https://wikiciv.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=NanamowaWikiciv - User contributions [en]2026-09-18T21:28:22ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.45.3https://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Cement&diff=3241Cement2025-05-06T01:37:59Z<p>Nanamowa: Gave the production and uses for lime(cement)</p>
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<div>[[File:Portland cement Type1 of Taiwan Cement 20180501.jpg|thumb|Cement bags made in Taiwan.]]<br />
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'''Cement''' is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind [[sand]] and [[gravel]] (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces [[mortar]] for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces [[concrete]]. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only [[water]] as the planet's most-consumed resource.<br />
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Cement is primarily produced by slaking quicklime. This involves adding the quicklime to water to convert it from CaO to CaOH. In this state it can be used as a pickling lime, as cement, plaster, mortar or as a food additive. Though there are many forms of cement, most involve taking limestone, aragonite or seashells, heating them above 900c to remove the organics, then slaking the resultant quicklime.<br />
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== Dependencies ==<br />
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* [[Gravel]]<br />
* [[Sand]]<br />
** '''Cement'''<br />
** [[Water]]<br />
*** [[Concrete]]<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Concrete]]<br />
* [[Gravel]]<br />
* [[Lime mortar]]<br />
* [[Mortar]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{wa|Cement}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/07/17/wood-ash-cement/ Wood ash cement], primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 17 July 2018.<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9L0i6YdTtoY How to make Cement From Snail's Shell] - Pre Technology, 14 October 2021, YouTube<br />
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[[Category:Building materials]]<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Nanamowahttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Methanol&diff=3239Methanol2025-05-06T01:29:23Z<p>Nanamowa: I described methanol's production from destructive wood distillation and I also gave its use in the production of biodiesal</p>
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<div>[[File:Methanol Lewis.svg|thumb|250px|Chemical structure of methanol]]<br />
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'''Methanol''', also known as '''wood alcohol''', is an organic chemical and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the formula CH<sub>3</sub>OH. It is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odour similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol). Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.<br />
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Historically, however, methanol was produced via destructive wood distillation. This involved gasifying the wood in a retort, then condensing the vapours to methanol. This would need to be filtered and dried several times to remove tar, off-products, terpenes and water. <br />
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== Uses ==<br />
It is used as a precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, as well as a host of more specialised chemicals.<br />
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Methanol is especially useful in the trans-esterfication of triglycerides into biodiesel. This process involves adding a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide into methanol, adding the oil and then vigorously mixing. The methanol forms a temporary complex with the hydroxide in question that is able to liberate the ester of the triglyceride and supplant it with the methanol. This process liberates glycerine which is a useful byproduct.<br />
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== Dependencies ==<br />
* [[Carbon]]<br />
* [[Hydrogen]]<br />
* [[Oxygen]]<br />
** '''Methanol'''<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Ammonia]]<br />
* [[Boric acid]]<br />
* [[Carbon dioxide]]<br />
* [[Cyanide]]<br />
* [[Ethanol]]<br />
* [[Ethylene glycol]]<br />
* [[Methane]]<br />
* [[Nitric acid]]<br />
* [[Nitroglycerin]]<br />
* [[Saltpeter]]<br />
* [[Sulfuric acid]]<br />
* [[Water]]<br />
* [[Chemical compounds]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{wa|Methanol}}<br />
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[[Category:Organic compounds]]</div>Nanamowa