Wikiciv - User contributions [en]

Wood

2022-02-28T12:46:50Z

Oscar: /* Building Construction */ + image

[[wikipedia:Wood|'''Wood''']] is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material – a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Green wood is wood that has been so recently taken from a plant that it still has some of its natural moisture (usually in the form of sap). Dry wood is wood from which the natural moisture has evaporated over time.

== Uses ==

=== Fuel ===
Wood can use used as a fuel in [[fire]]. Dry wood is better than green wood for fires. Green wood, when burned, makes more smoke. Before the exploration of gas, fuel was the main source we can also define as only one source of energy that people used by burning as woods were available in the forest easily. Generally, sticks, pellets, sawdust, and charcoal are used as an energy source from wood. Typically, woods from cheap plants are used in this sector.

=== Building Construction ===
[[File:Koszarawa wooden house 2009.jpg|thumb|235x235px|Wooden house, located in Poland]]
During the early ages of human civilization, use of wood in domestic construction was a common scene and this is still followed in this twenty-first century. In different parts of the world in the making of houses, wood is used commonly like the flooring, frames of doors and windows for its strength and internment quality.

The combustibility of wood, meant that, little by little, its use as a building material was relegated in favor of adobe, baked clay bricks and, in larger constructions, stone and marble, the materials most appreciated for their solidity.

=== Tools ===
Wood has always been used extensively for different tools, from household items such as furniture, chairs and shelves, to transportation tools such as the wheel and carts.

Wood also was key in the development of armament material, from bow and arrow armaments, through siege materials, to the use of wood as a weapon material like spears and javelins.

In agriculture, the technology of plowing, first by humans and then by animals, consisted for numerous centuries of wooden materials.

=== Containers ===
Wood can be used in making [[Basket|baskets]]. Green wood is often a better material for baskets than dry wood is.

== References ==
{{wa|Wood}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Wood

2022-02-28T12:45:10Z

Oscar: /* Uses */

[[wikipedia:Wood|'''Wood''']] is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material – a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Green wood is wood that has been so recently taken from a plant that it still has some of its natural moisture (usually in the form of sap). Dry wood is wood from which the natural moisture has evaporated over time.

== Uses ==

=== Fuel ===
Wood can use used as a fuel in [[fire]]. Dry wood is better than green wood for fires. Green wood, when burned, makes more smoke. Before the exploration of gas, fuel was the main source we can also define as only one source of energy that people used by burning as woods were available in the forest easily. Generally, sticks, pellets, sawdust, and charcoal are used as an energy source from wood. Typically, woods from cheap plants are used in this sector.

=== Building Construction ===
During the early ages of human civilization, use of wood in domestic construction was a common scene and this is still followed in this twenty-first century. In different parts of the world in the making of houses, wood is used commonly like the flooring, frames of doors and windows for its strength and internment quality.

The combustibility of wood, meant that, little by little, its use as a building material was relegated in favor of adobe, baked clay bricks and, in larger constructions, stone and marble, the materials most appreciated for their solidity.

=== Tools ===
Wood has always been used extensively for different tools, from household items such as furniture, chairs and shelves, to transportation tools such as the wheel and carts.

Wood also was key in the development of armament material, from bow and arrow armaments, through siege materials, to the use of wood as a weapon material like spears and javelins.

In agriculture, the technology of plowing, first by humans and then by animals, consisted for numerous centuries of wooden materials.

=== Containers ===
Wood can be used in making [[Basket|baskets]]. Green wood is often a better material for baskets than dry wood is.

== References ==
{{wa|Wood}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Wood

2022-02-28T12:31:56Z

Oscar: /* Uses */

[[wikipedia:Wood|'''Wood''']] is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material – a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Green wood is wood that has been so recently taken from a plant that it still has some of its natural moisture (usually in the form of sap). Dry wood is wood from which the natural moisture has evaporated over time.

== Uses ==

=== Fuel ===
Wood can use used as a fuel in [[fire]]. Dry wood is better than green wood for fires. Green wood, when burned, makes more smoke. Before the exploration of gas, fuel was the main source we can also define as only one source of energy that people used by burning as woods were available in the forest easily. Generally, sticks, pellets, sawdust, and charcoal are used as an energy source from wood. Typically, woods from cheap plants are used in this sector.

=== Building Construction ===
During the early ages of human civilization, use of wood in domestic construction was a common scene and this is still followed in this twenty-first century. In different parts of the world in the making of houses, wood is used commonly like the flooring, frames of doors and windows for its strength and internment quality.

The combustibility of wood, meant that, little by little, its use as a building material was relegated in favor of adobe, baked clay bricks and, in larger constructions, stone and marble, the materials most appreciated for their solidity.

=== Tools ===
Wood has always been used extensively for different tools, from household items such as furniture, chairs and shelves, to transportation tools such as carts.

=== Containers ===
Wood can be used in making [[Basket|baskets]]. Green wood is often a better material for baskets than dry wood is.

== References ==
{{wa|Wood}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Wood

2022-02-25T20:17:31Z

Oscar: expanding

User:Oscar

2022-02-19T00:32:15Z

Oscar: Created page with "frameless"

[[File:Endeavour silhouette STS-130.jpg|left|frameless]]

Bloomery furnace

2022-02-19T00:11:17Z

Oscar:

A '''[[Wikipedia:Bloomery|Bloomery Furnace]]''' is a pre-industrial furnace capable of transforming iron ore extracted from nature into metal suitable for forging weapons, tools and other objects, without the use of hydraulic power. These reduction furnaces were arranged in the open air, with human power directly involved in the various production processes.

The bloomery they used were small in size and usually half dug into the ground. They reached approximately one meter in height and their interior diameter was between 40 and 70 cm approximately. They were built with sandstone and clay and could have, or not, a hole for the exit of waste.

== References ==
{{wa|Bloomery}}

Bloomery furnace

2022-02-19T00:10:49Z

Oscar: Created page with "A '''Bloomery Furnace''' is a pre-industrial furnace capable of transforming iron ore extracted from nature into metal suitable for forging weapons, tools and other objects, without the use of hydraulic power. These reduction furnaces were arranged in the open air, with human power directly involved in the various production processes. The bloomery they used were small in size and usually half dug into the ground. They reached approximately one me..."

Main Page

2022-02-18T23:59:12Z

Oscar: /* Getting started */ + tutorial

<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
== Getting started ==
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord</big>]

*[[Wikiciv:About|About Wikiciv]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Editing|How to edit on Media Wiki]]
*Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''
'''Featured Articles'''

* [[Fire]]
*[[Charcoal]]
'''Stubs that need expanding'''
* [[Wood]]
* [[Lime Mortar]]
* [[Lime Concrete]]
* [[Iron Ore]]
* [[Bloomery Furnace]]
* [[Sponge Iron]]
* [[Wrought Iron]]
* [[Basket]]
*[[Clay]]

Wood

2022-02-18T23:55:59Z

Oscar: m

Raw material

2022-02-18T23:54:48Z

Oscar: style

A '''[[Wikipedia:Raw material|raw material]]''', also known as a '''feedstock''', '''unprocessed''' '''material''', or '''primary commodity''', is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy, or intermediate materials that are feedstock for future finished products. As feedstock, the term connotes these materials are bottleneck assets and are required to produce other products.
==Role on Wikiciv==
Raw materials are the basic building blocks from which technologies are made. All technologies on Wikiciv should be documented in such a way that after following all the parent technologies, the only required inputs are raw materials or energy. [[Recycled materials]] can be included as useful shortcuts for when they are available, but only as a supplement to a raw material method.

==Categories of Raw Materials==

===Plant-Derived===
*[[Wood]]
*[[Grasses|Grass]]

===Metalic Ores===
*[[Iron Ore]]
*[[Copper Ore]]

===Rocks===
*[[Limestone]]

===Soils===
*[[Clay]]
*[[Sand]]
*[[Gravel]]

===Minerals===
*[[Zeolite]]

===Animal-Derived===
*[[Rawhide]]

===Hydrocarbons===
*[[Coal]]
*[[Petroleum]]

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Wood

2022-02-18T23:50:20Z

Oscar: ref

[[wikipedia:Wood|Wood]] is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material – a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Green wood is wood that has been so recently taken from a plant that it still has some of its natural moisture (usually in the form of sap). Dry wood is wood from which the natural moisture has evaporated over time.

== Uses ==

=== Fuel ===
Wood can use used as a fuel in [[fire]]. Dry wood is better than green wood for fires. Green wood, when burned, makes more smoke.

=== Building Construction ===

=== Tools ===

=== Containers ===
Wood can be used in making [[Basket|baskets]]. Green wood is often a better material for baskets than dry wood is.

== References ==
{{wa|Wood}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Clay

2022-02-18T23:42:14Z

Oscar:

'''[[wikipedia:Clay | Clay]]''' is a type of fine grained natural soil material. Clay is able to be worked into a desired shape when wet, and becomes hard and brittle when dried or fired, retaining its previous shape.

==Uses==

===Ceramics===

Clay can be shaped when wet and then fired to create clay [[Ceramic | ceramics]], including [[Brick | bricks]] which can be used for construction, and [[pottery]] which includes clay vessels, dishware, pipes, and other wares.

===Construction===

In addition to clay bricks, clay can be used directly in buildings, such as in the daub used in wattle and daub construction, or in the walls of a [[Bloomery Furnace]].

===Writing===

Clay tablets are the earliest known medium for writing, used in Sumeria and Greece as early as 3000 BCE. Symbols can be inscribed into wet clay using a stylus, and the clay can either be remolded to record a new set of symbols or fired to make the record more permanent.

==Natural Sources==

Clay can be gathered from riverbanks and dry riverbeds or lakebeds in almost any part of the world. Wet clay is slippery even if it is unprocessed, unlike other kinds of soil or sand. A sample of clay can be tested by wetting it to a workable consistency and seeing if it breaks when rolled out or coiled into shape. A good sample of clay will be easy to work and resistant to breaking.

===Processing===

Before using clay, impurities such as stones and plant matter should be removed. This can be done by picking the impurities out while the clay is dry, by sifting the clay through a sieve, or by filtering clay particles suspended in water by passing them through a cloth. If clay is intended to be used for ceramics, it can be tempered with sand or with ground up bits of broken previously fired ceramics. This will improve the chance that the clay fires successfully.

== References ==

{{wa|Clay}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Direct Reduced Iron

2022-02-18T23:38:52Z

Oscar: m

A '''sponge iron''' is a product that is produced from iron ore. Iron ore is often found in the form of granules or lumps and undergoes a reduction process that is created through the use of a reducing gas emitting coal or natural gas source. This type of iron can be produced in several different types of furnaces, including coke or coal-fired furnaces, blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces.

== Uses ==
One of the most common uses of sponge iron is the creation of wrought iron. Iron of this type is useful in the creation of ornamental objects for use in the household, such as decorative grilles for screen doors, burglar-resistant grilles for windows, and even for various types of wall hangings.

Sponge iron is also often used for the manufacture of components used to create durable lawn and patio furniture. When properly treated, wrought iron furniture can easily withstand weather deterioration and last for many years.

== References ==

* [https://spiegato.com/es/que-es-la-esponja-de-hierro ¿Qué es la esponja de hierro?] (in Spanish)

Direct Reduced Iron

2022-02-18T23:38:15Z

Oscar: Created page with "A '''sponge iron''' is a product that is produced from iron ore. Iron ore is often found in the form of granules or lumps and undergoes a reduction process that is created through the use of a reducing gas emitting coal or natural gas source. This type of iron can be produced in several different types of furnaces, including coke or coal-fired furnaces, blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. == Uses == One of the most common uses of sponge iron is the creation of wro..."

Iron ore

2022-02-18T23:29:23Z

Oscar: style

[[File:Limonite bog iron cm02.jpg|alt=A photograph of a piece of bog iron.|thumb|A piece of bog iron. Note the light reddish brown color and pitted texture]]'''Iron ore''' is a rock containing iron, usually in the form of oxides, such as hematite.

Iron ores have a variable iron content depending on the iron mineral; also knowing that isomorphism, almost always present in natural minerals, reduces the nominal content.

==Uses==

The primary use for iron ore is the production of [[iron]], including [[Sponge Iron|sponge iron]] and [[Pig Iron|pig iron]]. Some forms of iron ore also have other uses, such as in the pigment ocher.

==Natural Sources==

===Bog Iron===
An easily accessible source of iron ore is so-called “bog iron”, formed naturally in bogs or swamps by the oxidation of iron minerals dissolved in water. It can be identified by its reddish brown color and uneven texture. Early metallurgists identified bog-iron deposits by indicators such as withered grass, a wet environment, hygrophilous grass-dominated vegetation, and reddish-brown solutions or depositions in nearby waters. Chemically, bog iron is mostly made up of the mineral geothite, a form of iron oxyhydroxide that is also the main component of rust. Because iron-bearing water continues to flow into a bog over time, the iron in a given bog will replenish over the course of a few decades.

== References ==
{{Wa|Bog_iron}}
{{Wa|Iron_ore}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Iron ore

2022-02-18T23:22:56Z

Oscar: /* References */

'''Iron ores''' are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be extracted.

==Uses==

The primary use for iron ore is the production of [[Iron|iron]], including [[Sponge Iron|sponge iron]] and [[Pig Iron|pig iron]]. Some forms of iron ore also have other uses, such as in the pigment ochre.

==Natural Sources==

===Bog Iron===
[[File:Limonite bog iron cm02.jpg|alt=A photograph of a piece of bog iron.|thumb|A piece of bog iron. Note the light reddish brown color and pitted texture]]
An easily accessible source of iron ore is so-called "bog iron", formed naturally in bogs or swamps by the oxidation of iron minerals dissolved in water. It can be identified by its reddish brown color and uneven texture. Early metallurgists identified bog-iron deposits by indicators such as withered grass, a wet environment, hygrophilous grass-dominated vegetation, and reddish-brown solutions or depositions in nearby waters. Chemically, bog iron is mostly made up of the mineral geothite, a form of iron oxyhydroxide that is also the main component of rust. Because iron-bearing water continues to flow into a bog over time, the iron in a given bog will replenish over the course of a few decades.

== References ==
{{Wa|Bog_iron}}
{{Wa|Iron_ore}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Iron ore

2022-02-18T23:22:14Z

Oscar: ref

'''Iron ores''' are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be extracted.

==Uses==

The primary use for iron ore is the production of [[Iron|iron]], including [[Sponge Iron|sponge iron]] and [[Pig Iron|pig iron]]. Some forms of iron ore also have other uses, such as in the pigment ochre.

==Natural Sources==

===Bog Iron===
[[File:Limonite bog iron cm02.jpg|alt=A photograph of a piece of bog iron.|thumb|A piece of bog iron. Note the light reddish brown color and pitted texture]]
An easily accessible source of iron ore is so-called "bog iron", formed naturally in bogs or swamps by the oxidation of iron minerals dissolved in water. It can be identified by its reddish brown color and uneven texture. Early metallurgists identified bog-iron deposits by indicators such as withered grass, a wet environment, hygrophilous grass-dominated vegetation, and reddish-brown solutions or depositions in nearby waters. Chemically, bog iron is mostly made up of the mineral geothite, a form of iron oxyhydroxide that is also the main component of rust. Because iron-bearing water continues to flow into a bog over time, the iron in a given bog will replenish over the course of a few decades.

== References ==
{{Wa | Bog iron}}
{{Wa | Iron ore}}

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Basket

2022-02-18T23:21:06Z

Oscar:

A [[wikipedia:basket|'''basket''']] is a container typically woven out of plant fibers. Baskets usually have holes in them, but those holes are smaller than the objects that the basket is designed to hold.

==Uses==
Baskets are primarily used for carrying or storing other objects. Some baskets are made for use as a sieve, including for trapping fish.

==Materials Needed==
Many types of materials base be used to make baskets. Before making a basket, you have to prepare the materials you will use for it.

*'''Coiled''' basketry uses grasses, rushes, and pine needles
*'''Plaiting''' basketry uses materials that are wide and braid-like: palms, yucca or New Zealand flax
*'''Twining''' basketry uses materials from roots and tree bark. This is a weaving technique where two or more flexible weaving elements (“weavers”) cross each other as they weave through the stiffer radial spokes.
*'''Wicker''' and '''Splint''' basketry uses materials like reed, cane, willow, oak, and ash.

==Production Methods==
Baskets are woven by hand. The parts of a basket are the base, the side walls, and the rim. A basket may also have a lid, handle, or embellishments. Most baskets begin with the base. The static pieces of the basket are laid down first, then additional pieces are woven into them.

*In a round basket, arrange pieces as spokes, where they cross in the middle. Then weave in additional pieces in a spiral pattern, starting as closely as possible to the center of the spokes, going alternately over then under then over succeeding spokes. Once you have a base the size that you want, pull upwards on the spokes as you weave under them, to bend them up into the walls.
*In a square or rectangular shape, arrange pieces parallel to each other, then weave additional pieces perpendicularly to them. Once you have a base the size that you want, pull upwards along the edges and weave additional pieces through to hold them there.

== References ==

* Include information from [[wikihow:Make-Baskets|How to Make Baskets (with Pictures) - wikiHow]]

{{wa|basket}}
{{wa|basket_weaving}}

Basket

2022-02-18T23:20:08Z

Oscar:

A [[wikipedia:basket|'''basket''']] is a container typically woven out of plant fibers. Baskets usually have holes in them, but those holes are smaller than the objects that the basket is designed to hold.

==Uses==
Baskets are primarily used for carrying or storing other objects. Some baskets are made for use as a sieve, including for trapping fish.

==Materials Needed==
Many types of materials base be used to make baskets. Before making a basket, you have to prepare the materials you will use for it.

*'''Coiled''' basketry uses grasses, rushes, and pine needles
*'''Plaiting''' basketry uses materials that are wide and braid-like: palms, yucca or New Zealand flax
*'''Twining''' basketry uses materials from roots and tree bark. This is a weaving technique where two or more flexible weaving elements (“weavers”) cross each other as they weave through the stiffer radial spokes.
*'''Wicker''' and '''Splint''' basketry uses materials like reed, cane, willow, oak, and ash.

==Production Methods==
Baskets are woven by hand. The parts of a basket are the base, the side walls, and the rim. A basket may also have a lid, handle, or embellishments. Most baskets begin with the base. The static pieces of the basket are laid down first, then additional pieces are woven into them.

*In a round basket, arrange pieces as spokes, where they cross in the middle. Then weave in additional pieces in a spiral pattern, starting as closely as possible to the center of the spokes, going alternately over then under then over succeeding spokes. Once you have a base the size that you want, pull upwards on the spokes as you weave under them, to bend them up into the walls.
*In a square or rectangular shape, arrange pieces parallel to each other, then weave additional pieces perpendicularly to them. Once you have a base the size that you want, pull upwards along the edges and weave additional pieces through to hold them there.

== References ==

'''Drafting note: include information from [[wikihow:Make-Baskets|How to Make Baskets (with Pictures) - wikiHow]] and cite appropriately.'''

{{wa|basket}}
{{wa|basket_weaving}}

Basket

2022-02-18T23:19:06Z

Oscar: style

A [[wikipedia:basket|basket]] is a container typically woven out of plant fibers. Baskets usually have holes in them, but those holes are smaller than the objects that the basket is designed to hold.

==Uses==
Baskets are primarily used for carrying or storing other objects. Some baskets are made for use as a sieve, including for trapping fish

==Materials Needed==
Many types of materials base be used to make baskets. Before making a basket, you have to prepare the materials you will use for it.

*'''Coiled''' basketry uses grasses, rushes, and pine needles
*'''Plaiting''' basketry uses materials that are wide and braid-like: palms, yucca or New Zealand flax
*'''Twining''' basketry uses materials from roots and tree bark. This is a weaving technique where two or more flexible weaving elements ("weavers") cross each other as they weave through the stiffer radial spokes.
*'''Wicker''' and '''Splint''' basketry uses materials like reed, cane, willow, oak, and ash.

==Production Methods==
Baskets are woven by hand. The parts of a basket are the base, the side walls, and the rim. A basket may also have a lid, handle, or embellishments. Most baskets begin with the base. The static pieces of the basket are laid down first, then additional pieces are woven into them.

*In a round basket, arrange pieces as spokes, where they cross in the middle. Then weave in additional pieces in a spiral pattern, starting as closely as possible to the center of the spokes, going alternately over then under then over succeeding spokes. Once you have a base the size that you want, pull upwards on the spokes as you weave under them, to bend them up into the walls.
*In a square or rectangular shape, arrange pieces parallel to each other, then weave additional pieces perpendicularly to them. Once you have a base the size that you want, pull upwards along the edges and weave additional pieces through to hold them there.

== References ==

'''Drafting note: include information from [[wikihow:Make-Baskets|How to Make Baskets (with Pictures) - wikiHow]] and cite appropriately.'''

{{wa|basket}}
{{wa|basket_weaving}}

Wrought iron

2022-02-18T23:17:34Z

Oscar: Created page with "'''Wrought Iron''' (or soft iron) is an iron material that has the property of being forged and hammered when very hot ("red-hot") and hardens by cooling rapidly. It melts at temperatures above 1500 °C, is not very tough and can be welded by forging. == Uses == Industrial processes in the 19th century made it possible to produce wrought iron in large quantities, so that this material could be used in the construction of large architectural..."

'''[[wikipedia:Wrought iron|Wrought Iron]]''' (or soft iron) is an iron material that has the property of being forged and hammered when very hot ("red-hot") and hardens by cooling rapidly. It melts at temperatures above 1500 °C, is not very tough and can be welded by forging.

== Uses ==

Industrial processes in the 19th century made it possible to produce wrought iron in large quantities, so that this material could be used in the construction of large architectural and engineering structures.

The difficulty of joining wrought iron elements by welding has relegated the use of this material to decorative or secondary uses in construction, such as gratings and other pieces.

== References ==

{{wa|Wrought_iron}}

Lime concrete

2022-02-18T22:52:09Z

Oscar: m

'''Lime concrete''' is composite mixture of lime as binding material, sand as fine aggregate and gravel as coarse aggregate in appropriate proportions. It is well known from 5000 years and was widely used for the construction works all over the world before the replacement of lime with cement.

== References ==
* [https://theconstructor.org/concrete/lime-concrete-uses-construction/37391/ Lime Concrete - Mix Proportions, Uses and Properties] ''theconstructor.org''

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Lime mortar

2022-02-18T22:46:35Z

Oscar: style

Traditional '''lime mortar''' is a combination of lime putty and aggregate (usually sand). A typical modern lime mortar mix would be 1 part lime putty to 3 parts washed, well graded, sharp sand. Other materials have been used as aggregate instead of sand.

The theory is that the voids of empty space between the sand particles account for a 1/3 of the volume of the sand. The lime putty when mixed at a 1 to 3 ratio, fill these voids to create a compact mortar. Analysis of mortar samples from historic buildings typically indicates a higher ratio of around 1 part lime putty to 1.5 part aggregate/sand was commonly used. This equates to approximately 1 part dry quicklime to 3 parts sand. A traditional coarse plaster mix also had horse hair added for reinforcing and control of shrinkage, important when plastering to wooden laths and for base (or dubbing) coats onto uneven surfaces such as stone walls where the mortar is often applied in thicker coats to compensate for the irregular surface levels.

If shrinkage and cracking of the lime mortar does occur this can be as a result of either:

* The sand being poorly graded or with a particle size that is too small
* The mortar being applied too thickly (Thicker coats increase the possibility of shrinkage, cracking and slumping)
* Too much suction from the substrate
* High air temperatures or direct sunlight which force dry the mortar
* High water content in the lime mortar mix
* Poor quality or unmatured lime putty

A common method for mixing lime mortar with powdered lime is as follows:

* Gather your ingredients, sand, lime, and water
* Measure out your ratio of sand to lime, for example 3 buckets of sand, and 1 bucket of lime for a 3:1 ratio.
* Mix the dry ingredients thoroughly so all the sand is coated with lime, and there are neither chunks of sand or lime visible.
* Reserve some portion of the dry ingredients by removing it from your mixing vessel. The amount reserved can vary, but a safe starting point is about 1/4 of the batch. This will be added in later to fine tune the dryness of the mix.
* Measure out water. How much depends on how wet you want your mix to be, and how damp/wet your sand is. A good starting point is 1 quart of water per gallon of sand.
* Add about 2/3 of the water to your dry ingredients and mix until even consistency.
* Add the reserved dry ingredients and/or the remaining water to get a mix you like. It takes time to know what works well, and the recipe can change depending on the temperature, humidity, moisture in the sand, type of brick, and task at hand (laying brick may warrant a wetter mix, while pointing may require a drier one.
* To test the mix as you are making it, you can use a trowel, or pat the mortar with your hand to see how much moisture and "cream" come to the surface.
* Remember to thoroughly wet your brick prior to using lime mortar. Old brick can be extremely porous, a 4lb brick can hold a pint of water. The bricks should be saturated, but dry on the surface prior to laying or pointing. Excess water can cause the lime to run and leave streaks.

== References ==

* [https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/mythmix/mythmix.htm The Myth in the Mix, The 1:3 ratio of lime to sand] ''buildingconservation.com''

[[Category:Raw materials]]

Lime mortar

2022-02-18T22:25:28Z

Oscar: style

Lime concrete

2022-02-18T22:19:31Z

Oscar: Created page with "'''Lime concrete''' is composite mixture of lime as binding material, sand as fine aggregate and gravel as coarse aggregate in appropriate proportions. ... It is well known from 5000 years and was widely used for the construction works all over the world before the replacement of lime with cement. == References == * [https://theconstructor.org/concrete/lime-concrete-uses-construction/37391/ Lime Concrete - Mix Proportions, Uses and Properties] ''theconstructor.org'' ..."

'''Lime concrete''' is composite mixture of lime as binding material, sand as fine aggregate and gravel as coarse aggregate in appropriate proportions. ... It is well known from 5000 years and was widely used for the construction works all over the world before the replacement of lime with cement.

== References ==
* [https://theconstructor.org/concrete/lime-concrete-uses-construction/37391/ Lime Concrete - Mix Proportions, Uses and Properties] ''theconstructor.org''

[[Category:Raw materials]]