Wikiciv - User contributions [en]

Medicine

2023-01-14T14:27:55Z

PolarTwin: /* List */

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Product
!Treatment
!Shelf life
|-
|Albuterol
|Asthma attacks
|
|-
|Antibiotics
|Most illenesses caused by bacterial infection
|
|-
|Antihistamines
|Most allergies symptoms
|
|-
|Atorvastatin
|High cholesterol
|
|-
|Gabapentin
|Seizures or nerve pain relieve after shingles <br> (rash caused by viral infection)
|
|-
|Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
|Severe pain <br> Antitussive (cough suppressant)
|
|-
|Levothyroxine
|Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
|
|-
|Losarttan
|Hypertension (high blood pressure)
|
|-
|Metformin
|Type 2 diabetes
|3 years from the date of manufacture.<ref>[https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/m/metformintab.pdf METFORMIN NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET], Medsafe. Retrieved on 14 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|Omeprazole
|Heartburn and acid reflux
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Medicine

2023-01-14T14:26:29Z

PolarTwin: /* List */ Adding more products in list, remaining to add shelf life

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Product
!Treatment
!Shelf life
|-
|Albuterol
|Asthma attacks
|
|-
|Antibiotics
|Most illenesses caused by bacterial infection
|
|-
|Antihistamines
|Most allergies symptoms
|
|-
|Atorvastatin
|High cholesterol
|
|-
|Gabapentin
|Seizures or nerve pain relieve after shingles
(rash caused by viral infection)
|
|-
|Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
|Severe pain
Antitussive (cough suppressant)
|
|-
|Levothyroxine
|Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
|
|-
|Losarttan
|Hypertension (high blood pressure)
|
|-
|Metformin
|Type 2 diabetes
|3 years from the date of manufacture.<ref>[https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/m/metformintab.pdf METFORMIN NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET], Medsafe. Retrieved on 14 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|Omeprazole
|Heartburn and acid reflux
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Medicine

2023-01-14T14:08:53Z

PolarTwin: /* Shelf life */ Starting List section

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Product
!Treatment
!Shelf life
|-
|Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
|Severe pain
Antitussive (cough suppressant)
|
|-
|Metformin
|Type 2 diabetes
|3 years from the date of manufacture.<ref>[https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/m/metformintab.pdf METFORMIN NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET], Medsafe. Retrieved on 14 January 2023.</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Medicine

2023-01-14T13:46:31Z

PolarTwin: /* Safety */ Expanding

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted the Shelf Life Extension Program on behalf of the US Department of Defense to study the shelf life of stockpiled military medications. The study concluded that 90% of over 100 drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter, were perfectly good to use even for up to 15 years after the expiration date.<ref name="Drugs" /><ref>[https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/drug-expiration-dates-do-they-mean-anything Drug Expiration Dates — Do They Mean Anything?], 29 August 2020, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrived on 14 January 2023</ref>

However, it is difficult for a consumer or health care provider to know which medicine could have an extended shelf life or expiration date, and the FDA advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. The use of expired drugs that requiere an absolute effectiveness can be life-threatening. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs" />

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Medicine

2023-01-14T13:20:55Z

PolarTwin:

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.
<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ===
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in life-threatening situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs"/>

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Medicine

2023-01-14T13:16:28Z

PolarTwin: /* Shelf life */ Expanding, Safety subsection

[[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|The emergency medical services' Star of Life features a rod of Asclepius, a universal symbol for healing and medicine]]

'''Medicine''' is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or folk medicine, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

== Items ==
[[Activated charcoal|Activated carbon]] is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

[[Nitroglycerin]] has been used for over a century in medicine as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

== Shelf life ==
A medicine's shelf life is the time that it has before its expiration date, the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication.
<ref name="Drugs">[https://www.drugs.com/article/drug-expiration-dates.html Drug Expiration Dates - Are Expired Drugs Still Safe to Take?], 20 July 2022, Drugs.com. Retrieved on 14 January 2023</ref>

=== Safety ==
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises to never take drugs beyond their expiration date as it is risky with many unknown variables. For instance, EpiPen autoinjectors, used in life-threatening situations like anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction, often due to nuts and other foods, insect stings, or medications), are an unstable chemical subject to degradation and there can be a major health threat or death risk related to an expired EpiPen. The FDA requires that epinephrine autoinjector expiration dates ensure that the devices contain at least 90% of the original dose of epinephrine.<ref name="Drugs">

== See also ==
* [[Food]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Tools]]

== References ==
{{wa|Medicine}}
{{wa|Activated_charcoal}}
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Medicine

2023-01-14T13:12:05Z

PolarTwin: /* Shelf life */ +ref

Medicine

2023-01-14T12:51:24Z

PolarTwin: Shelf life section

Wikiciv:Resources

2023-01-14T12:43:50Z

PolarTwin: /* Youtube */ Wikiciv's YouTube playlist

== Websites ==
<div style="column-count:2">
=== Blogs and forums ===
* [https://www.wildernesscollege.com Alderleaf Wilderness College]
* [https://extremehowto.com Extreme How-To]
* [https://www.fieldandstream.com Field & Stream]
* [https://knoji.com Knoji]
* [https://www.opensourceecology.org Open Source Ecology]
* [https://www.outdoorlife.com Outdoor Life]
* [http://www.primitivearcher.com Primitive Archer Magazine]
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com Primitivetechnology.wordpress.com]
* [https://sensiblesurvival.org Sensible Survival]
* [https://www.survival.ark.net.au Survival.ark.net.au]
* [https://survivalist101.com Survivalist 101]
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Main-Page wikiHow]
* [https://wildernessawareness.org Wilderness Awareness School]

=== Youtube ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ancient1580 ancient1580]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@NileRed NileRed]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/primitivetechnologyceylon Pre Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA Primitive Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/RaptorArchery RaptorArchery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/RedBeardOps Red Beard Ops]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/Shoreshotarchery1440 Shore Shot Archery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@TastingHistory Tasting History with Max Miller]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/nonlethalbychoice ZNA Productions]
<br>
* [http://youtube.wikiciv.org/ Wikiciv's YouTube playlist]

=== Other ===
* [https://www.memory-of-mankind.com Memory of Mankind]
</div>

== Videos ==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski_open_sourced_blueprints_for_civilization Marcin Jakubowski: Open-sourced blueprints for civilization] - TED Talks

== Bibliography ==
* DA Chapman RCA, SG Chapman MA AIFA (2013). [http://web.archive.org/web/20201106232544/http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf Reconstructing and testing the Pentrwyn pit furnaces], ancient-arts.org. Archived on 6 November 2020 from the [http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf original link].
* Dartnell, Lewis (2014). ''[http://the-knowledge.org/en-gb/ The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]''. The Bodley Head
* F. Payne, Arthur (1914). ''Art Metalwork With Inexpensive Equipment''. The Manual Arts Press
* North, Ryan (2018). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07GC7RL11 How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler]''. Penguin Audio
* Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc. <small>ISBN 0-9623032-0-8</small>
* Rehder, J.E. (2006). ''The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity''. McGill-Queen's University Press. <small>ISBN 0773530746</small>.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Wikiciv:About]]
* [[Wikiciv:Copyrights]]
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]
</div>

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Main Page

2023-01-14T12:27:33Z

PolarTwin: +Red links

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'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
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* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

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<div style="column-count:6">
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Food

2023-01-14T12:22:08Z

PolarTwin: /* See also */ +Medicine

[[File:Good Food Display - NCI Visuals Online.jpg|thumb|350px|Display of various foods]]

'''Food''' is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth. Different species of animals have different feeding behaviours that satisfy the needs of their unique metabolisms, often evolved to fill a specific ecological niche within specific geographical contexts.

Humans eat various food substances for enjoyment and nutritional support. Omnivorous humans are highly adaptable and have adapted to obtain food in many different ecosystems. Historically, humans secured food through two main methods: [[hunting]] and [[gathering]] and [[Farming|agriculture]]. As agricultural technologies increased, humans settled into agriculture lifestyles with diets shaped by the agriculture opportunities in their geography. Geographic and cultural differences has led to creation of numerous cuisines and culinary arts, including a wide array of ingredients, herbs, spices, techniques, and dishes. As cultures have mixed through forces like international trade and globalization, ingredients have become more widely available beyond their geographic and cultural origins, creating a cosmopolitan exchange of different food traditions and practices

The majority of the food energy required is supplied by the industrial food industry, which produces food with intensive agriculture and distributes it through complex food processing and food distribution systems. The food system has significant impacts on a wide range of other social and political issues including: sustainability, biological diversity, economics, population growth, water supply, and access to food.

Humanity has developed [[food preservation]] processes over the years, which make food more resistant to microorganism growth and slow the oxidation of fats, slowing down the decomposition and rancidification process.

==Dependencies==
*[[Cooking]]
**[[Heat]]
**[[Water]]
*[[Farming]]
*[[Fishing]]
*[[Gathering]]
*[[Hunting]]
**'''Food'''
**[[Sugar]]
***[[Food preservation]]

==See also==
* [[Canning]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Pot-in-pot refrigerator]]
* [[Refrigeration]]

==References==
{{wa|Food}}
{{wa|Human_food}}

[[Category:Food]]

Technology

2023-01-14T12:22:00Z

PolarTwin: /* See also */ +Medicine

[[File:Wheel Iran.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[wheel]], invented during the Bronze Age.]]

'''Technology''' is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way, or the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in [[medicine]], science, industry, communication, transportation, and daily life. Technologies include physical objects like utensils or machines and intangible [[tools]] such as software.

Many technological advancements have led to societal changes. The earliest known technology is the [[stone]] tool, used in the prehistoric era, followed by [[fire]] use, which contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language in the Ice Age. The invention of the [[wheel]] in the Bronze Age enabled wider travel and the creation of more complex machines. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet have lowered communication barriers and ushered in the knowledge economy.

While technology contributes to economic development and human prosperity, it can also have negative impacts like pollution or resource depletion, or cause social harms like technological unemployment caused by automation. As a result, philosophical and political debates have arisen over the role and use of technology, the ethics of technology, and the mitigation of technology's potential downsides. Historical and contemporary movements like neo-Luddism and anarcho-primitivism criticize technology's pervasiveness, while adherents to transhumanism and techno-progressivism actively support technological change, viewing it as emancipatory.

== See also ==
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Simple Machines]]
* [[Tools]]
* [[Weapons]]

== References ==
{{wa|Technology}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Tools

2023-01-14T12:21:55Z

PolarTwin: /* See also */ +Medicine

A '''tool''' is an object that can extend an individual's ability to modify features of the surrounding environment. Although many animals use simple tools, only human beings have been observed using tools to make other tools.

== Tools ==
The following is a non-comprehensive list of tools:
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Axe]]
* [[Chisel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Needle]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Torch]]
</div>

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Activities]]
* [[Alloys]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
* [[Explosives]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Minerals]]
* [[Processed materials]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Recycled materials]]
* [[Simple Machines]]
* [[Soils]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Textiles]]
* [[Weapons]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Tool}}

[[Category:Tools|*]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Medicine

2023-01-14T12:17:10Z

PolarTwin: +Category:Technology

Medicine

2023-01-14T12:16:33Z

PolarTwin: Items section

Pot-in-pot refrigerator

2023-01-14T12:05:40Z

PolarTwin: /* Effectiveness */ Link

[[File:Tonkrugkühler, Clay pot cooler, Canari Frigo.JPG|300px|thumb|right|A clay pot cooler filled with vegetables]]
A '''pot-in-pot refrigerator''', '''clay pot cooler'''<ref name="Peter Rinker">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185554/http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology]" (PDF). Peter Rinker / Movement website. Archived from [http://movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</ref> or '''zeer''' is an [[evaporative cooling]] [[refrigeration]] device which does not use [[electricity]]. It uses a porous outer [[clay]] pot (lined with wet [[sand]]) containing an inner pot (which can be [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]d to prevent penetration by the liquid) within which the [[food]] is placed. The evaporation of the outer liquid draws heat from the inner pot. The device can cool any substance, and requires only a flow of relatively dry air and a source of water.

== History ==
Many clay pots from around 3000BC were discovered in the Indus Valley civilization and are considered to have been used for cooling as well as storing water.

Since 2000, several international NGOs began to work on the dissemination of this technology in various African countries: Practical Action in Sudan, Humanity First in Gambia and Movement e.V. in Burkina Faso.<ref>Rinker, Peter (15 April 2014). "[https://movement-verein.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/informationen_projekte_clay_pot_cooler_2014_en.pdf The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology]" (PDF). Movement e.V. p. 2. Retrieved 26 December 2016.</ref>

Extensive research has also been done in Mali by D-Lab, in partnership with World Vegetable Center.<ref>Eric Verploegen, Ousmane Sanogo, Takemore Chagomoka. "[http://d-lab.mit.edu/resources/publications/evaporative-cooling-technologies-improved-vegetable-storage-mali Evaporative Cooling Technologies for Improved Vegetable Storage in Mali]" (PDF).</ref>

== Construction ==
[[File:Clay pot cooler - Canari Frigo - Tonkrugkühler.PNG|thumb|Functioning of a clay pot cooler]]

A ''zeer'' is constructed by placing a clay pot within a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top.<ref name="practical-action">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110809235725/http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge How a zeer pot fridge makes food last longer]". Practical Action website. Archived from [https://practicalaction.org/?sitesearch=any&s=zeer the original] on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.</ref>

The device cools as the water evaporates, allowing refrigeration in hot, dry climate. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated space for the water to evaporate effectively towards the outside. Evaporative coolers tend to perform poorly or not at all in climates with high ambient humidity, since the water is not able to evaporate well under these conditions.

If there is an impermeable separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as [[seawater]] can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof [[ceramic glaze|glaze]] or [[cement]]<ref name="Peter Rinker"/> applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.

Extended operation is possible if the pots are able to draw water from a storage container, such as an inverted airtight jar, or if the pots are placed in a shallow pool of water. A strap can be used to tie the inner pot down instead of using sand to prevent it from floating.

Alternatives to the Pot-in-Pot construction include various versions of a simple Pot-in-Dish. For larger storage capacity, evaporative cooling chambers (ECCs) can be constructed from a double walled brick structure with a straw and wood cover. The same basic operating principles apply. Detailed information on construction materials and methods can be found in the D-Lab best practices guide.<ref name="Best Practices">Eric Verploegen, Peter Rinker, Kukom Edoh Ognakossan. "[http://d-lab.mit.edu/resources/publications/evaporative-cooling-best-practices-guide Evaporative Cooling Best Practices, Producing and using evaporative cooling chambers and clay pot coolers]" (PDF).</ref>

== Operating conditions ==

Several key considerations are important for determining if an evaporative cooling device will provide effective cooling and storage. ECCs and clay pot coolers provide the most benefits when they are used in low humidity climates (less than 40% relative humidity), the temperature is relatively high (maximum daily temperature higher than 25 °C), water is available to add to the device between one and three times per day, and the device can be located in a shady and well-ventilated area. If any of these key criteria cannot be met at the time when improved vegetable storage is needed, then ECCs or clay pot coolers may not provide sufficient benefits to justify their use.<ref name="Best Practices"/>

== Effectiveness ==

The effectiveness of evaporative cooling varies with the temperature, humidity and airflow. Given a constant flow of cool dry air, evaporative cooling can achieve temperatures as low as the wet-bulb temperature, the 100% humidity condition at the given temperature. Documented tables show the minimum temperature that can be achieved at different starting temperatures and percent humidities.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072104/http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity Build an evaporative refrigerator - no moving parts, no electricity | Rebuilding Civilization]". Archived from [https://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity the original] on 25 June 2012.</ref>

To determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling chambers for specific uses it is helpful to consider the following:

;Type of vegetables or other products needing improved storage

ECCs or clay pot coolers provide benefits if post-harvest vegetable spoilage is the result of exposure to high temperatures, low humidity, animals, or insects. Some examples of vegetables that are particularly vulnerable to these conditions include eggplants, tomatoes, leafy greens, peppers, and okra.<ref name="Best Practices"/> Non- electric evaporative cooling devices – such as ECCs and clay pot coolers – are not suitable for items that require sustained temperatures below 20 °C ([[medicine]], meat, and dairy products) or foods that require a low humidity environment (onions, coffee, garlic, millet, and other grains).

;Volume of vegetables stored at any one time<ref name=":0">prkhitman (27 June 2009). "[http://www.fuelefficiency.org/?q=node/132 Cold water in rural India : matka(clay)]". fuel efficiency.org. Retrieved 9 February 2012.</ref>

If the vegetables can fit into a clay pot with a capacity of 150 liters or less, then a clay pot cooler is suitable. Storing larger amounts of vegetables requires a larger ECC. A brick ECC can be designed to accommodate the storage volumes between roughly 500 and 5,000 liters, see the "Construction of Evaporative Cooling Chambers" section of the Best Practices Guide.<ref name="Best Practices"/>

;How often is it needed?

Variations in the need for improved vegetable storage can arise due to seasonal growing and harvest cycles, vegetable production surpluses relative to local demand, and climate variations. It is important to determine if proper operating conditions exist for evaporative cooling to effectively provide benefits during the time when vegetable storage is needed, and if the need for improved vegetable storage is frequent enough that the value an ECC or clay pot cooler can provide is greater than its cost.

In Sudan, Practical Action and the Woman's Association for Earthenware Manufacturing have been experimenting with the storage design of Mohammed Bah Abba. The aim of the experimentation was to discover how effective and economical the Zeer storage is in conserving foods. Zeer is the Arabic name for the large pots used. The results are shown in the following table.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 1: Vegetable shelf-life
!Produce
!Shelf-life of produce without using the Zeer
!Shelf-life of produce using the Zeer
|-
|Tomatoes
|2 days
|20 days
|-
|Guavas
|2 days
|20 days
|-
|Rocket
|1 day
|5 days
|-
|Okra
|4 days
|17 days
|-
|Carrots
|4 days
|20 days
|}

== Impact ==
[[File:Gemüseverkäuferinnen mit Tonkrugkühler, Female vegetable sellers with clay pot cooler, vendeuses des légumes avec un canari frigo, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Clay pot cooler at a market in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso]]
Pot-in-pot refrigeration has had multiple positive impacts on the population that uses them beyond the simple ability to keep food fresh for longer periods of time and decreasing instances of food-related disease.<ref name="practical-action" />

* Increased profits from food sales: As there is no rush to sell food to avoid spoilage, farmers are able to sell their produce on demand and can command higher prices.
* Rural employment opportunities: Farmers are able to support themselves with their increased profits at market, slowing the move into cities. Also, the creation of the pots themselves generates job opportunities.
* Increased diet variety because food is available for longer into the year.
* The ability to store vaccines and medicines that would otherwise be unavailable in areas without refrigeration facilities.<ref name="Abraham">Abraham, Martin A. A (16 December 2005). "[https://books.google.es/books?id=YgSD_2QpGKoC&q=clay+cooling+device&pg=PA30&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=clay%20cooling%20device&f=false The Twelve Principles of Green Engineering]". Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles (Google ebook ed.). Elsevier. pp. 30, 31. ISBN 9780080481272. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</ref>

== Dependencies ==

* [[Evaporative cooling]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
** '''Pot-in-pot refrigerator'''

==See also==
* [[Canning]]
* [[Food preservation]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wa|Pot-in-pot_refrigerator}}
==Bibliography==
* Oluwemimo Oluwasola: Pot-in-pot Enterprise: Fridge for the Poor. United Nations Development Programme, New York 2011. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162247/http://www.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/resources/nigeria_pot_in_pot_enterprise_2011.pdf Online pdf])
* Peter Rinker: Der Tonkrugkühler – eine angepasste Kühlmöglichkeit. Bau- und Nutzungsanleitung. Movement e. V., Teningen 2014. ([https://movement-verein.org/projekte/tonkrugkuehler/ Online article] (pdf files in German/English/French are also linked))

[[Category:Food preservation]]

Activated charcoal

2023-01-14T12:05:17Z

PolarTwin: Link

'''[[wikipedia:Activated_Carbon|Activated charcoal]]''', also called '''activated carbon''', is a form of [[carbon]] commonly used to filter contaminants from [[water]] and [[air]], among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption.

== Uses ==
Activated carbon is used in [[methane]] and [[hydrogen]] storage; air, [[gold]] and [[water]] purification; capacitive deionization, supercapacitive swing adsorption, solvent recovery, decaffeination, metal extraction, [[medicine]], sewage treatment, air filters in respirators, filters in compressed air, production of hydrogen chloride, edible electronics, and many other applications.

===Industrial===
One major industrial application involves use of activated carbon in metal finishing for purification of electroplating solutions. For example, it is the main purification technique for removing organic impurities from bright [[nickel]] plating solutions. A variety of organic chemicals are added to plating solutions for improving their deposit qualities and for enhancing properties like brightness, smoothness, ductility, among others. Organic additives generate unwanted breakdown products in solution. Their excessive build up can adversely affect plating quality and physical properties of deposited metal. Activated carbon treatment removes such impurities and restores plating performance to the desired level.

===Medical===
[[File:ActivatedCharcoal.JPG|thumb|upright|Activated charcoal for medical use]]

Activated carbon is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, [[boric acid]], [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.

===Environmental===

Carbon adsorption has numerous applications in removing pollutants from air or water streams both in the field and in industrial processes such as:
* Spill cleanup
* Groundwater remediation
* Drinking water filtration
* Air purification
* Volatile organic compounds capture from painting, dry cleaning, gasoline dispensing operations, and other processes
* Volatile organic compounds recovery (solvent recovery systems, SRU) from flexible packaging, converting, coating, and other processes.

Activated carbon is also used for the measurement of radon concentration in air.

===Agricultural===

Activated carbon is an allowed substance used by organic farmers in both livestock production and wine making. In livestock production it is used as a pesticide, animal feed additive, processing aid, nonagricultural ingredient and disinfectant. In organic winemaking, activated c arbon is allowed for use as a processing agent to adsorb brown color pigments from white grape concentrates.It is sometimes used as biochar.

===Fuel storage===
Research is being done testing various activated carbons' ability to store [[natural gas]] and hydrogen gas. The porous material acts like a sponge for different types of gases. The gas may then be desorbed when subjected to higher temperatures and either combusted to do work or in the case of hydrogen gas extracted for use in a hydrogen fuel cell. Gas storage in activated carbons is an appealing gas storage method because the gas can be stored in a low pressure, low mass, low volume environment that would be much more feasible than bulky on-board pressure tanks in vehicles.

===Gas purification===
Filters with activated carbon are usually used in compressed air and gas purification to remove [[oil]] vapors, odor, and other [[hydrocarbon]]s from the air. The most common designs use a 1-stage or 2 stage filtration principle in which activated carbon is embedded inside the filter media. Activated carbon filters are used to retain radioactive gases within the air vacuumed from a nuclear boiling water reactor turbine condenser. The large charcoal beds adsorb these gases and retain them while they rapidly decay to non-radioactive solid species. The solids are trapped in the charcoal particles, while the filtered air passes through.

===Chemical purification===
Activated carbon is commonly used on the laboratory scale to purify solutions of organic molecules containing unwanted colored organic impurities. Filtration over activated carbon is used in large scale fine chemical and pharmaceutical processes for the same purpose. The carbon is either mixed with the solution then filtered off or immobilized in a filter.

===Mercury scrubbing===
Activated carbon, often infused with [[sulfur]] or [[iodine]], is widely used to trap [[mercury]] emissions from coal-fired power stations, medical incinerators, and from [[natural gas]] at the wellhead. However, despite its effectiveness, activated carbon is expensive to use. Since it is often not recycled, the mercury-laden activated carbon presents a disposal dilemma.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Carbon]]
** '''Activated charcoal'''
*** [[Water]]

== See also ==
* [[Charcoal]]
* [[Coal]]

== References ==
{{wa|Activated_carbon}}

[[Category:Uncategorized articles]]

Nitroglycerin

2023-01-14T12:00:33Z

PolarTwin: /* Uses */ Tense

[[File:Nitroglycerin.svg|thumb|350px|Chemical structure of nitroglycerin]]

'''Nitroglycerin''' is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester.

== Uses ==
Nitroglycerin has been used ever since as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, specifically [[dynamite]], and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. It has also been used by militaries as an active ingredient and gelatinizer for nitrocellulose in some solid propellants such as cordite and ballistite. It is a major component in double-based smokeless propellants used by reloaders. Combined with nitrocellulose, hundreds of powder combinations are used by [[rifle]], [[pistol]], and [[shotgun]] reloaders.

Nitroglycerin has been used for over a century in [[medicine]] as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Carbon]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
* [[Nitrogen]]
** '''Nitroglycerin'''
*** [[Dynamite]]

== See also ==
* [[Chemical compounds]]
* [[Explosives]]

== References ==
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
[[Category:Explosives]]

Technology

2023-01-14T11:59:43Z

PolarTwin: Link

[[File:Wheel Iran.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[wheel]], invented during the Bronze Age.]]

'''Technology''' is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way, or the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in [[medicine]], science, industry, communication, transportation, and daily life. Technologies include physical objects like utensils or machines and intangible [[tools]] such as software.

Many technological advancements have led to societal changes. The earliest known technology is the [[stone]] tool, used in the prehistoric era, followed by [[fire]] use, which contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language in the Ice Age. The invention of the [[wheel]] in the Bronze Age enabled wider travel and the creation of more complex machines. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet have lowered communication barriers and ushered in the knowledge economy.

While technology contributes to economic development and human prosperity, it can also have negative impacts like pollution or resource depletion, or cause social harms like technological unemployment caused by automation. As a result, philosophical and political debates have arisen over the role and use of technology, the ethics of technology, and the mitigation of technology's potential downsides. Historical and contemporary movements like neo-Luddism and anarcho-primitivism criticize technology's pervasiveness, while adherents to transhumanism and techno-progressivism actively support technological change, viewing it as emancipatory.

== See also ==
* [[Simple Machines]]
* [[Tools]]
* [[Weapons]]

== References ==
{{wa|Technology}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Nitroglycerin

2023-01-14T11:58:53Z

PolarTwin: /* Uses */ Link

[[File:Nitroglycerin.svg|thumb|350px|Chemical structure of nitroglycerin]]

'''Nitroglycerin''' is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester.

== Uses ==
Nitroglycerin has been used ever since as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, specifically [[dynamite]], and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. It has also been used by militaries as an active ingredient and gelatinizer for nitrocellulose in some solid propellants such as cordite and ballistite. It is a major component in double-based smokeless propellants used by reloaders. Combined with nitrocellulose, hundreds of powder combinations are used by [[rifle]], [[pistol]], and [[shotgun]] reloaders.

Nitroglycerin has been used for over a century in [[medicine]] as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin is available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Carbon]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
* [[Nitrogen]]
** '''Nitroglycerin'''
*** [[Dynamite]]

== See also ==
* [[Chemical compounds]]
* [[Explosives]]

== References ==
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}

[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
[[Category:Explosives]]

Medicine

2023-01-14T11:53:54Z

PolarTwin: Starting article

Wikiciv:Milestones

2023-01-14T11:38:27Z

PolarTwin: 200 articles started!

== Milestones ==

* 16 January 2022‎: Wikiciv was started.
* 21 September 2022‎: 75 articles started.
* 28 September 2022‎: 100 articles started!
* 13 October 2022‎: Articles of the six classical [[Simple Machines|simple machines]] started.
* 1 November 2022‎: 125 articles started.
* 21 November 2022‎: 25 articles of [[chemical elements]] and 5 articles of [[chemical compounds]] started.
* 7 January 2023‎: 10 articles of [[chemical compounds]] started.
* 9 January 2022‎: 200 articles started!

== Progress ==
{{Bar percent|Test|blue|50|5}}

== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Wikiciv:Milestones

2023-01-14T11:37:54Z

PolarTwin: Undo revision 3068 by PolarTwin (talk) Rv

== Milestones ==

* 16 January 2022‎: Wikiciv was started.
* 21 September 2022‎: 75 articles started.
* 28 September 2022‎: 100 articles started!
* 13 October 2022‎: Articles of the six classical [[Simple Machines|simple machines]] started.
* 1 November 2022‎: 125 articles started.
* 21 November 2022‎: 25 articles of [[chemical elements]] and 5 articles of [[chemical compounds]] started.
* 7 January 2023‎: 10 articles of [[chemical compounds]] started.

== Progress ==
{{Bar percent|Test|blue|50|5}}

== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Wikiciv:Milestones

2023-01-14T11:37:47Z

PolarTwin: Test

== Milestones ==

* 16 January 2022‎: Wikiciv was started.
* 21 September 2022‎: 75 articles started.
* 28 September 2022‎: 100 articles started!
* 13 October 2022‎: Articles of the six classical [[Simple Machines|simple machines]] started.
* 1 November 2022‎: 125 articles started.
* 21 November 2022‎: 25 articles of [[chemical elements]] and 5 articles of [[chemical compounds]] started.
* 7 January 2023‎: 10 articles of [[chemical compounds]] started.

== Progress ==
{{Progression|50|100}}

== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Template:Progression

2023-01-14T11:36:02Z

PolarTwin: Undo revision 3066 by PolarTwin (talk)

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Template:Progression

2023-01-14T11:35:28Z

PolarTwin: Test

Category:Firearms

2023-01-09T10:44:00Z

PolarTwin: Main list created

{{Main|Firearms}}

[[Category:Ranged weapons]]

Weapons

2023-01-09T10:41:14Z

PolarTwin: /* Firearms */ Main list article

A '''weapon''', is any implement or device that can be used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as [[hunting]], crime, law enforcement, self-defense or warfare.

The following is a non-comprehensive list of weapons:

== Melee weapons ==
* [[Axe]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Spear]]
* [[Sword]]
:<small>Note:Some of the listed items, or their variations, can be used as ranged weapons too.</small>

== Ranged weapons ==
* [[Bow and arrow]]
* [[Sling]]
* [[Slingshot]]

=== Firearms ===
{{main|Firearms}}
* [[Pistol]]
* [[Rifle]]
* [[Shotgun]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Activities]]
* [[Alloys]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
* [[Explosives]]
* [[Minerals]]
* [[Processed materials]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Recycled materials]]
* [[Simple Machines]]
* [[Soils]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Textiles]]
* [[Tools]]
</div>

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPHwT3ZjZgw Bamboo Gun | making easy Natural materials | survival weapons. Pre technology] - Pre Technology, 14 September 2022, YouTube

{{wa|Weapon}}

[[Category:Weapons|*]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Firearms

2023-01-09T10:39:19Z

PolarTwin: Starting list

The following is a non-comprehensive list of firearms:

== Soils ==
* [[Pistol]]
* [[Rifle]]
* [[Shotgun]]
* [[Weapons]]

== See also ==
* [[Weapons]]

[[Category:Firearms|*]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Pistol

2023-01-09T10:35:11Z

PolarTwin: Biliography. Harvard format

[[File:Commodore Joshua Barney- many interesting facts connected with the life of Commodore Joshua Barney, hero of the United States navy, 1776-1812, also a compilation of genealogical material relating to (14756022576).jpg|thumb|Eighteenth century flintlock pistol.]]

A '''pistol''' is a handgun, more specifically one with the chamber integral to its gun barrel, though in common usage the two terms are often used interchangeably. In colloquial usage, the word "pistol" is often used to describe any type of handgun, inclusive of revolvers, which have a single barrel and a separate cylinder housing multiple chambers, and the pocket-sized derringers, which are often multi-barrelled.

The most common type of pistol used in the contemporary era is the semi-automatic pistol, while the older single-shot and manual repeating pistols are now rarely seen and used primarily for nostalgic hunting and historical reenactment, and the fully automatic machine pistols are uncommon in civilian usage due to generally poor recoil-controllability and strict laws and regulations governing their manufacture and sale.

== Holsters ==
A good holster has to have three basic considerations: safety of the gun within the holster, security against loss of the gun, and speed in which tthe gun can be drawn into action.<ref>[[#Biliography|Powell 1971, p. 89]]</ref>

==Dependencies==
*[[Black powder]]
*'''Pistol'''
**[[Hunting]]
**[[Projectile]]

==See also==
*[[Rifle]]
*[[Shotgun]]
*[[Weapons]]

== References ==
<references/>

== Biliography ==
* Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc. <small>ISBN 0-9623032-0-8

{{wa|Pistol}}

[[Category:Firearms]]

Obsidian

2023-01-09T10:24:20Z

PolarTwin: /* See also */

[[File:20141231 155025- Prehistoric- Obsidian-Turkey-cropped.jpg|thumb|200px|Obsidian tools from Tilkitepe, Turkey, 5th millennium BC.]]

'''Obsidian''' is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is hard, brittle, and amorphous, and it is an igneous rock. Obsidian has been used to craft cutting and piercing tools.

== Uses ==
:''See also:'' [[Bow and arrow]], [[Knife]] and [[Spear]]
Obsidian can be used as a material for crafting [[Knife|knives]], as well as for a [[spear]]'s head or [[Bow and arrow|arrowheads]].<ref name="WH">"[https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Bow-and-Arrow How to Make a Bow and Arrow]", Wikihow, Retrieved on 11 April 2022</ref>

== Dependencies ==

* '''Obsidian'''
** [[Bow and arrow]]
** [[Knife]]
** [[Spear]]

== See also ==
* [[Chisel]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Flint]]
* [[Zeolite]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wptaT10hDJo How to make an obsidian arrowhead for primitive archery hunting] - Shawn Woods, 4 July 2014, YouTube
{{wa|Obsidian}}

[[Category:Minerals]]

Wikiciv:Resources

2023-01-09T10:14:47Z

PolarTwin:

== Websites ==
<div style="column-count:2">
=== Blogs and forums ===
* [https://www.wildernesscollege.com Alderleaf Wilderness College]
* [https://extremehowto.com Extreme How-To]
* [https://www.fieldandstream.com Field & Stream]
* [https://knoji.com Knoji]
* [https://www.opensourceecology.org Open Source Ecology]
* [https://www.outdoorlife.com Outdoor Life]
* [http://www.primitivearcher.com Primitive Archer Magazine]
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com Primitivetechnology.wordpress.com]
* [https://sensiblesurvival.org Sensible Survival]
* [https://www.survival.ark.net.au Survival.ark.net.au]
* [https://survivalist101.com Survivalist 101]
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Main-Page wikiHow]
* [https://wildernessawareness.org Wilderness Awareness School]

=== Youtube ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ancient1580 ancient1580]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@NileRed NileRed]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/primitivetechnologyceylon Pre Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA Primitive Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/RaptorArchery RaptorArchery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/RedBeardOps Red Beard Ops]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/Shoreshotarchery1440 Shore Shot Archery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@TastingHistory Tasting History with Max Miller]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/nonlethalbychoice ZNA Productions]

=== Other ===
* [https://www.memory-of-mankind.com Memory of Mankind]
</div>

== Videos ==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski_open_sourced_blueprints_for_civilization Marcin Jakubowski: Open-sourced blueprints for civilization] - TED Talks

== Bibliography ==
* DA Chapman RCA, SG Chapman MA AIFA (2013). [http://web.archive.org/web/20201106232544/http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf Reconstructing and testing the Pentrwyn pit furnaces], ancient-arts.org. Archived on 6 November 2020 from the [http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf original link].
* Dartnell, Lewis (2014). ''[http://the-knowledge.org/en-gb/ The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]''. The Bodley Head
* F. Payne, Arthur (1914). ''Art Metalwork With Inexpensive Equipment''. The Manual Arts Press
* North, Ryan (2018). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07GC7RL11 How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler]''. Penguin Audio
* Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc. <small>ISBN 0-9623032-0-8</small>
* Rehder, J.E. (2006). ''The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity''. McGill-Queen's University Press. <small>ISBN 0773530746</small>.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Wikiciv:About]]
* [[Wikiciv:Copyrights]]
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]
</div>

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Wikiciv:Resources

2023-01-09T10:13:29Z

PolarTwin: Div column

== Websites ==
<div style="column-count:2">
=== Blogs and forums ===
<div style="column-count:2">
* [https://www.wildernesscollege.com Alderleaf Wilderness College]
* [https://extremehowto.com Extreme How-To]
* [https://www.fieldandstream.com Field & Stream]
* [https://knoji.com Knoji]
* [https://www.opensourceecology.org Open Source Ecology]
* [https://www.outdoorlife.com Outdoor Life]
* [http://www.primitivearcher.com Primitive Archer Magazine]
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com Primitivetechnology.wordpress.com]
* [https://sensiblesurvival.org Sensible Survival]
* [https://www.survival.ark.net.au Survival.ark.net.au]
* [https://survivalist101.com Survivalist 101]
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Main-Page wikiHow]
* [https://wildernessawareness.org Wilderness Awareness School]
</div>

=== Youtube ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ancient1580 ancient1580]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@NileRed NileRed]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/primitivetechnologyceylon Pre Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA Primitive Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/RaptorArchery RaptorArchery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/RedBeardOps Red Beard Ops]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/Shoreshotarchery1440 Shore Shot Archery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@TastingHistory Tasting History with Max Miller]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/nonlethalbychoice ZNA Productions]

=== Other ===
* [https://www.memory-of-mankind.com Memory of Mankind]
</div>

== Videos ==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski_open_sourced_blueprints_for_civilization Marcin Jakubowski: Open-sourced blueprints for civilization] - TED Talks

== Bibliography ==
* DA Chapman RCA, SG Chapman MA AIFA (2013). [http://web.archive.org/web/20201106232544/http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf Reconstructing and testing the Pentrwyn pit furnaces], ancient-arts.org. Archived on 6 November 2020 from the [http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf original link].
* Dartnell, Lewis (2014). ''[http://the-knowledge.org/en-gb/ The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]''. The Bodley Head
* F. Payne, Arthur (1914). ''Art Metalwork With Inexpensive Equipment''. The Manual Arts Press
* North, Ryan (2018). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07GC7RL11 How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler]''. Penguin Audio
* Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc. <small>ISBN 0-9623032-0-8</small>
* Rehder, J.E. (2006). ''The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity''. McGill-Queen's University Press. <small>ISBN 0773530746</small>.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Wikiciv:About]]
* [[Wikiciv:Copyrights]]
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]
</div>

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Wikiciv:Resources

2023-01-09T10:12:43Z

PolarTwin: Small

== Websites ==
<div style="column-count:2">
=== Blogs and forums ===
<div style="column-count:2">
* [https://www.wildernesscollege.com Alderleaf Wilderness College]
* [https://extremehowto.com Extreme How-To]
* [https://www.fieldandstream.com Field & Stream]
* [https://knoji.com Knoji]
* [https://www.opensourceecology.org Open Source Ecology]
* [https://www.outdoorlife.com Outdoor Life]
* [http://www.primitivearcher.com Primitive Archer Magazine]
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com Primitivetechnology.wordpress.com]
* [https://sensiblesurvival.org Sensible Survival]
* [https://www.survival.ark.net.au Survival.ark.net.au]
* [https://survivalist101.com Survivalist 101]
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Main-Page wikiHow]
* [https://wildernessawareness.org Wilderness Awareness School]
</div>

=== Youtube ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ancient1580 ancient1580]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@NileRed NileRed]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/primitivetechnologyceylon Pre Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA Primitive Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/RaptorArchery RaptorArchery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/RedBeardOps Red Beard Ops]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/Shoreshotarchery1440 Shore Shot Archery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@TastingHistory Tasting History with Max Miller]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/nonlethalbychoice ZNA Productions]

=== Other ===
* [https://www.memory-of-mankind.com Memory of Mankind]
</div>

== Videos ==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski_open_sourced_blueprints_for_civilization Marcin Jakubowski: Open-sourced blueprints for civilization] - TED Talks

== Bibliography ==
* DA Chapman RCA, SG Chapman MA AIFA (2013). [http://web.archive.org/web/20201106232544/http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf Reconstructing and testing the Pentrwyn pit furnaces], ancient-arts.org. Archived on 6 November 2020 from the [http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf original link].
* Dartnell, Lewis (2014). ''[http://the-knowledge.org/en-gb/ The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]''. The Bodley Head
* F. Payne, Arthur (1914). ''Art Metalwork With Inexpensive Equipment''. The Manual Arts Press
* North, Ryan (2018). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07GC7RL11 How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler]''. Penguin Audio
* Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc. <small>ISBN 0-9623032-0-8</small>
* Rehder, J.E. (2006). ''The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity''. McGill-Queen's University Press. <small>ISBN 0773530746</small>.

== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:About]]
* [[Wikiciv:Copyrights]]
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Wikiciv:Resources

2023-01-09T10:02:11Z

PolarTwin: /* Blogs and forums */ Div columns

== Websites ==
<div style="column-count:2">
=== Blogs and forums ===
<div style="column-count:2">
* [https://www.wildernesscollege.com Alderleaf Wilderness College]
* [https://extremehowto.com Extreme How-To]
* [https://www.fieldandstream.com Field & Stream]
* [https://knoji.com Knoji]
* [https://www.opensourceecology.org Open Source Ecology]
* [https://www.outdoorlife.com Outdoor Life]
* [http://www.primitivearcher.com Primitive Archer Magazine]
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com Primitivetechnology.wordpress.com]
* [https://sensiblesurvival.org Sensible Survival]
* [https://www.survival.ark.net.au Survival.ark.net.au]
* [https://survivalist101.com Survivalist 101]
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Main-Page wikiHow]
* [https://wildernessawareness.org Wilderness Awareness School]
</div>

=== Youtube ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ancient1580 ancient1580]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@NileRed NileRed]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/primitivetechnologyceylon Pre Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA Primitive Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/RaptorArchery RaptorArchery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/RedBeardOps Red Beard Ops]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/Shoreshotarchery1440 Shore Shot Archery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@TastingHistory Tasting History with Max Miller]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/nonlethalbychoice ZNA Productions]

=== Other ===
* [https://www.memory-of-mankind.com Memory of Mankind]
</div>

== Videos ==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski_open_sourced_blueprints_for_civilization Marcin Jakubowski: Open-sourced blueprints for civilization] - TED Talks

== Bibliography ==
* DA Chapman RCA, SG Chapman MA AIFA (2013). [http://web.archive.org/web/20201106232544/http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf Reconstructing and testing the Pentrwyn pit furnaces], ancient-arts.org. Archived on 6 November 2020 from the [http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf original link].
* Dartnell, Lewis (2014). ''[http://the-knowledge.org/en-gb/ The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]''. The Bodley Head
* F. Payne, Arthur (1914). ''Art Metalwork With Inexpensive Equipment''. The Manual Arts Press
* North, Ryan (2018). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07GC7RL11 How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler]''. Penguin Audio
* Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc. <small>ISBN 0-9623032-0-8</small>
* Rehder, J.E. (2006). ''The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity''. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773530746.

== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:About]]
* [[Wikiciv:Copyrights]]
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Wikiciv:Resources

2023-01-09T10:00:50Z

PolarTwin: /* Bibliography */ +The Anarchist Cookbook

== Websites ==
<div style="column-count:2">
=== Blogs and forums ===
* [https://www.wildernesscollege.com Alderleaf Wilderness College]
* [https://extremehowto.com Extreme How-To]
* [https://www.fieldandstream.com Field & Stream]
* [https://knoji.com Knoji]
* [https://www.opensourceecology.org Open Source Ecology]
* [https://www.outdoorlife.com Outdoor Life]
* [http://www.primitivearcher.com Primitive Archer Magazine]
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com Primitivetechnology.wordpress.com]
* [https://sensiblesurvival.org Sensible Survival]
* [https://www.survival.ark.net.au Survival.ark.net.au]
* [https://survivalist101.com Survivalist 101]
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Main-Page wikiHow]
* [https://wildernessawareness.org Wilderness Awareness School]

=== Youtube ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ancient1580 ancient1580]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@NileRed NileRed]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/primitivetechnologyceylon Pre Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA Primitive Technology]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/RaptorArchery RaptorArchery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/RedBeardOps Red Beard Ops]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/Shoreshotarchery1440 Shore Shot Archery]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@TastingHistory Tasting History with Max Miller]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/nonlethalbychoice ZNA Productions]

=== Other ===
* [https://www.memory-of-mankind.com Memory of Mankind]
</div>

== Videos ==
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski_open_sourced_blueprints_for_civilization Marcin Jakubowski: Open-sourced blueprints for civilization] - TED Talks

== Bibliography ==
* DA Chapman RCA, SG Chapman MA AIFA (2013). [http://web.archive.org/web/20201106232544/http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf Reconstructing and testing the Pentrwyn pit furnaces], ancient-arts.org. Archived on 6 November 2020 from the [http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf original link].
* Dartnell, Lewis (2014). ''[http://the-knowledge.org/en-gb/ The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]''. The Bodley Head
* F. Payne, Arthur (1914). ''Art Metalwork With Inexpensive Equipment''. The Manual Arts Press
* North, Ryan (2018). ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07GC7RL11 How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler]''. Penguin Audio
* Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc. <small>ISBN 0-9623032-0-8</small>
* Rehder, J.E. (2006). ''The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity''. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773530746.

== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:About]]
* [[Wikiciv:Copyrights]]
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]
* [[Wikiciv:Volunteers]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Pistol

2023-01-09T09:56:33Z

PolarTwin: <references/>

[[File:Commodore Joshua Barney- many interesting facts connected with the life of Commodore Joshua Barney, hero of the United States navy, 1776-1812, also a compilation of genealogical material relating to (14756022576).jpg|thumb|Eighteenth century flintlock pistol.]]

A '''pistol''' is a handgun, more specifically one with the chamber integral to its gun barrel, though in common usage the two terms are often used interchangeably. In colloquial usage, the word "pistol" is often used to describe any type of handgun, inclusive of revolvers, which have a single barrel and a separate cylinder housing multiple chambers, and the pocket-sized derringers, which are often multi-barrelled.

The most common type of pistol used in the contemporary era is the semi-automatic pistol, while the older single-shot and manual repeating pistols are now rarely seen and used primarily for nostalgic hunting and historical reenactment, and the fully automatic machine pistols are uncommon in civilian usage due to generally poor recoil-controllability and strict laws and regulations governing their manufacture and sale.

== Holsters ==
A good holster has to have three basic considerations: safety of the gun within the holster, security against loss of the gun, and speed in which tthe gun can be drawn into action.<ref>Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc. <small>ISBN 0-9623032-0-8</small></ref>

==Dependencies==
*[[Black powder]]
*'''Pistol'''
**[[Hunting]]
**[[Projectile]]

==See also==
*[[Rifle]]
*[[Shotgun]]
*[[Weapons]]

== References ==
<references/>
{{wa|Pistol}}

[[Category:Firearms]]

Pistol

2023-01-09T09:53:01Z

PolarTwin: /* Holsters */ +ref

[[File:Commodore Joshua Barney- many interesting facts connected with the life of Commodore Joshua Barney, hero of the United States navy, 1776-1812, also a compilation of genealogical material relating to (14756022576).jpg|thumb|Eighteenth century flintlock pistol.]]

A '''pistol''' is a handgun, more specifically one with the chamber integral to its gun barrel, though in common usage the two terms are often used interchangeably. In colloquial usage, the word "pistol" is often used to describe any type of handgun, inclusive of revolvers, which have a single barrel and a separate cylinder housing multiple chambers, and the pocket-sized derringers, which are often multi-barrelled.

The most common type of pistol used in the contemporary era is the semi-automatic pistol, while the older single-shot and manual repeating pistols are now rarely seen and used primarily for nostalgic hunting and historical reenactment, and the fully automatic machine pistols are uncommon in civilian usage due to generally poor recoil-controllability and strict laws and regulations governing their manufacture and sale.

== Holsters ==
A good holster has to have three basic considerations: safety of the gun within the holster, security against loss of the gun, and speed in which tthe gun can be drawn into action.<ref>Powell, William (1971). ''The Anarchist Cookbook''. Barricade Books, Inc.</ref>

==Dependencies==
*[[Black powder]]
*'''Pistol'''
**[[Hunting]]
**[[Projectile]]
==See also==
*[[Rifle]]
*[[Shotgun]]
*[[Weapons]]

== References ==
{{wa|Pistol}}

[[Category:Firearms]]

Pistol

2023-01-09T09:47:37Z

PolarTwin: /* Holsters */

[[File:Commodore Joshua Barney- many interesting facts connected with the life of Commodore Joshua Barney, hero of the United States navy, 1776-1812, also a compilation of genealogical material relating to (14756022576).jpg|thumb|Eighteenth century flintlock pistol.]]

A '''pistol''' is a handgun, more specifically one with the chamber integral to its gun barrel, though in common usage the two terms are often used interchangeably. In colloquial usage, the word "pistol" is often used to describe any type of handgun, inclusive of revolvers, which have a single barrel and a separate cylinder housing multiple chambers, and the pocket-sized derringers, which are often multi-barrelled.

The most common type of pistol used in the contemporary era is the semi-automatic pistol, while the older single-shot and manual repeating pistols are now rarely seen and used primarily for nostalgic hunting and historical reenactment, and the fully automatic machine pistols are uncommon in civilian usage due to generally poor recoil-controllability and strict laws and regulations governing their manufacture and sale.

== Holsters ==
A good holster has to have three basic considerations: safety of the gun within the holster, security against loss of the gun, and speed in which tthe gun can be drawn into action.

==Dependencies==
*[[Black powder]]
*'''Pistol'''
**[[Hunting]]
**[[Projectile]]
==See also==
*[[Rifle]]
*[[Shotgun]]
*[[Weapons]]

== References ==
{{wa|Pistol}}

[[Category:Firearms]]

Paper

2023-01-09T09:40:51Z

PolarTwin: Title

[[File:Various products made from paper.JPG|thumb|250px|Various paper products: a book, toilet paper, ruled paper, carton, and an egg box.]]

'''Paper''' is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from [[wood]], rags, [[grasses]] or other vegetable sources in [[water]], draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines

== Uses ==
It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, painting, graphics, signage, design, packaging, decorating, writing, and cleaning. It may also be used as filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, or currency and security paper, or in a number of industrial and construction processes.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Grasses]]
* [[Water]]
* [[Wood]]
** '''Paper'''
*** [[Matches]]
*** [[Scrap paper]]
*** [[Twine]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Ceramic]]
* [[Concrete]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Glass]]
* [[Plastic]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sugar]]
* [[Processed materials]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Paper}}

== External links ==
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic paper|Synthetic paper]], Wikipedia

[[Category:Processed materials]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Water filter

2023-01-09T09:39:27Z

PolarTwin: +Category:Stubs

[[File:The different layers of a filter used at drinking water facilities.jpg|thumb|200px|During filtration, water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles.]]

A '''water filter''' removes impurities by lowering contamination of [[water]] using a fine physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to different extents, for purposes such as: providing agricultural irrigation, accessible drinking water, public and private aquariums, and the safe use of ponds and swimming pools.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Water]]
* '''Water filter'''
** [[Charcoal]]
** [[Gravel]]
** [[Sand]]

== See also ==
* [[Ceramic water filter]]
* [[Food preservation]]

== References ==
{{wa|Water_filter}}

[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Seawater

2023-01-09T09:39:23Z

PolarTwin: +Category:Stubs

[[File:Sea water Virgo.jpg|thumb|250px|Seawater in the Strait of Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia]]

'''Seawater''' is [[water]] from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts, predominantly [[sodium]] and [[chloride]] ions.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Chloride]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Water]]
** '''Seawater'''

== See also ==
* [[Ice]]
* [[Snow]]
* [[Water filter]]

== References ==
{{wa|Seawater}}

[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Graphite

2023-01-09T09:39:18Z

PolarTwin: +Category:Stubs

[[File:Graphite-233436.jpg|thumb|200px|Graphite specimen]]

'''Graphite''' is a crystalline form of the element [[carbon]]. It consists of stacked layers of graphene. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Under high pressures and temperatures it converts to [[diamond]]. It is a weak conductor of [[heat]] and [[electricity]].

== Uses ==
Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on large scale for uses in pencils, lubricants, and electrodes.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Carbon]]
* '''Graphite'''
** [[Diamond]]

== See also ==
* [[Flint]]
* [[Obsidian]]
* [[Zeolite]]

== References ==
{{wa|Graphite}}

[[Category:Minerals]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Main Page

2023-01-09T09:36:23Z

PolarTwin: -

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6"
|-
| colspan="2" |
<HR width="0">
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif |
<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT>
| align="right" |
{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} <BR>
{{SITENAME}} currently has {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles <BR>
|}
|-
| valign="top" width="75%" |
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Introduction''' </FONT>
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-Vendetta
|
[[File:Le Moustier.jpg|350px|right|borderless]]
'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|
* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#f2f5fd; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Articles that need expanding'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:6">
* [[Bellows]]
* [[Biomass]]
* [[Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Canning]]
* [[Cement]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Generator]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrocarbon]]
* [[Ice]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Panning]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Pig iron]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Pump drill]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Scrap]]
* [[Scrap copper]]
* [[Scrap iron]]
* [[Scrap steel]]
* [[Seawater]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Water filter]]
* [[Wheel]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Wrought iron]]
* [[Zeolite]]
* [[Zinc]]
</div>
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Requested articles'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:4">
* [[Agate]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Bromine]]
* [[Caesium]]
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Engine]]
* [[Feldspar]]
* [[Furnace]]
* [[Gallium]]
* [[Glycerine]]
* [[Iron pyrite]]
* [[Jasper]]
* [[Manganese oxide]]
* [[Mirror]]
* [[Molybdenum]]
* [[Oven]]
* [[Vanadium]]
* [[Rubidium]]
</div>
|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif |
<FONT SIZE="+1">'''Getting started'''</FONT><P>
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord!</big>] <br>
[[Wikiciv:Volunteers|<big>Join Wikiciv!</big>]]
* [https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Special:AllPages All Pages]
* [[Wikiciv:About|About Wikiciv]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Editing|How to edit on Media Wiki]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style|Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones|Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources|Resources]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do|To do]]
* Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''
|}
|}

Main Page

2023-01-09T09:35:39Z

PolarTwin: Created articles

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6"
|-
| colspan="2" |
<HR width="0">
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif |
<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT>
| align="right" |
{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} <BR>
{{SITENAME}} currently has {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles <BR>
|}
|-
| valign="top" width="75%" |
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Introduction''' </FONT>
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-Vendetta
|
[[File:Le Moustier.jpg|350px|right|borderless]]
'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|
* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#f2f5fd; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Articles that need expanding'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:6">
* [[Bellows]]
* [[Biomass]]
* [[Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Canning]]
* [[Cement]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Generator]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrocarbon]]
* [[Ice]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Panning]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Pig iron]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Pump drill]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Scrap]]
* [[Scrap copper]]
* [[Scrap iron]]
* [[Scrap steel]]
* [[Seawater]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Water filter]]
* [[Wheel]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Wrought iron]]
* [[Zeolite]]
* [[Zinc]]
</div>
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Requested articles'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:4">
* [[Agate]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Bromine]]
* [[Caesium]]
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Engine]]
* [[Feldspar]]
* [[Furnace]]
* [[Gallium]]
* [[Glycerine]]
* [[Iron pyrite]]
* [[Jasper]]
* [[Manganese oxide]]
* [[Mirror]]
* [[Molybdenum]]
* [[Oven]]
* [[Pine]]
* [[Vanadium]]
* [[Rubidium]]
</div>
|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif |
<FONT SIZE="+1">'''Getting started'''</FONT><P>
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord!</big>] <br>
[[Wikiciv:Volunteers|<big>Join Wikiciv!</big>]]
* [https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Special:AllPages All Pages]
* [[Wikiciv:About|About Wikiciv]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Editing|How to edit on Media Wiki]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style|Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones|Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources|Resources]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do|To do]]
* Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''
|}
|}

Main Page

2023-01-09T01:25:20Z

PolarTwin: -Sugar, expanded

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6"
|-
| colspan="2" |
<HR width="0">
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif |
<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT>
| align="right" |
{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} <BR>
{{SITENAME}} currently has {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles <BR>
|}
|-
| valign="top" width="75%" |
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Introduction''' </FONT>
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-Vendetta
|
[[File:Le Moustier.jpg|350px|right|borderless]]
'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|
* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

|}

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Pistol

2023-01-09T01:24:22Z

PolarTwin: Holsters section

[[File:Commodore Joshua Barney- many interesting facts connected with the life of Commodore Joshua Barney, hero of the United States navy, 1776-1812, also a compilation of genealogical material relating to (14756022576).jpg|thumb|Eighteenth century flintlock pistol.]]

A '''pistol''' is a handgun, more specifically one with the chamber integral to its gun barrel, though in common usage the two terms are often used interchangeably. In colloquial usage, the word "pistol" is often used to describe any type of handgun, inclusive of revolvers, which have a single barrel and a separate cylinder housing multiple chambers, and the pocket-sized derringers, which are often multi-barrelled.

The most common type of pistol used in the contemporary era is the semi-automatic pistol, while the older single-shot and manual repeating pistols are now rarely seen and used primarily for nostalgic hunting and historical reenactment, and the fully automatic machine pistols are uncommon in civilian usage due to generally poor recoil-controllability and strict laws and regulations governing their manufacture and sale.

== Holsters ==
A good holster has to have three basic considerations: safety of the gun within the holster, security against loss of the gun, and speed in which tthe gun can be drawn into actioon.

==Dependencies==
*[[Black powder]]
*'''Pistol'''
**[[Hunting]]
**[[Projectile]]
==See also==
*[[Rifle]]
*[[Shotgun]]
*[[Weapons]]

== References ==
{{wa|Pistol}}

[[Category:Firearms]]

Weapons

2023-01-09T01:19:40Z

PolarTwin: /* See also */ +Minerals

A '''weapon''', is any implement or device that can be used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as [[hunting]], crime, law enforcement, self-defense or warfare.

The following is a non-comprehensive list of weapons:

== Melee weapons ==
* [[Axe]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Spear]]
* [[Sword]]
:<small>Note:Some of the listed items, or their variations, can be used as ranged weapons too.</small>

== Ranged weapons ==
* [[Bow and arrow]]
* [[Sling]]
* [[Slingshot]]

=== Firearms ===

* [[Pistol]]
* [[Rifle]]
* [[Shotgun]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Activities]]
* [[Alloys]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
* [[Explosives]]
* [[Minerals]]
* [[Processed materials]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Recycled materials]]
* [[Simple Machines]]
* [[Soils]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Textiles]]
* [[Tools]]
</div>

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPHwT3ZjZgw Bamboo Gun | making easy Natural materials | survival weapons. Pre technology] - Pre Technology, 14 September 2022, YouTube

{{wa|Weapon}}

[[Category:Weapons|*]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Tools

2023-01-09T01:19:33Z

PolarTwin: /* See also */ +Minerals

A '''tool''' is an object that can extend an individual's ability to modify features of the surrounding environment. Although many animals use simple tools, only human beings have been observed using tools to make other tools.

== Tools ==
The following is a non-comprehensive list of tools:
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Axe]]
* [[Chisel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Needle]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Torch]]
</div>

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Activities]]
* [[Alloys]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
* [[Explosives]]
* [[Minerals]]
* [[Processed materials]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Recycled materials]]
* [[Simple Machines]]
* [[Soils]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Textiles]]
* [[Weapons]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Tool}}

[[Category:Tools|*]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Textiles

2023-01-09T01:19:24Z

PolarTwin: /* See also */ +Minerals

'''Textile''' is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, among others.

== Textiles ==

The following is a non-comprehensive list of textiles:
* [[Cotton]]
* [[Hemp]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Silk]]
* [[Wool]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Thread]]
* [[Twine]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Alloys]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
* [[Explosives]]
* [[Minerals]]
* [[Processed materials]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Recycled materials]]
* [[Simple Machines]]
* [[Soils]]
* [[Tools]]
* [[Weapons]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Textile}}

[[Category:Textiles|*]]
[[Category:Lists]]