Wikiciv - User contributions [en]

Coke(Fuel)

2025-05-08T16:17:32Z

Mathematician: added links

A derivative of [[coal]] or [[petroleum]] that is commonly used in production or refinement of materials where a sustained high temperature is required. Coke is the typically produced from high quality coal usually referred to as coking coal or metallurgical coal. This burns considerably hotter than other coal and the coke it produces is used to create steel.

The coal used to produce coke must have additional [[properties]] over normal coal. It must have fluidity, swell, and volatile components in order to produce coke. During heating and partial burning under a low oxygen environment these additional properties allow the coal to partially melt and expand into a [[carbon]] foam. This is controlled by the properties of the coal, how much heating has occurred, how much [[oxygen]] has been allowed into the coke oven, and how long it has been at a certain temperature.
[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
[[Category:Fuel]]
[[Category:Processed materials]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Livestock and Animal Management

2025-05-08T16:15:27Z

Mathematician: Added Many links to other pages, moved non-edible items from the edible list.

'''Livestock''' are the domesticated animals that are raised in an [[Agriculture and Horticulture|agricultural]] setting to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, [[eggs]], [[milk]]. The term is oftentimes used to refer to animals which are solely raised for consumption. The breeding, maintenance, slaughter and general subjugation of livestock called '''animal husbandry''', is a part of modern [[Agriculture and Horticulture|agriculture]] and has been practiced in many cultures since humanity's transition to [[farming]] from hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Raw materials produced from livestock that cannot be consumed directly include [[fur]], [[hide]], and [[wool]].

== Basic principle ==

* '''Synergies''': [[Cereal crops|Cereals]] through ploughing (plowing), domestication of plants and animals.
* '''Skills''': Raising livestock, herd management, [[milk]] and meat production.
* '''Tools''': Fences, water troughs, milking tools, [[Knife|knives]], [[Axe|axes]].

== Main species raised for livestock ==

=== 1. Cattle (Bos taurus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (beef), [[milk]], [[leather]], draft power.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive (Pasture-based)''': Free-range grazing on large pastures (common in Australia, South America).
** '''Intensive (Feedlots)''': Confined feeding with grain-based diets for rapid weight gain (common in the U.S.).
** '''Dairy Farming''': Specialized breeds (e.g., Holstein) raised for milk production with controlled diets.

=== 2. Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (pork), [[lard]], [[leather]].
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Intensive (Confinement)''': Indoor systems with controlled temperature and feed (common in industrial farming).
** '''Extensive (Free-range)''': Outdoor access with natural foraging (e.g., Iberian pigs for jamón ibérico).
** '''Backyard Farming''': Small-scale, often for household consumption.

=== 3. Sheep (Ovis aries) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat (lamb/mutton), [[wool]], [[milk]] (e.g., for cheese like Roquefort).
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Pastoralism''': Nomadic or semi-nomadic grazing (e.g., in New Zealand, Mongolia).
** '''Intensive''': Feedlots for meat production (less common than cattle/pigs).
** '''Wool Production''': Shearing 1–2 times/year; breeds like Merino are raised for fine wool.

=== 4. Goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) ===

* '''Purpose''': [[Milk]] ([[cheese]], [[yogurt]]), meat, fiber (mohair, cashmere), brush clearing.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive''': Grazing on rough terrain (ideal for arid regions).
** '''Dairy Goats''': Confined with high-quality feed (e.g., Saanen or Nubian breeds).
** '''Backyard''': Small herds for milk or pets.

=== 5. Poultry (Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, Geese) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, [[eggs]], [[Feather|feathers]].
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Intensive (Battery Cages)''': High-density housing for egg layers (controversial for animal welfare).
** '''Free-range''': Outdoor access with supplemental feed.
** '''Backyard Flocks''': Small-scale egg/meat production.

=== 6. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Labour, sport, meat (in some cultures), [[milk]] (e.g., kumis).
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Pasture-based''': Grazing with minimal supplementation.
** '''Stable Confinement''': For racehorses or show animals.

=== 7. Aquatic Livestock (Fish, Shrimp, Shellfish) ===

* '''Purpose''': [[Food]] (seafood), aquarium trade.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Aquaculture''': Ponds, tanks, or ocean pens (e.g., salmon, tilapia).
** '''Integrated Systems''': Combining fish farming with plant cultivation (aquaponics).

=== 8. Bees (Apis mellifera) ===

* '''Purpose''': [[Honey]], [[pollination]], beeswax.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Langstroth Hives''': Modular boxes for honey production.
** '''Natural/Top-Bar Hives''': Less invasive, mimics wild conditions.

=== 9. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, [[wool]] (Angora), pets.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Hutch Systems''': Cages with controlled environments.
** '''Colony Raising''': Group housing for social breeds.

=== 10. Camels/Llamas/Alpacas ===

* '''Purpose''': Meat, [[milk]], fiber (alpaca [[wool]]), pack animals.
* '''Raising Methods''':
** '''Extensive Grazing''': Adapted to deserts or high-altitude regions.
** '''Fiber Farms''': Shearing alpacas/llamas for wool.

Agriculture and Horticulture

2025-05-08T16:02:39Z

Mathematician: Added Many links to other pages.

'''Agriculture''' encompasses [[Crops|crop]] and [[Livestock and Animal Management|livestock production]], [[Livestock and Animal Management#Aquaculture|aquaculture]], and [[Carpentry#Forestry|forestry]] for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby [[farming]] of domesticated species created [[Food preservation|food surpluses]] that enabled people to live in the cities. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, with <u>at least</u> 11 separate centers of origin<ref>"Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies". ''PNAS''. '''111''' (17): 6139–6146. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6139L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323964111. PMC 4035915. PMID 24757054.</ref>.

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into [[Food|foods]], fibers, [[Fuel|fuels]], and [[Raw material|raw materials]] (such as [[rubber]]). Food classes include [[Cereal crops|cereals (grains)]], vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, [[milk]], [[Chicken#Eggs|eggs]], and [[Fungiculture|fungi]].

'''Horticulture''' is more specifically the art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, [[trees]], shrubs and ornamental plants, with an emphasis on [[Scientific Method|scientific methods]], plant breeding, and technical cultivation practices.

== Basic principle ==

* '''Synergies''': [[Cereal crops|Cereals]], [[Livestock and Animal Management|livestock]], domestication of [[Plant|plants]] and animals
* '''Skills''': Plant cultivation, crop rotation, [[Compost|composting]], water management.
* '''Tools''': [[Axe]], [[shovel]], [[hoe]], [[rake]], watering can, seeds, simple [[irrigation]] systems.
<references />
[[Category:Food and Health]]

Oil

2025-05-08T15:58:42Z

Mathematician: Added Many links to other pages.

[[File:Pouring Oil.jpg|thumb|250px|Pouring oil]]

'''Oil''' is any [[Chemical compounds|chemical compound]] that is composed primarily of [[Hydrocarbon|hydrocarbons]] and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with [[water]]) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature. The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, [[properties]], and uses. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile. Oil can be for [[food]], [[fuel]], medical purposes, lubrication and the manufacture of other materials.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Hydrocarbon|Hydrocarbons]]
** '''Oil'''

== See also ==
* [[Fire]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Raw material]]

==References==
{{wa|Oil}}

[[Category:Hydrocarbons]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Medicine and Healthcare

2025-05-08T15:03:06Z

Mathematician: added category "Food and Health"

[[Medicine]]

'''Healthcare''' refers to all services, practices and systems designed to maintain, improve or restore people's health. This includes :

* Prevention: ''vaccination, screening, health education.''
* Diagnosis: ''medical examinations, laboratory analyses.''
* Treatment: ''drugs, surgery, therapies.'' This is where Medicine acts.
* Rehabilitation: ''physiotherapy, occupational therapy.''
* Palliative care: a''ccompaniment for serious illnesses or at the end of life.''
[[Category:Food and Health]]

Category:Food

2025-05-08T15:02:20Z

Mathematician: Undo revision 3724 by Mathematician (talk)

{{main|Food}}

[[Category:Categories]]

Category:Food

2025-05-08T15:00:48Z

Mathematician: added category "Food and Health"

{{main|Food}}

[[Category:Categories]]
[[Category:Food and Health]]

Food preservation

2025-05-08T14:59:36Z

Mathematician: added category "Food and Health"

[[File:PreservedFood1.jpg|thumb|250px|Preserved food]]

'''Food preservation''' includes processes that make [[food]] more resistant to microorganism growth and slow the oxidation of fats. This slows down the decomposition and rancidification process. Food preservation may also include processes that inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut during food preparation. By preserving food, food waste can be reduced, which is an important way to decrease production costs and increase the efficiency of food systems and improve food security and nutrition. Many processes designed to preserve food involve more than one food preservation method. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam, for example, involves boiling (to reduce the fruit's moisture content and to kill [[bacteria]]), sugaring (to prevent their re-growth) and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent recontamination).

==Dependencies==
*[[Food]]
**'''Food preservation'''
***[[Canning]]
***[[Heat]]
***[[Refrigeration]]
***[[Sugar]]
***Salt
***[[Drying]]
***Pickling
***[[Water]]
***[[Fermentation]]

==See also==
*[[Bacteria]]
*[[Cooking]]
*[[Fungi]]
*[[Pot-in-pot refrigerator]]
*[[Water filter]]

==References==
{{wa|Food}}
{{wa|Human_food}}

[[Category:Food preservation]]
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Food and Health]]

Agriculture and Horticulture

2025-05-08T14:58:47Z

Mathematician: added category "Food and Health"

'''Agriculture''' encompasses [[Crops|crop]] and [[Livestock and Animal Management|livestock production]], [[Livestock and Animal Management#Aquaculture|aquaculture]], and [[Carpentry#Forestry|forestry]] for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created [[Food preservation|food surpluses]] that enabled people to live in the cities. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, with at least 11 separate centers of origin<ref>"Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies". ''PNAS''. '''111''' (17): 6139–6146. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6139L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323964111. PMC 4035915. PMID 24757054.</ref>.

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into [[Food|foods]], fibers, [[Fuel|fuels]], and [[Raw material|raw materials]] (such as [[rubber]]). Food classes include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, cooking oils, meat, milk, [[Chicken#Eggs|eggs]], and [[Fungiculture|fungi]].

'''Horticulture''' is more specifically the art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs and ornamental plants, with an emphasis on scientific methods, plant breeding, and technical cultivation practices.

== Basic principle ==

* '''Synergies''': Cereals, livestock, domestication of plants and animals
* '''Skills''': Plant cultivation, crop rotation, composting, water management.
* '''Tools''': Axe, shovel, hoe, rake, watering can, seeds, simple irrigation systems.
<references />
[[Category:Food and Health]]

Hygiene

2025-05-08T14:58:13Z

Mathematician: added category "Food and Health"

'''Hygiene''' refers to all practices and conditions designed to preserve health and prevent disease, mainly by eliminating or reducing pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, etc.). This includes :

* Personal hygiene: ''hand washing, tooth brushing, body care.''
* Food hygiene: ''food preservation, cooking, cleaning utensils.''
* Environmental hygiene: ''Water sanitation, waste management, cleaning of public spaces.''
* Medical hygiene: ''instrument disinfection, sterilization, wearing gloves/masks.''
[[Category:Food and Health]]

Talk:Main Page

2025-05-07T16:17:58Z

Mathematician:

hello everyone! dragon here. this seems like a nice concept so im throwing up a talk page.

wanted to suggest a few things. should we include how-to pages? since this is a civilization rebuilder wiki, it seems relevant, and i havent seen any. i dont want to get out of hand on the simpler pages by going in detail on how to make, say, a bone burnisher on the bone page.

== How-Tos? ==

Should we include how-to sections in their relevant pages, or have them as additional pages so that we can pull from unrelated pages and relate the topics?

-----
I think how-to instructions is an absolute necessity in at least some capacity.

-fixedsyslabs

-----

The "How-To" section on the pages would be interesting, and I think the entire wiki should have "chapters" or sections based on the level of development required by the civilization to develop a technology.

It would be even more appropriate to cover the basics/essentials in the early chapters (such as shelter, food, water, healthcare...) and the more advanced aspects (like: nuclear power, aircraft, and other key elements related to heavy industry) in the later chapters according to their prerequisites.
To support my point: you first need to know how to make fire to solve your immediate problems before harnessing hydropower to perform mechanical tasks, and then generating electricity, for example. Moreover electricity isn't a prerequisite for industry if you can directly use hydropower or steam. (I don't know if that's clear enough.)

If the person who will, perhaps tomorrow, have to rebuild civilization by hand must find the tools necessary for their progress alone in a jumble of information, the initial objective of this project may not be achieved.

Variolus

-----

Yes, really this is about the How-Tos. There are pages on materials, but they are to be ingredients for the various how-to guides. Ideally, even the material pages would include, or at least link to pages on how to acquire them.

-Jehan

-----

Perhaps the creation of a system that is based on the needs that must be met by the the reader. As once basic survival is acheived then quality of life should be a focus to a point, then as the QoL needs are met the focus again shifts to understanding the why for themselves so that the Wiki remains a tool and not a crutch?

-Mathematician

-----

I believe How-to's should be included in all relevant articles and formatted as sections titled "Materials used" and "Crafting instructions" as described in the wiki's manual of style (https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Wikiciv:Manual_of_style)

-Gelsoup

-----

Adding a little more in here, true knowledge, the crucial stuff for re-developing a civilization, isn't only made from theoretical information, like turning through a book, you need some sort of practical know-how. No matter how much you describe how to nail two planks together, a step-by-step would still be very useful, if not as useful.

I also think some sort of "dependency system" would be required, like 'You need to know basic sewing and tailoring to make your own clothes', there is no need for someone to try to re-create electronic computer systems if they don't even have a basic hold on crucial stuff like farming, or health care.

-Comp nerd

-----
Unfortunately, theoretical information is all we can really provide as a wiki. All the more reason to make information as clear, practical, and accessible as possible.

As for dependencies, prerequisites are handled in the "Materials used" section and technologies dependant on the subject are placed in the "Dependencies" section. e.g "Brick" would have "Clay" in its "Materials used" section and "Clay" would have "Brick" in its "Dependencies" section. This way anyone wanting to make a specific technology could follow a chain of links in "Materials used" sections and determine every antecedent technology and the order in which to pursue them. Furthermore they would have some idea of what to do with that technology from the "Dependencies" section.

I think this is the most streamlined way of doing things; There's not much one can do to "order" a wiki, so even attempting to put things chronologically would be in vain. This egts the best result with the least fluff

-Gelsoup

== Should we include self-descriptive language in our articles? ==

Should we include language like "we use XYZ for ABC in recent times" in our articles? I think it would be nice to, in case civilization does go down, at least give people in the future a little taste of what we used to do, like and admire, like "Smartphones are a very big part of most people's life", just to preserve a little of history, as well to give some personality and context to the article

-----

I don't think we should use self-descriptive language, it can becoming damaging to objectivity. survivors using this information might end up essentially cargo culting the old days, rather than using this knowledge to create something that works well for them in their situation.

that's just my opinion, though.

-Michael B.

-----

I believe that self-descriptive language would add unnecessary clutter to the wiki. Furthermore, it would be unlikely for this wiki to be the only surviving information from us, and this cultural context (self-descriptive language) could be gathered from other sources. If anything of this nature is added, it should be in a isolated section, titled cultural relevance or something similar.

-Osborn Garcia

== How are we doing in other languages besides English? ==

Hey, just wanted to check if translation of common pages was being done, and to thank those who have indeed started that process!
-Mathematician

-----

Energetics

2025-05-07T16:13:31Z

Mathematician: Added to stubs category

The scientific study of [[Energy]].
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Main Page

2025-05-07T16:12:32Z

Mathematician: Moved Energetics into alphabetical order

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6"
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<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT>
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{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} <BR>
{{SITENAME}} currently has {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles <BR>
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{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
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| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Introduction''' </FONT>
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-Vendetta
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[[File:Le Moustier.jpg|350px|right|borderless]]
'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
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| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''
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{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
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* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#f2f5fd; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
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| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Articles that need expanding'''
|-
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<div style="column-count:6">
* [[Bellows]]
* [[Biomass]]
* [[Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Canning]]
* [[Cement]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Energetics]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Generator]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrocarbon]]
* [[Ice]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Panning]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Pig iron]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Pump drill]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Scrap]]
* [[Scrap copper]]
* [[Scrap iron]]
* [[Scrap steel]]
* [[Seawater]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Water filter]]
* [[Wheel]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Wrought iron]]
* [[Zeolite]]
* [[Zinc]]
</div>
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Requested articles'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:4">
* [[Agate]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Bromine]]
* [[Caesium]]
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Dirt]]
* [[Duct tape]]
* [[Engine]]
* [[Feldspar]]
* [[Furnace]]
* [[Gallium]]
* [[Glycerine]]
* [[Iron pyrite]]
* [[Jasper]]
* [[Manganese oxide]]
* [[Mirror]]
* [[Molybdenum]]
* [[Oven]]
* [[Vanadium]]
* [[Rubidium]]
</div>
|}

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[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord!</big>] <br>
[[Wikiciv:Volunteers|<big>Join Wikiciv!</big>]]
* [https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Special:AllPages All Pages]
* [[Wikiciv:About|About Wikiciv]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Editing|How to edit on Media Wiki]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:InstantCommons|Adding Images from Wikimedia Commons]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style|Manual of style]]
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* [[Wikiciv:Resources|Resources]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do|To do]]
* Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''
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Petroleum

2025-05-07T16:10:30Z

Mathematician: /* See also */ Added Coke(Fuel)

[[File:Pouring Petroleum.jpg|thumb|250px|Pouring petroleum]]

'''Petroleum''', also known as '''crude oil''' and '''oil''', is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological formations. It is commonly refined into various [[fuel]]s and chemicals. Components of petroleum are separated by means of distillation. Petroleum mainly consists of [[Hydrocarbon|hydrocarbons]] as well as traces of other organic compounds. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and [[algae]], are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both prolonged heat and pressure.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Hydrocarbon|Hydrocarbons]]
** '''Petroleum'''

== See also ==
* [[Fire]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Coke(Fuel)]]

== References ==
{{wa|Petroleum}}

[[Category:Hydrocarbons]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Coal

2025-05-07T16:09:19Z

Mathematician: /* See also */ added Coke(Fuel)

{{distinguish|Charcoal}}
[[File:Coal Transported to the nearby Meremere Power Station, 1966.jpg|thumb|250px|Maramarua Open Cast Coal Mine in New Zealand, 1966]]

'''Coal''' is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly [[carbon]] with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly [[hydrogen]], [[sulfur]], [[oxygen]], and [[nitrogen]]. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into [[peat]] and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. Coal is primarily used as a [[fuel]]. Coal is very soft ranking from 2 to 4 on the Mohs hardness scale, while sandstone ranks from 5 to 7.

== Materials needed ==
Coal is a naturally occurring material

== Crafting instruction ==
Coal is extracted from mines

== Uses ==
Because of its hot, consistent burning temperature and relative abundance, coal has had widespread use across history in heating, metalworking and powering coal [[Engine|engines]]. coal burns at a higher temperature than wood, and so allowed for easier production of [[iron]] and other metals. This high temperature also allowed for particularly high pressures to be achieved in steam engines with a lower volume of fuel. This ease of energy extraction was the basis of the industrial revolution.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Carbon]]
* [[Peat]]
** '''Coal'''
** [[Fuel]]

== See also ==
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Coke(Fuel)]]
* [[Activated charcoal]]
* [[Carbon dioxide]]
*[[Charcoal]]
*[[Fire]]

== References ==
{{wa|Coal}}

[[Category:Fuel]]
[[Category:Hydrocarbons]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Calcium carbide

2025-05-07T16:04:48Z

Mathematician: Fact checked and added categories

<big>Calcium carbide (also known as calcium acetylide) is a chemical compound with the formula [[Calcium|Ca]][[Carbon|C]]<sub>2</sub>. It is a colorless or white powder, however it is grey/brow/black crystals if impure.</big>

= <big>Production</big> =
It is made by heating a mixture of [[lime|lime (calcium oxide)]] and [[Coke(Fuel)|coke (fuel)]] to upwards of 2200°C. Although this can be achieved at slightly lower temperatures, the carbon monoxide will not decompose or react with substances in the air, thus creating a hazard. This is <u>not</u> recommended with traditional combustion (such as wood [[Kiln|kilns]] or open [[Fire|flames]]) due to difficulties in attaining a high temperature for a sufficiently long duration, instead use of a method such as an [[electric arc furnace]] is encouraged.

'''[[Lime|CaO]]() + 3 [[Carbon|C]](s) → [[Calcium|Ca]][[Carbon|C]]<sub>2</sub>() + [[Carbon monoxide|CO]](g)'''

= <big>Uses</big> =
<big>[[Acetylene]] and [[calcium hydroxide]] production through the reaction with water</big>.

'''[[Calcium|Ca]][[Carbon|C]]<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2 [[Water|H<sub>2</sub>O(]]<nowiki/>l) → [[Acetylene|C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>]](g) + [[Calcium|Ca]]([[Hydroxide|OH]])<sub>2</sub>(aq)'''
[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Coke(Fuel)

2025-05-07T16:03:11Z

Mathematician: Created page

A derivative of [[coal]] or [[petroleum]] that is commonly used in production or refinement of materials where a sustained high temperature is required.
[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
[[Category:Fuel]]
[[Category:Processed materials]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Wikiciv:To do

2025-05-07T15:21:04Z

Mathematician: /* Articles that need categorizing */ Cleared as all present articles now have categories, 0923, 07, May, 2025

Non-comprehensive list of tasks remaining to be done in Wikiciv.

== Articles that need to be created ==
<div style="column-count:4">
* [[Algae]]
* [[Bacteria]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Boron]]
* [[Ceramic glaze]]
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Ethanol]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Furnace]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Gravity]]
* [[Iodine]]
* [[Latex]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Mold]]
* [[Mortar]]
* [[Oven]]
* [[Pine]]
* [[Seawater]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Technology]]
* [[Twine]]
* [[Water filter]]
* [[Wheel]]
* [[Sulfuric acid ]]
</div>

== Articles that need expanding ==
{{main|:Category:Stubs}}
<div style="column-count:6">
* [[Bellows]]
* [[Biomass]]
* [[Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Canning]]
* [[Carbonic Acid]]
* [[Cement]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Generator]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrocarbon]]
* [[Ice]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Methane]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Panning]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Pig iron]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Pump drill]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Scrap]]
* [[Scrap copper]]
* [[Scrap iron]]
* [[Scrap paper]]
* [[Scrap steel]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Sugar]]
* [[Sword]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Wrought iron]]
* [[Zeolite]]
* [[Zinc]]
* [[Crops]]
</div>

== Articles that need categorizing ==
{{main|:Category:Uncategorized articles}}
<div style="column-count:2">
*
</div>

== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:About]]
* [[Wikiciv:Copyrights]]
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Crime

2025-05-07T15:08:22Z

Mathematician: Added category: Stubs

A crime is a activity that doesn't follow the law

this can be represented by theft, murder, etc
[[Category:Social Development]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Crime

2025-05-07T15:07:44Z

Mathematician: Added category of "Social Development", I fully expect this to remain a small category.

A crime is a activity that doesn't follow the law

this can be represented by theft, murder, etc
[[Category:Social Development]]

Math

2025-05-06T05:04:18Z

Mathematician: Added category. We'll need it.

Math, or Mathematics, is the term used for the science of numbers, whether just for Math (Pure Mathematics) or to be used in other fields (Applied Mathematics).

== Mathematical Symbols ==
There are some symbols that are utilized in Mathematics that are not found elsewhere, such as:

* = : The equals sign. This symbol means that the values of the numbers on both sides of it are the same.
* + : The plus sign. This means that the values of the numbers on either sides are going to be combined.
* - : The minus sign. This means that the value of one number is going to be removed from the other.
* % : The percent sign. This dictates that the number preceding it is a percentage of something out of 100.
* * or x : The multiplication or "times" sign. This means that the values of the numbers on either sides of it are going to be multiplied together, making a larger value.
* / : The division sign. This means that the value of the numbers are going to be reduced by how many times one number can be put into the other.

== Basic Mathematics ==

=== Addition ===
Addition is the act of adding one number to another. One and one is two, or ''1+1=2''.

=== Subtraction ===
Subtraction is the act of removing value from a number. Five taken away from six is one, or ''6-5=1''.

=== Multiplication ===
Multiplication is the act of multiplying one number's value by another, or increasing the value by that many times. Five multiplied by two is ten, or ''5*2=10''. This is often said as "times", or "five times two", as in "if you take five two times, you have ten".

It is also easily interpreted as repeated addition, using the previous example; ''5*2''. We can add five, two times: ''5+5 = 10'', '''OR''' we can add two, five <u>times</u>, ''2+2+2+2+2= 10''.

=== Division ===
Division is the act of dividing a number's value by another, or reducing the value to how many times that value can go into it. Ten divided by two is five, or 10/2=5.

==== A Division Example in Story Form ====
It is also easily visualized by imagining one is at a meal (bread and cheese), and that each person must receive an equal portion. To achieve this requires division, so you go around the table handing out pieces of bread and cheese one at a time, but suddenly... you have one portion of bread and cheese remaining to distribute to five people, there are two basic options:

# Leave a ''"''Remainder''"'' for the host, letting them keep the extra bread and cheese all to themselves.
# Split the last portion of bread and cheese in five to share evenly, making <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub> portions (one fifth or 0.2 of a portion).

== Advanced Mathematics ==

=== Functions ===
Functions are a part of Mathematics that describe the action(s) preformed on an "input". The result of a function is an "output". Any Mathematical operation done is a form of function, including counting (referred to formally as succession). There are many ways to represent functions, the most common being; '''Function Notation, Algebraic, Graphical,''' within a '''Table,''' or using '''Natural Language'''.

=== Axioms ===
Axioms are the most fundamental aspect of Mathematics, being the basic rules that are assumed to be always true. Most separate categories of Math are made distinct by additional or altered axioms being present, the most noticed example being in lower level Physics<ref>[[:Category:Physics]]</ref> where additional axioms are added to account for universal Laws and context based simplification.

=== Constants ===
Closely related to axioms are the less fundamental constants, simply put these are values that are extremely common to the point that they are assigned a Mathematical/Alphabetical symbol. Common examples include; the ratio of a circle's circumference divided by its diameter: ''π'', the speed of light: ''c'', the imaginary number: ''ί,'' Euler's number: ''e'', and the golden ratio: ''φ''.
<references />
[[Category:Maths]]

Black powder

2025-05-06T04:56:16Z

Mathematician: Added Section: Attached Mathematics/Physics

[[File:Black Powder-1.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Black powder in a glass jar]]
'''Black powder''', also known as '''gunpowder''', is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of [[sulfur]], [[carbon]] (in the form of [[charcoal]]) and [[potassium nitrate]] (saltpetre or saltpeter). The sulfur and carbon act as [[fuel]]s while the saltpetre is an oxidizer. Gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, and road building.

Ignition of gunpowder packed behind a [[projectile]] generates enough pressure to force the shot from the muzzle at high speed, but usually not enough force to rupture the gun barrel. It thus makes a good propellant, but is less suitable for shattering rock or fortifications with its low-yield explosive power. Nonetheless it was widely used to fill fused artillery shells (and used in mining and civil engineering projects) until the first high explosives were put into use.

the exact chemical mix varies but the widely accepted best and most efficient is 75% saltpetre (potassium nitrate) 15% charcoal 10% sulfur the mixing and constancy of the gun powder is important generally the finer the individual particles are the higher performance

== Materials used ==
[[Saltpeter]] (potassium nitrate)

Softwood [[charcoal]]

[[Sulfur]]

== Crafting method ==
Mix 75% potassium nitrate (known as saltpeter or saltpetre), 15% softwood charcoal, and 10% sulfur. Keep away from open flame

== Uses ==
Gun powder is classified as a low explosive, as the shockwave it produces is slower than the speed of sound (called deflagration, as opposed to explosion, for shockwaves faster than the speed of sound). This made it ideal for use in firearms, where a high explosive would damage the weapons and potentially the user. It has also been used in mining and excavation, as blasting powder, but was replaced by high explosives in this regard.

==Dependencies==
*[[Saltpeter]]
**[[Black powder]]

== Attached Mathematics/Physics ==

* [[Trigonometry]]
* [[Dimensional Analysis]]
* [[Pyrotechnics]]
* [[Energetics]]

==See also==
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Fire]]
* [[Nitroglycerin]]
* [[Explosives]]
* Smokeless powder

==References==
{{wa|Gunpowder}}

[[Category:Explosives]]

Main Page

2025-05-06T04:54:33Z

Mathematician: added Energetics to Articles that need expanding

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6"
|-
| colspan="2" |
<HR width="0">
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<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT>
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{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} <BR>
{{SITENAME}} currently has {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles <BR>
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{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Introduction''' </FONT>
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-Vendetta
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[[File:Le Moustier.jpg|350px|right|borderless]]
'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''

Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].
|}
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''
|}
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"
|-
|
* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.

|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#f2f5fd; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Articles that need expanding'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:6">
* [[Bellows]]
* [[Biomass]]
* [[Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Canning]]
* [[Cement]]
* [[Club]]
* [[Coal]]
* [[Combined cycle plant]]
* [[Coriander]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Generator]]
* [[Graphite]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Hammer]]
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrocarbon]]
* [[Ice]]
* [[Leather]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Linen]]
* [[Match]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nylon]]
* [[Oil]]
* [[Panning]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Pig iron]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Pump drill]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Rawhide]]
* [[Refrigeration]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandpaper]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Scrap]]
* [[Scrap copper]]
* [[Scrap iron]]
* [[Scrap steel]]
* [[Seawater]]
* [[Shovel]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Torch]]
* [[Water filter]]
* [[Wheel]]
* [[Wool]]
* [[Wrought iron]]
* [[Zeolite]]
* [[Zinc]]
* [[Energetics]]
</div>
|-
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Requested articles'''
|-
|
<div style="column-count:4">
* [[Agate]]
* [[Battery]]
* [[Bromine]]
* [[Caesium]]
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Dirt]]
* [[Duct tape]]
* [[Engine]]
* [[Feldspar]]
* [[Furnace]]
* [[Gallium]]
* [[Glycerine]]
* [[Iron pyrite]]
* [[Jasper]]
* [[Manganese oxide]]
* [[Mirror]]
* [[Molybdenum]]
* [[Oven]]
* [[Vanadium]]
* [[Rubidium]]
</div>
|}

{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"
|-
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif |
<FONT SIZE="+1">'''Getting started'''</FONT><P>
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord!</big>] <br>
[[Wikiciv:Volunteers|<big>Join Wikiciv!</big>]]
* [https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Special:AllPages All Pages]
* [[Wikiciv:About|About Wikiciv]]
* [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Editing|How to edit on Media Wiki]]
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style|Manual of style]]
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* [[Wikiciv:Resources|Resources]]
* [[Wikiciv:To do|To do]]
* Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''
|}
|}

Energetics

2025-05-06T04:52:06Z

Mathematician: Created page

The scientific study of [[Energy]].
[[Category:Physics]]

Mirror

2025-05-06T04:36:08Z

Mathematician: Added Section: Attached Mathematics

[[File:Egypt, New Kingdom, Dynasty 18 - Caryatid Mirror - 1983.196 - Cleveland Museum of Art.png|thumb|200px|Bronze mirror, New Kingdom of Egypt, Eighteenth Dynasty, 1540–1296 BC, Cleveland Museum of Art (U.S.)]]
'''Mirrors''' are objects with reflective surfaces.

== History ==
The earliest manufactured mirrors were produced by polishing stone such as obsidian, a volcanic glass. Obsidian's high melting point would prevent prehistoric people from reshaping these mirrors so they would likely be small. Obsidian is also brittle so these mirrors would be fragile.

In the Bronze Age, mirrors started being produced by polishing pieces of copper, tin, silver, or other metals. Metals are more durable than stone and can more easily be reshaped, but tarnish with exposure to air and would need to be polished again over time.

In the Middle Ages, mirrors started being produced by depositing tin onto sheets of glass. The glass would be used as the front surface of the mirror to protect the metal and prevent tarnishing. Mercury vapor was often used to deposit the tin, making this process hazardous to workers.

In the Industrial Revolution, mirrors started being produced by reducing a solution of silver nitrate in water onto sheets of glass (used in Tollen's test). This remains the most widely used method of mirror production as the amount of silver required is very low, keeping costs reasonable.

Since 1920, mirrors for optical and scientific purposes have been made by sputtering metals such as aluminum directly onto glass. This is more expensive than the wet silver deposition process so is not found in standard mirrors.

[[File:Parabolic Mirror Fire Starter.jpg|thumb|200px|Parabolic mirrors shown reflecting and focusing sunlight.]]
== Fire Starting ==

Concave mirrors such as parabolic mirrors can be used to focus sunlight and ignite carbon-containing materials.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Obsidian]]
* [[Bronze]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Tin]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Glass]]

== Attached Mathematics ==

* [[Geometry]]: circles and spheres
* [[Trigonometry]]
* [[Algebra]]
* [[Dimensional Analysis]]

== References ==
{{wa|mirror}}

[[Category:Tools]]
[[Category:Fire]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Wikiciv:Volunteers

2025-05-06T04:17:40Z

Mathematician:

The following is a list of volunteers in Wikiciv. If you wish to contribute to the project, add your name by writing <nowiki>* --~~~~</nowiki> below!

* [[User:Jehan]]
* [[User:Signore Galilei]]
* [[User:Uri]]
* [[User:Oscar]]
* [[User:PolarTwin]]
* [[User:CTabarrok]]
* [[User:CASSIE]]
* [[User:Noonynoonynoo]]
* [[User:Shrimpsooup]]
* [[User:Mathematician|Mathematician]] ([[User talk:Mathematician|talk]]) 04:17, 6 May 2025 (UTC)

== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Mathematics

2025-05-06T04:15:01Z

Mathematician: Created page redirect to main topic page.

#REDIRECT [[Math]]
''Redirects to:'' [[Math]]

__NOEDITSECTION__

User:Mathematician

2025-05-06T04:07:47Z

Mathematician:

As is shown by the name, I love Mathematics with a passion. Should Mathematics be needed in any article, or in need of review, let me know and I'll pop over and do my thing.

Mathematician, Out.

User:Mathematician

2025-05-06T04:07:09Z

Mathematician:

As is shown by the name, I love Mathematics with a passion. Should Mathematics be needed in any article, or in need of review, let me know and I'll pop over and do my thing.

, Mathematician, Out.

User:Mathematician

2025-05-06T04:06:50Z

Mathematician: Made my user page, come check it out!

As is shown by the name, I love Mathematics with a passion. Should Mathematics be needed in any article, or in need of review let me know and I'll pop over and do my thing.

, Mathematician, Out.

Talk:Math

2025-05-06T03:54:56Z

Mathematician:

Hi,

Division can be ambiguous when we use the / symbol as shorthand. Should we get some fancier rendering techniques? Or maybe just encode images, so that we can show the order of operations more specifically?

What, precisely, is the purpose of this wiki? If it needs to be usable via non-sighted people, then we'd need to make sure the division examples work with a screen reader if we did go with other rendering techniques.

Response: The use of LaTeX or similar rendering techniques may be viable in addition to text based examples, perhaps that is worth looking into.
--Mathematician

Math

2025-05-06T03:47:26Z

Mathematician: Renamed Section: Complex Math --> Advanced Mathematics, Added to Section: Advanced Mathematics

Math

2025-05-06T02:49:09Z

Mathematician: /* Multiplication */

Math, or mathematics, is the term used for the science of numbers.

== Mathematical symbols ==
There are some symbols that are utilized in mathematics that are not found elsewhere, such as:

* = : The equals sign. This symbol means that the values of the numbers on both sides of it are the same.
* + : The plus sign. This means that the values of the numbers on either sides are going to be combined.
* - : The minus sign. This means that the value of one number is going to be removed from the other.
* % : The percent sign. This dictates that the number preceding it is a percentage of something out of 100.
* * or x : The multiplication or "times" sign. This means that the values of the numbers on either sides of it are going to be multiplied together, making a larger value.
* / : The division sign. This means that the value of the numbers are going to be reduced by how many times one number can be put into the other.

== Basic math ==

=== Addition ===
Addition is the act of adding one number to another. One and one is two, or ''1+1=2''.

=== Subtraction ===
Subtraction is the act of removing value from a number. Five taken away from six is one, or ''6-5=1''.

=== Multiplication ===
Multiplication is the act of multiplying one number's value by another, or increasing the value by that many times. Five multiplied by two is ten, or ''5*2=10''. This is often said as "times", or "five times two", as in "if you take five two times, you have ten".

It is also easily interpreted as repeated addition, using the previous example; ''5*2''. We can add five, two times: ''5+5 = 10'', '''OR''' we can add two, five <u>times</u>, ''2+2+2+2+2= 10''.

=== Division ===
Division is the act of dividing a number's value by another, or reducing the value to how many times that value can go into it. Ten divided by two is five, or 10/2=5.

==== A Division Example in Story Form ====
It is also easily visualized by imagining one is at a meal (bread and cheese), and that each person must receive an equal portion. To achieve this requires division, so you go around the table handing out pieces of bread and cheese one at a time, but suddenly... you have one portion of bread and cheese remaining to distribute to five people, there are two basic options:

# Leave a ''"''Remainder''"'' for the host, letting them keep the extra bread and cheese all to themselves.
# Split the last portion of bread and cheese in five to share evenly, making <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub> portions (one fifth or 0.2 of a portion).

== Complex math ==
Functions. Graphs. Parabola.