Too rapid of drying may cause warping or cracking.
# The bone-dry pottery can now be bisque-fired at 850–1000°C (1560–1830°F) for about 8 to 14 hours depending on size and shape. This can be done in a hole in the ground or in a kiln.
# The pottery will now be ceramic, but will be porous and may not hold water. The pottery can now be glazed and fired again at 1040–1100°C (1900–2010°F) for earthenware glaze or 1200–1300°C (2190–2370°F) for stoneware glaze for about 6 to 10 hours depending on size and shape.

Ceramic pottery can also be made non porous by using wax, such as beeswax. Apply when the pottery is still warm from the firing (not too hot or it may catch fire) and as the wax melts it will be absorbed by the ceramic, making it watertight.

==Dependencies==

* [[Ceramic]]
* [[Clay]]
* [[Heat]]
** '''Pottery'''

== See also ==

* [[Fuel]]
* [[Kiln]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4byINrGMMN8 Clay pots suitable for preparing any food in the forest.] - Pre Technology, 26 February 2021, YouTube

{{wa|Pottery}}
[[Category:Crafts and techniques]]
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Ceramic]]

Pottery

2025-05-10T15:28:00Z

Sargeras:

[[File:Mycenaean pottery, Kanellopoulos Museum, 225118.jpg|thumb|Mycenaean vases. Kanellopoulos Museum at Athens.]]'''Pottery''' is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with [[clay]] and other [[ceramic]] materials, which are fired at high temperatures (600–1600 °C) to give them a hard and durable form.

== Uses ==
Pottery is widely used for cookware, storage, and tooling. Art pieces may also be formed with clay.

== Materials needed ==

* '''[[Clay]],''' or other pottery medium
* '''A source of heat''', in the form of '''fuel''' ([[wood]], [[coal]] or [[Fossil gas|gas]]) or '''electricity''' through a [[Electric wire|resistance]]
* Optionally: a '''[[kiln]]''' for containing the heat and achieving higher temperatures
* Optionally: a pottery wheel and [[ceramic glaze]]

== Identify and extract clay ==
Where to find clay?

Wetlands: '''riverbanks''', lakeshores, or clayey areas ('''sticky soil''' when it rains, cracks when dry).

Geological layers: Cliffs, quarries, or grey/yellow soils ('''avoid sandy soils''').

Simple test: Take a sample, wet it and mix. Make into a '''coil and twist it''' around your finger. If it does not crack, it is clay.

Extraction:

Dig to a depth of 30-50 cm (1-2 elbow to fist length) to avoid impurities.

Recover 5-10 kg for a first test.

== Clean and prepare clay ==

=== Remove impurities ===

# Work the clay with water and remove stones and roots.

=== Decanting ===

# Mix the clay with a lot of water in a bucket or basin.
# Leave for 24 hours: heavy particles (sand) sink to the bottom, while the clay remains in suspension.
# Collect the cloudy water (clay) and discard the sandy deposit.
# Spread the mud on a cloth or plate to evaporate excess water.
# When the clay is malleable (modeling clay consistency), it's ready.

== Crafting instructions ==
Pottery can be created using many different methods. Here will be covered: Pinch, coil, and turned pottery. After the pottery is formed, the process is the same.

=== Pinch Pottery ===
# With a ball of clay or other pottery medium, gradually pinch and shape into desired form.

=== Coil Pottery ===
# Begin with a flat base of clay, serving as the bottom of the pottery.
# Roll a coil of clay and fuse it on top of the base, tracing the perimeter. Watered down clay, called slip, is used.
# Subsequent coils are fused to the layer below, building a vessel to desired shape.
# Coils may be smoothed over to finalized its form.

=== Turned pottery ===
While turning pottery, it is important that hands are always kept wet to lubricate the clay.

# On a pottery wheel, secure a lump of clay.
# While the wheel turns and with wet hands, cone the clay up and down to eliminate air bubbles and align the molecules of clay.
# Form a well in the clay until the desired thickness of the base is achieved.
# Pull the clay outwards to turn the well into the flat base.
# The walls can gradually be pulled up, having care to ensure the clay runs concentric to the wheel.
# After the shape is achieved, excess water is removed from inside and out to prevent disintegration.
# Removed from the wheel to dry.
# Once the clay has dried to the point to leather-hardness (firm, and not sticky) it may be trimmed.

== Firing to ceramic ==
When clay is worked into pottery, it is still wet and will dissolve in water. To make it more durable, it must be fired into ceramic.

# Allow the pottery to slowly dry out completely, covered with a damp cloth. Too rapid of drying may cause warping or cracking.
# The bone-dry pottery can now be bisque-fired at 850–1000°C (1560–1830°F) for about 8 to 14 hours depending on size and shape. This can be done in a hole in the ground or in a kiln.
# The pottery will now be ceramic, but will be porous and may not hold water. The pottery can now be glazed and fired again at 1040–1100°C (1900–2010°F) for earthenware glaze or 1200–1300°C (2190–2370°F) for stoneware glaze for about 6 to 10 hours depending on size and shape.

Ceramic pottery can also be made non porous by using wax, such as beeswax. Apply when the pottery is still warm from the firing (not too hot or it may catch fire) and as the wax melts it will be absorbed by the ceramic, making it watertight.

==Dependencies==

* [[Ceramic]]
* [[Clay]]
* [[Heat]]
** '''Pottery'''

== See also ==

* [[Fuel]]
* [[Kiln]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4byINrGMMN8 Clay pots suitable for preparing any food in the forest.] - Pre Technology, 26 February 2021, YouTube

{{wa|Pottery}}
[[Category:Crafts and techniques]]
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Ceramic]]

Pottery

2025-05-10T09:45:37Z

Sargeras:

[[File:Mycenaean pottery, Kanellopoulos Museum, 225118.jpg|thumb|Mycenaean vases. Kanellopoulos Museum at Athens.]]'''Pottery''' is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with [[clay]] and other [[ceramic]] materials, which are fired at high temperatures (600–1600 °C) to give them a hard and durable form.

== Uses ==
Pottery is widely used for cookware, storage, and tooling. Art pieces may also be formed with clay.

== Materials needed ==

* '''[[Clay]],''' or other pottery medium
* '''A source of heat''', in the form of '''fuel''' ([[wood]], [[coal]] or [[Fossil gas|gas]]) or '''electricity''' through a [[Electric wire|resistance]]
* Optionally: a '''[[kiln]]''' for containing the heat and achieving higher temperatures
* Optionally: a pottery wheel and [[ceramic glaze]]

== Identify and extract clay ==
Where to find clay?

Wetlands: '''riverbanks''', lakeshores, or clayey areas ('''sticky soil''' when it rains, cracks when dry).

Geological layers: Cliffs, quarries, or grey/yellow soils ('''avoid sandy soils''').

Simple test: Take a sample, wet it and mix. Make into a '''coil and twist it''' around your finger. If it does not crack, it is clay.

Extraction:

Dig to a depth of 30-50 cm (1-2 elbow to fist length) to avoid impurities.

Recover 5-10 kg for a first test.

== Clean and prepare clay ==

=== Remove impurities : ===

# Work the clay with water and remove stones and roots.

=== Decanting: ===

# Mix the clay with a lot of water in a bucket or basin.
# Leave for 24 hours: heavy particles (sand) sink to the bottom, while the clay remains in suspension.
# Collect the cloudy water (clay) and discard the sandy deposit.
# Spread the mud on a cloth or plate to evaporate excess water.
# When the clay is malleable (modeling clay consistency), it's ready.

== Crafting instructions ==
Pottery can be created using many different methods. Here will be covered: Pinch, coil, and turned pottery. After the pottery is formed, the process is the same.

=== Pinch Pottery ===
# With a ball of clay or other pottery medium, gradually pinch and shape into desired form.

=== Coil Pottery ===
# Begin with a flat base of clay, serving as the bottom of the pottery.
# Roll a coil of clay and fuse it on top of the base, tracing the perimeter. Watered down clay, called slip, is used.
# subsequent coils are fused to the layer below, building a vessel to desired shape.
# Coils may be smoothed over to finalized its form.

=== Turned pottery ===
While turning pottery, it is important that hands are always kept wet to lubricate the clay.

# On a pottery wheel, secure a lump of clay.
# While the wheel turns and with wet hands, cone the clay up and down to eliminate air bubbles and align the molecules of clay.
# Form a well in the clay until the desired thickness of the base is achieved.
# Pull the clay outwards to turn the well into the flat base.
# The walls can gradually be pulled up, having care to ensure the clay runs concentric to the wheel.
# After the shape is achieved, excess water is removed from inside and out to prevent disintegration.
# Removed from the wheel to dry.
# Once the clay has dried to the point to leather-hardness (firm, and not sticky) it may be trimmed.

== Firing to ceramic ==
When clay is worked into pottery, it is still wet and will dissolve in water. To make it more durable, it must be fired into ceramic.

# Allow the pottery to slowly dry out completely, covered with a damp cloth. Too rapid of drying may cause warping or cracking.
# The bone-dry pottery can now be bisque-fired at 850–1000°C (1560–1830°F) for about 8 to 14 hours depending on size and shape. This can be done in a hole in the ground or in a kiln.
# The pottery will now be ceramic, but will be porous and may not hold water. The pottery can now be glazed and fired again at 1040–1100°C (1900–2010°F) for earthenware glaze or 1200–1300°C (2190–2370°F) for stoneware glaze for about 6 to 10 hours depending on size and shape.

Ceramic pottery can also be made non porous by using wax, such as beeswax. Apply when the pottery is still warm from the firing (not too hot or it may catch fire) and as the wax melts it will be absorbed by the ceramic, making it watertight.

==Dependencies==

* [[Ceramic]]
* [[Clay]]
* [[Heat]]
** '''Pottery'''

== See also ==

* [[Kiln]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4byINrGMMN8 Clay pots suitable for preparing any food in the forest.] - Pre Technology, 26 February 2021, YouTube

{{wa|Pottery}}
[[Category:Crafts and techniques]]
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Ceramic]]

2025-05-08T18:11:29Z

Sargeras:

{{LegalWarning}}

'''Warning: While it is perfectly legal in most cases to grow opium producing poppies, harvesting opium from them is not in most places. Under no circumstances are illicit activities supported, this is for educational purposes. Please adhere to your local laws.'''

'''Opium''', or rather raw opium, is the dried milky, latex sap collected from gently slicing the sides of the unripe seed pods of the [[opium poppy]], ''Papaver somniferum''. Raw opium contains about 12% morphine by weight, and much smaller percentages of 23 other opiate alkaloids such as codeine.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/opium</ref> Opium is traditionally used as a pain-relief medicine and recreational drug through smoking, inhalation of vapors, suppositories or medical poultices.

Opium contains two main groups of alkaloids. Phenanthrenes such as morphine, codeine, and thebaine are the main psychoactive constituents. Isoquinolines such as papaverine and noscapine have no significant central nervous system effects. Morphine is the most prevalent and important alkaloid in opium. Morphine binds to and activates mu opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, stomach and intestine. Regular use can lead to drug tolerance or physical dependence. Morphine is also responsible for most of its harmful effects such as lung oedema, respiratory difficulties, coma, or cardiac or respiratory collapse.

While the majority of the opiate alkaloids of the plant are released in the opium sap, useable quantities remain within the rest of the plant. The seed pods (even after collecting raw opium and seeds from), as well as the flower petals contain enough alkaloids to be useful without needing much if any extraction or refinement. The leaves, stems, and roots contain very little active alkaloids and require extraction and refinement to be used as an opium product.

== History, medicinal and recreational use ==
Opium has been used both [[Medicine|medicinally]] and recreationally for over 8,000 years<ref>[https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.92.15_supplement.P4.9-055#:~:text=Results%3A,a%20panacea%20for%20all%20maladies.]</ref>.

== How raw opium is gathered ==
To extract opium, the unripe poppy seed pod is scored by a sharp blade at a time carefully chosen so that rain, wind, and dew cannot spoil the exudation of white, milky latex, usually in the afternoon, upward along the pod. Incisions are made three or four times at intervals of two to three days, and each time the "poppy tears", which dry to a sticky brown resin, are collected the following morning. A traditional Chinese method of harvesting opium latex involved cutting off the heads and piercing them with a coarse needle then collecting the dried opium 24 to 48 hours later.

== Processing of the raw latex into opium ==
Raw opium may be refined into '''morphine base''', because the pungent, jelly-like form of raw opium is bulkier and harder to transport. Crude laboratories in the field are capable of refining opium into morphine base by a simple acid-base extraction. A sticky, brown paste, morphine base is pressed into bricks and sun-dried, and can either be smoked or prepared into other forms.

Other methods of preparation include processing into regular opium tincture (''laudanum''), herbal wine (''vinum opii''), opium powder, opium sirup and opium extract. Opium extract (''extractum opii'') finally can be made by macerating raw opium with water, by. Vinum opii is made by combining sugar, white wine, cinnamon, and cloves. Opium syrup is made by combining 97.5 part sugar syrup with 2.5 parts opium extract. To make opium extract, 20 parts water are combined with 1 part raw opium which has been boiled for 5 minutes (the latter to ease mixing).

== How to make a simple opium tea ==
Before or after opium or seeds are harvested, the seed pods (and optionally, the flower petals) and be dried and stored. A simple opium tea can be made by steeping the dried pods in hot water like any other common herbal tea. Seed pods that have already had opium extracted from them will be notably less potent. While this tea can be made to be very potent, it is generally quite mild and is best used as a light pain killer for headaches, joint pains, and other minor pains and injuries.

== How to make a mild opium putty ==

== References ==
<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.00737/full</ref>
[[Category:Plant-derived raw materials]]
<references />
[[Category:Medicine]]

Pottery

2025-05-08T18:00:55Z

Sargeras:

Carpentry (forestry, woodworking)

2025-05-08T17:58:24Z

Sargeras:

== Description ==
Carpentry is the craft of creating things such as furniture or structures from wooden materials and can be separated into [[construction carpentry]] and [[indoor carpentry]]. A carpenter has experience with a wide variety of machines, such as saws, lathes and drills

== Materials ==
• [[Raw wood]]

• [[Veneer]]

• [[Plywood]]

• [[Carpenters panel]]

• [[Mediapan]]

• [[OSB panel]]

[[Category:Crafts and techniques]]

Livestock and Animal Management

2025-05-08T17:56:55Z

Sargeras: /* Main species raised for livestock */

'''Livestock''' are the domesticated animals that are raised in an [[Agriculture and Horticulture|agricultural]] setting to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, [[eggs]], [[milk]]. The term is oftentimes used to refer to animals which are solely raised for consumption. The breeding, maintenance, slaughter and general subjugation of livestock called '''animal husbandry''', is a part of modern [[Agriculture and Horticulture|agriculture]] and has been practiced in many cultures since humanity's transition to [[farming]] from hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Raw materials produced from livestock that cannot be consumed directly include [[fur]], [[hide]], and [[wool]].

== Basic principle ==

* '''Synergies''': [[Cereal crops|Cereals]] through ploughing (plowing), domestication of plants and animals.
* '''Skills''': Raising livestock, herd management, [[milk]] and meat production.
* '''Tools''': Fences, water troughs, milking tools, [[Knife|knives]], [[Axe|axes]].

== Main species raised for livestock ==

=== Cattle (Bos taurus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (beef), [[milk]], [[leather]], draft power.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive (Pasture-based)''': Free-range grazing on large pastures (common in Australia, South America).
** '''Intensive (Feedlots)''': Confined feeding with grain-based diets for rapid weight gain (common in the U.S.).
** '''Dairy Farming''': Specialized breeds (e.g., Holstein) raised for milk production with controlled diets.

=== Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (pork), [[lard]], [[leather]].
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Intensive (Confinement)''': Indoor systems with controlled temperature and feed (common in industrial farming).
** '''Extensive (Free-range)''': Outdoor access with natural foraging (e.g., Iberian pigs for jamón ibérico).
** '''Backyard Farming''': Small-scale, often for household consumption.

=== Sheep (Ovis aries) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (lamb/mutton), [[wool]], [[milk]] (e.g., for cheese like Roquefort).
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Pastoralism''': Nomadic or semi-nomadic grazing (e.g., in New Zealand, Mongolia).
** '''Intensive''': Feedlots for meat production (less common than cattle/pigs).
** '''Wool Production''': Shearing 1–2 times/year; breeds like Merino are raised for fine wool.

=== Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) ===

* '''Purpose''': [[Milk]] ([[cheese]], [[yogurt]]), meat, fiber (mohair, cashmere), brush clearing.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive''': Grazing on rough terrain (ideal for arid regions).
** '''Dairy Goats''': Confined with high-quality feed (e.g., Saanen or Nubian breeds).
** '''Backyard''': Small herds for milk or pets.

=== Poultry (Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, Geese) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, [[eggs]], [[Feather|feathers]].
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Intensive (Battery Cages)''': High-density housing for egg layers (controversial for animal welfare).
** '''Free-range''': Outdoor access with supplemental feed.
** '''Backyard Flocks''': Small-scale egg/meat production.

=== Horses (Equus ferus caballus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Labour, sport, meat (in some cultures), [[milk]] (e.g., kumis).
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Pasture-based''': Grazing with minimal supplementation.
** '''Stable Confinement''': For racehorses or show animals.

=== Aquatic Livestock (Fish, Shrimp, Shellfish) ===

* '''Purpose''': [[Food]] (seafood), aquarium trade.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Aquaculture''': Ponds, tanks, or ocean pens (e.g., salmon, tilapia).
** '''Integrated Systems''': Combining fish farming with plant cultivation (aquaponics).

=== Bees (Apis mellifera) ===

* '''Purpose''': [[Honey]], [[pollination]], beeswax.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Langstroth Hives''': Modular boxes for honey production.
** '''Natural/Top-Bar Hives''': Less invasive, mimics wild conditions.

=== Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, [[wool]] (Angora), pets.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Hutch Systems''': Cages with controlled environments.
** '''Colony Raising''': Group housing for social breeds.

=== Camels/Llamas/Alpacas ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, [[milk]], fiber (alpaca [[wool]]), pack animals.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive Grazing''': Adapted to deserts or high-altitude regions.
** '''Fiber Farms''': Shearing alpacas/llamas for wool.

Livestock and Animal Management

2025-05-08T15:33:46Z

Sargeras: Created page with "'''Livestock''' are the domesticated animals that are raised in an agricultural setting to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animals which are raised for consumption. The breeding, maintenance, slaughter and general subjugation of livestock called '''animal husbandry''', is a part of modern agriculture and has been practiced in many cultur..."

'''Livestock''' are the domesticated animals that are raised in an agricultural setting to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, [[leather]], and [[wool]]. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animals which are raised for consumption. The breeding, maintenance, slaughter and general subjugation of livestock called '''animal husbandry''', is a part of modern agriculture and has been practiced in many cultures since humanity's transition to farming from hunter-gatherer lifestyles.

== Basic principle ==

* '''Synergies''': Cereals through ploughing, domestication of plants and animals.
* '''Skills''': Raising livestock, herd management, milk and meat production.
* '''Tools''': Fences, water troughs, milking tools, knives, axes.

== Main species raised for livestock ==

=== 1. Cattle (Bos taurus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (beef), milk, leather, draft power.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive (Pasture-based)''': Free-range grazing on large pastures (common in Australia, South America).
** '''Intensive (Feedlots)''': Confined feeding with grain-based diets for rapid weight gain (common in the U.S.).
** '''Dairy Farming''': Specialized breeds (e.g., Holstein) raised for milk production with controlled diets.

=== 2. Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (pork), lard, leather.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Intensive (Confinement)''': Indoor systems with controlled temperature and feed (common in industrial farming).
** '''Extensive (Free-range)''': Outdoor access with natural foraging (e.g., Iberian pigs for jamón ibérico).
** '''Backyard Farming''': Small-scale, often for household consumption.

=== 3. Sheep (Ovis aries) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (lamb/mutton), wool, milk (e.g., for cheese like Roquefort).
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Pastoralism''': Nomadic or semi-nomadic grazing (e.g., in New Zealand, Mongolia).
** '''Intensive''': Feedlots for meat production (less common than cattle/pigs).
** '''Wool Production''': Shearing 1–2 times/year; breeds like Merino are raised for fine wool.

=== 4. Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Milk (cheese, yogurt), meat, fiber (mohair, cashmere), brush clearing.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive''': Grazing on rough terrain (ideal for arid regions).
** '''Dairy Goats''': Confined with high-quality feed (e.g., Saanen or Nubian breeds).
** '''Backyard''': Small herds for milk or pets.

=== 5. Poultry (Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, Geese) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, eggs, feathers.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Intensive (Battery Cages)''': High-density housing for egg layers (controversial for animal welfare).
** '''Free-range''': Outdoor access with supplemental feed.
** '''Backyard Flocks''': Small-scale egg/meat production.

=== 6. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Labor, sport, meat (in some cultures), milk (e.g., kumis).
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Pasture-based''': Grazing with minimal supplementation.
** '''Stable Confinement''': For racehorses or show animals.

=== 7. Aquatic Livestock (Fish, Shrimp, Shellfish) ===

* '''Purpose''': Food (seafood), aquarium trade.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Aquaculture''': Ponds, tanks, or ocean pens (e.g., salmon, tilapia).
** '''Integrated Systems''': Combining fish farming with plant cultivation (aquaponics).

=== 8. Bees (Apis mellifera) ===

* '''Purpose''': Honey, pollination, beeswax.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Langstroth Hives''': Modular boxes for honey production.
** '''Natural/Top-Bar Hives''': Less invasive, mimics wild conditions.

=== 9. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, wool (Angora), pets.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Hutch Systems''': Cages with controlled environments.
** '''Colony Raising''': Group housing for social breeds.

=== 10. Camels/Llamas/Alpacas ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, milk, fiber (alpaca wool), pack animals.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive Grazing''': Adapted to deserts or high-altitude regions.
** '''Fiber Farms''': Shearing alpacas/llamas for wool.

Main Page

2025-05-08T15:08:33Z

Sargeras:

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6"
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<HR width="0">
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<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT>
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{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} <BR>
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{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Introduction''' </FONT>
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-Vendetta
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[[File:Le Moustier.jpg|350px|right|borderless]]
'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].

''We are at a delicate moment in history. The huge, onrushing mass of events must be deflected just a little, – just a little – It cannot be much, but it may be enough to remove twenty-nine thousand years of misery from human history.'' Hari Seldon

<u>Foundation</u>, Isaac Asimov, 1951
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
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| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''
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{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|
* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT size="+1"> '''Main topics'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|'''Food and health:'''
* '''[[Agriculture and Horticulture]]'''
* '''[[Livestock and Animal Management]]'''
* '''[[Hunting, Fishing and Foraging]]'''
* '''[[Food preservation|Food Preservation]]'''
* '''[[Water|Water Management]]'''
* '''[[Medicine and Healthcare]]'''
* '''[[Hygiene|Soap Production and Hygiene]]'''
|'''Crafts and techniques:'''
* '''Pottery (what, where, how)'''
* '''Metalwork (ore, forge, charcoal)'''
* '''Carpentry (forestry, woodworking)'''
* '''Textile (weaving, sewing)'''
* '''[[Leather|Leatherwork]]'''
* '''Glass Production'''
* '''Stonework'''
* '''Light, Candles and Lamps'''
|'''Concepts:'''
* '''Energy: Production and storage'''
* '''Writing and Communication'''
* '''Orientation and Transport'''
* '''Literacy and Numeracy'''
* '''Politics and Economics'''
* '''Social Sciences and Philosophy'''
* '''Games and Entertainment'''
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#f2f5fd; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Articles that need expanding'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:6">
* [[Bellows]]
* [[Biomass]]
* [[Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Canning]]
* [[Cement]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Crops]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Energetics]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Generator]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrocarbon]]
* [[Ice]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Panning]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Pig iron]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Pump drill]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Scrap]]
* [[Scrap copper]]
* [[Scrap iron]]
* [[Scrap steel]]
* [[Seawater]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Water filter]]
* [[Wheel]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Wrought iron]]
* [[Zeolite]]
* [[Zinc]]
</div>
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Requested articles'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:4">
* [[Agate]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Bromine]]
* [[Caesium]]
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Dirt]]
* [[Duct tape]]
* [[Engine]]
* [[Feldspar]]
* [[Furnace]]
* [[Gallium]]
* [[Glycerine]]
* [[Iron pyrite]]
* [[Jasper]]
* [[Manganese oxide]]
* [[Mirror]]
* [[Molybdenum]]
* [[Oven]]
* [[Vanadium]]
* [[Rubidium]]
</div>
|}

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<FONT SIZE="+1">'''Getting started'''</FONT><P>
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord!</big>] <br>
[[Wikiciv:Volunteers|<big>Join Wikiciv!</big>]]
* [https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Special:AllPages All Pages]
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* Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''
|}
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Opium

2025-05-08T14:53:53Z

Sargeras:

2025-05-08T13:06:22Z

Sargeras:

'''Agriculture''' encompasses crop and [[Livestock and Animal Management|livestock production]], [[Livestock and Animal Management#Aquaculture|aquaculture]], and [[Carpentry#Forestry|forestry]] for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created [[Food preservation|food surpluses]] that enabled people to live in the cities. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, with at least 11 separate centers of origin<ref>"Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies". ''PNAS''. '''111''' (17): 6139–6146. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6139L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323964111. PMC 4035915. PMID 24757054.</ref>.

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into [[Food|foods]], fibers, [[Fuel|fuels]], and [[Raw material|raw materials]] (such as [[rubber]]). Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, milk, [[Chicken#Eggs|eggs]], and [[Fungiculture|fungi]].

'''Horticulture''' is more specifically the art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs and ornamental plants, with an emphasis on scientific methods, plant breeding, and technical cultivation practices.

== Basic principle ==

* '''Synergies''': Cereals, livestock, domestication of plants and animals
* '''Skills''': Plant cultivation, crop rotation, composting, water management.
* '''Tools''': Axe, shovel, hoe, rake, watering can, seeds, simple irrigation systems.