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groups wikis by language, wiki-engine, edit mode and topical tags.</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Penicillin&diff=6392Penicillin2025-08-29T11:45:42Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Penicillin Production at the Royal Navy Medical School, Clevedon, Somerset, 1944 A25174.jpg|thumb|Mass production of penicillin in flasks.]]<br />
Penicillins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics produced by the mold species ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' and ''P. rubens'', which were first discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Penicillin has a long history of use, ever since 1939 when it was first isolated by a team lead by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, and was the second antibacterial drug to be used in humans, after the compound sulfanilamide. Penicillin is much safer, much more potent, and more broad spectrum than sulfanilamide, allowing it to be used in many more infections.<br />
<br />
However it should be noted that some infections will not respond to penicillin. This may be due to innate immunity of the bacterium or from developed resistance to the effects of the drug. Most forms of bacterial GI tract infections do not respond to treatment with penicillin (although, fortunately, many will respond to sulfonamide treatment). Most forms of pneumonia, meningitis, and gangrene respond well to treatment with penicillin. There is no universal way of knowing how effective penicillin will be without possessing a culture of the bacterium. If a culture has been produced, however, it is simple to form dilutions of the antibiotic and assay its efficacy by that manner. This also helps in the process of calculating doses and allows for as much of the precious drug to be conserved as possible.<br />
<br />
== Resistance ==<br />
Seeing as penicillin is such an old and widely used antibiotic, resistance to it is relatively widespread among infectious bacteria. The most notable penicillin-resistant bacterium is ''Staphylococcus aureus'', a very common cause of wound infections. In fact, most ''Staphylococcus spp.'' now possess some degree of resistance to penicillin. Streptococci have been much slower in developing resistance, and penicillin may still be used to treat streptococcal pneumonia, the most common form of pneumonia, and scarlet fever. However, some strains of ''S. pneumoniae'' have managed to develop resistance.<br />
<br />
Developed resistance is not the only source of problems, however. Certain bacteria have an innate resistance to it. The most clinically significant class of these are the enterobacteria, pathogenic and symbiotic members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria are common causes of bacterial diarrhea, both opportunistic and otherwise. ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', a soil bacterium commonly implicated in wound infections characterized by a greenish-blue exudate, have long had penicillin resistance and many strains are in fact multi-drug resistant.<br />
<br />
Perhaps the most consequential bacterium with innate resistance, however, is ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' the causative agent of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is infamously difficult to treat, and even today, the only way to cure the infection is with a harsh cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics and antituberculars. Penicillin is wholly ineffective at treating tuberculosis.<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Penicillins are a relatively simple class of antibiotics to produce. ''Penicillium spp.'' are cosmopolitan in their distribution, are easily cultured, and they are very harmless. In addition, ''Penicillium spp.'' are unique in their morphology relative to other genus, making it much easier to identify the mold. Bear in mind that the following procedure will produce penicillin G (see ''Use'' section below).<br />
<br />
<br />
===Mold Identification===<br />
The first step to the production of penicillin is to identify the mold. ''Penicillium spp.'' generally like to grow in acidic environments, and thus the classic story of an ultra-high producing strain being discovered on an Illinois cantaloupe is not without merit, as cantaloupes are mildly acidic fruits. Although morphology could easily be used to differentiate geni, ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' would be difficult to discern from other species of ''Penicillium'' from morphology. Therefore, it makes sense to make use of its antibiotic production to identify it. Simply cultivate the mold to be tested along with some bacterium known to be susceptible to penicillin in Petri dishes. Lactococci and Streptcocci (from fermented milk products and saliva, respectively) work well for this purpose, however care must be taken when handling the latter, which can be pathogenic. If the mold is penicillin-producing, the characteristic "lytic ring" will form around the mold colony (a ring with no bacterial growth) and the agar will turn a golden yellow. Once this activity is identified, simply subculture the mold which will be used in the next step.<br />
<br />
==Materials and Equipment==<br />
<br />
===Bioreactor Selection===<br />
Now it is necessarily to select the container to be used in the cultivation of the mold. This is of greater importance than one might imagine, as using an improperly chosen container will massively impair yield. Most forms of ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' are top fermenting, meaning that they will not grow in media even if it is aerated. Seeing, in addition, that it is unlikely that complex aeration equipment would be available to anyone seeking to rebuild society, it is necessary to rely on the mold's natural inclination to grow at the top of the culture medium. However, this poses new problems, as it means that only the topmost section of the broth will be colonized by the mold. Therefore, the containers in which the mold is cultivated must be relatively flat. Florey and Chain used modified bedpans placed on bookshelves to produce the massive amounts of culture necessary for their experiments.<ref>UK Central Office of Information (1964). ''[https://wellcomecollection.org/works/gktfmeyt The Discovery of Penicillin]''</ref><br />
<br />
===Culture Medium===<br />
Next, one must select the culture medium to be used for the production. The culture which Florey and Chain used was Czapek-Dox medium, a medium composed primarily of sucrose and [[Saltpeter|potassium nitrate]] with some substances to provide ions and buffer the solution, however, this is a very inefficient way of growing the mold. For reasons still not entirely known, surface cultures using a by-product of corn processing called corn steep liquor allows for a truly monumental increase in yield, from 5 to 20 times more penicillin than Czapek-Dox medium.<ref>Moyer, A.J. (1946).''https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/jb.51.1.79-93.1946?utm_source=chatgpt.com''</ref> It is '''very''' important to note that [[Distillation|distilled]] water must be used for all preparations made for the cultivation of ''Penicillium chrysogenum''. While the mold is scarcely affected by metal ions in water, the penicillin it produces very much is, to the point that even a bit of metallic contamination can completely spoil an entire batch.<ref>Fleming, Alexander (1946). ''[https://archive.org/details/penicillin0000unse Penicillin, Its Practical Application]''</ref> This medium is then inoculated with the mold previously isolated.<br />
<br />
'''Example Medium Ingredients'''<br />
<br />
In 1 liter of sterile distilled water, dissolve:<br />
* 15 g yeast extract<br />
* 10 g malt extract<br />
* 10 g peptone<br />
* 10 g glucose<br />
* 35 g lactose<br />
* 3 g ammonium nitrate<br />
* 4 g monopotassium phosphate<br />
Mix thoroughly and add a magnetic stir bar.<br />
<br />
==Culturing==<br />
===Simple Culturing===<br />
The mold is then grown at room temperature (the mold is very hardy and does not require temperature controls). After approximately 10 days, the mycelium will have completely colonized the broth.<br />
<br />
===Bioreactor Culturing===<br />
<br />
====Reactor Setup and Sterilization====<br />
# Transfer the media into a 1.5 L autoclavable bioreactor.<br />
# Cap with sterile silicone covers for all hose barbs.<br />
# Autoclave the entire reactor assembly.<br />
# Allow to cool completely.<br />
<br />
====Inoculation====<br />
# Inside a sterile environment, inject overnight mold culture via the inoculation port.<br />
# Replace silicone caps on inlet/outlet ports with sterile tubing and inline 0.2 µm filters.<br />
<br />
====Fermentation====<br />
# Set bioreactor conditions to:<br />
:* Temperature: 25°C<br />
:* Stirring: Continuous (magnetic stir)<br />
:* Duration: 7–10 days (longer may improve yield)<br />
# Observe formation of a thick mold mass (pelle).<br />
<br />
====Harvesting Culture====<br />
# Open the bioreactor. Use glass rods to remove the thick mold mat (resembles scrambled eggs).<br />
# Transfer mass to a secondary beaker.<br />
# Filter liquid phase through a fritted funnel.<br />
# Rinse mold mass with fresh water, stir, and filter again.<br />
# Combine filtrates.<br />
<br />
===Acid-Base Extraction===<br />
Pure penicillin G is a water-insoluble, acidic compound, so it can be quite easily separated from solution by first acidifying the broth and extracting with an immiscible solvent. Traditionally diethyl ether, chloroform and DCM would also work, and even ethyl acetate could be substituted, although with a significant loss of yield. Next, the immiscible solvent would be separated from the broth and the penicillin rendered soluble in water with a base (typically sodium or potassium carbonate, as hydroxides are too harsh and will destroy the unstable penicillin). This process would continue multiple times, transferring the penicillin between diethyl ether and water. At the end, the diethyl ether could be evaporated and a crude form of penicillin would be left. An example process is below:<br />
<br />
====Acidify and Salt====<br />
# Add:<br />
:* 40 g ammonium sulfate<br />
:* 100 g sodium chloride<br />
# Slowly add hydrochloric acid until pH reaches 2–3.<br />
<br />
====Organic Extraction====<br />
# Add 150 mL ethyl acetate.<br />
# Mix thoroughly to extract penicillin into organic layer.<br />
# Transfer to separatory funnel.<br />
# Allow layers to separate. Collect organic (upper) layer.<br />
<br />
====Optional: Pigment Removal====<br />
# Add activated charcoal.<br />
# Stir and filter through cotton or filter paper.<br />
Note: Regular charcoal is ineffective.<br />
<br />
====Back-Extraction====<br />
# Prepare 30 mL water adjusted to pH 8 using sodium carbonate.<br />
# Add to organic layer. Mix well.<br />
# Use separatory funnel to recover aqueous layer.<br />
# This is your crude penicillin solution.<br />
<br />
====Final Purification====<br />
# Freeze-dry the aqueous extract.<br />
# Recover powder.<br />
# Typical yield: ~125 mg/L (low on first attempt; optimize growth for more)<br />
<br />
===Testing ===<br />
This penicillin, although no longer toxic, would still require further purification to be used with absolute safety, as in this form it has a much higher chance of causing anaphylactic shock. This purification would typically be in the form of a chromatography column. However, it is nonetheless pure enough to have the chance of helping more than it injures when injected, which the broth obviously could never do. Below are instructions for bioactivity confirmation:<br />
<br />
====Plate Setup====<br />
# Prepare sterile LB agar plate.<br />
# Spread E. coli lawn evenly.<br />
<br />
====Disk Diffusion====<br />
# Sterile filter paper disc: Add 20 µL of penicillin solution.<br />
# Place onto bacterial lawn.<br />
# Incubate overnight.<br />
<br />
====Result Interpretation====<br />
* Look for a clear "dead zone" around the disc.<br />
* This indicates antibiotic activity.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
Not all penicillins are created equal and some are more useful than others for certain applications. The majority of penicillin produced by the mold is penicillin G. Penicillin G is ''not'' bioavailable orally and is almost entirely destroyed by the stomach acid. As a consequence of this, penicillin G must always be injected, typically intravenously, as it is extremely painful to inject the soluble salt into a muscle (it is, nonetheless, not typically dangerous to do it this way).<br />
<br />
The form of penicillin most people are familiar with is penicillin V, which is a chemical modification of penicillin G which allows it to be bioavailable. It would be almost entirely impossible to produce penicillin V on a small scale, and so any attempted treatment with penicillin necessitates the use of IV injection. This is one major reason why penicillin should only be used when absolutely necessary. Not only is it incredibly difficult to produce, it also requires the use of IV injection, often in situations where modern sanitation and sterilization standards are impractical or impossible.<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
==Verifications==<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOrRQtA8BsY ''I Grew Real Penicillin from MOLD''], The Thought Emporium, YouTube, May 5, 2025. Duration: 18:50.<br />
[[Category:Food and Health]]<br />
[[Category:Fungi]]<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Penicillin&diff=6391Penicillin2025-08-29T11:45:04Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Penicillin Production at the Royal Navy Medical School, Clevedon, Somerset, 1944 A25174.jpg|thumb|Mass production of penicillin in flasks.]]<br />
Penicillins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics produced by the mold species ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' and ''P. rubens'', which were first discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Penicillin has a long history of use, ever since 1939 when it was first isolated by a team lead by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, and was the second antibacterial drug to be used in humans, after the compound sulfanilamide. Penicillin is much safer, much more potent, and more broad spectrum than sulfanilamide, allowing it to be used in many more infections.<br />
<br />
However it should be noted that some infections will not respond to penicillin. This may be due to innate immunity of the bacterium or from developed resistance to the effects of the drug. Most forms of bacterial GI tract infections do not respond to treatment with penicillin (although, fortunately, many will respond to sulfonamide treatment). Most forms of pneumonia, meningitis, and gangrene respond well to treatment with penicillin. There is no universal way of knowing how effective penicillin will be without possessing a culture of the bacterium. If a culture has been produced, however, it is simple to form dilutions of the antibiotic and assay its efficacy by that manner. This also helps in the process of calculating doses and allows for as much of the precious drug to be conserved as possible.<br />
<br />
== Resistance ==<br />
Seeing as penicillin is such an old and widely used antibiotic, resistance to it is relatively widespread among infectious bacteria. The most notable penicillin-resistant bacterium is ''Staphylococcus aureus'', a very common cause of wound infections. In fact, most ''Staphylococcus spp.'' now possess some degree of resistance to penicillin. Streptococci have been much slower in developing resistance, and penicillin may still be used to treat streptococcal pneumonia, the most common form of pneumonia, and scarlet fever. However, some strains of ''S. pneumoniae'' have managed to develop resistance.<br />
<br />
Developed resistance is not the only source of problems, however. Certain bacteria have an innate resistance to it. The most clinically significant class of these are the enterobacteria, pathogenic and symbiotic members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria are common causes of bacterial diarrhea, both opportunistic and otherwise. ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', a soil bacterium commonly implicated in wound infections characterized by a greenish-blue exudate, have long had penicillin resistance and many strains are in fact multi-drug resistant.<br />
<br />
Perhaps the most consequential bacterium with innate resistance, however, is ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' the causative agent of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is infamously difficult to treat, and even today, the only way to cure the infection is with a harsh cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics and antituberculars. Penicillin is wholly ineffective at treating tuberculosis.<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Penicillins are a relatively simple class of antibiotics to produce. ''Penicillium spp.'' are cosmopolitan in their distribution, are easily cultured, and they are very harmless. In addition, ''Penicillium spp.'' are unique in their morphology relative to other genus, making it much easier to identify the mold. Bear in mind that the following procedure will produce penicillin G (see ''Use'' section below).<br />
<br />
<br />
===Mold Identification===<br />
The first step to the production of penicillin is to identify the mold. ''Penicillium spp.'' generally like to grow in acidic environments, and thus the classic story of an ultra-high producing strain being discovered on an Illinois cantaloupe is not without merit, as cantaloupes are mildly acidic fruits. Although morphology could easily be used to differentiate geni, ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' would be difficult to discern from other species of ''Penicillium'' from morphology. Therefore, it makes sense to make use of its antibiotic production to identify it. Simply cultivate the mold to be tested along with some bacterium known to be susceptible to penicillin in Petri dishes. Lactococci and Streptcocci (from fermented milk products and saliva, respectively) work well for this purpose, however care must be taken when handling the latter, which can be pathogenic. If the mold is penicillin-producing, the characteristic "lytic ring" will form around the mold colony (a ring with no bacterial growth) and the agar will turn a golden yellow. Once this activity is identified, simply subculture the mold which will be used in the next step.<br />
<br />
==Materials and Equipment==<br />
<br />
===Bioreactor Selection===<br />
Now it is necessarily to select the container to be used in the cultivation of the mold. This is of greater importance than one might imagine, as using an improperly chosen container will massively impair yield. Most forms of ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' are top fermenting, meaning that they will not grow in media even if it is aerated. Seeing, in addition, that it is unlikely that complex aeration equipment would be available to anyone seeking to rebuild society, it is necessary to rely on the mold's natural inclination to grow at the top of the culture medium. However, this poses new problems, as it means that only the topmost section of the broth will be colonized by the mold. Therefore, the containers in which the mold is cultivated must be relatively flat. Florey and Chain used modified bedpans placed on bookshelves to produce the massive amounts of culture necessary for their experiments.<ref>UK Central Office of Information (1964). ''[https://wellcomecollection.org/works/gktfmeyt The Discovery of Penicillin]''</ref><br />
<br />
===Culture Medium===<br />
Next, one must select the culture medium to be used for the production. The culture which Florey and Chain used was Czapek-Dox medium, a medium composed primarily of sucrose and [[Saltpeter|potassium nitrate]] with some substances to provide ions and buffer the solution, however, this is a very inefficient way of growing the mold. For reasons still not entirely known, surface cultures using a by-product of corn processing called corn steep liquor allows for a truly monumental increase in yield, from 5 to 20 times more penicillin than Czapek-Dox medium.<ref>Moyer, A.J. (1946).''https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/jb.51.1.79-93.1946?utm_source=chatgpt.com''</ref> It is '''very''' important to note that [[Distillation|distilled]] water must be used for all preparations made for the cultivation of ''Penicillium chrysogenum''. While the mold is scarcely affected by metal ions in water, the penicillin it produces very much is, to the point that even a bit of metallic contamination can completely spoil an entire batch.<ref>Fleming, Alexander (1946). ''[https://archive.org/details/penicillin0000unse Penicillin, Its Practical Application]''</ref> This medium is then inoculated with the mold previously isolated.<br />
<br />
'''Example Medium Ingredients'''<br />
<br />
In 1 liter of sterile distilled water, dissolve:<br />
* 15 g yeast extract<br />
* 10 g malt extract<br />
* 10 g peptone<br />
* 10 g glucose<br />
* 35 g lactose<br />
* 3 g ammonium nitrate<br />
* 4 g monopotassium phosphate<br />
Mix thoroughly and add a magnetic stir bar.<br />
<br />
==Culturing==<br />
===Simple Culturing===<br />
The mold is then grown at room temperature (the mold is very hardy and does not require temperature controls). After approximately 10 days, the mycelium will have completely colonized the broth.<br />
<br />
===Bioreactor Culturing===<br />
<br />
====Reactor Setup and Sterilization====<br />
# Transfer the media into a 1.5 L autoclavable bioreactor.<br />
# Cap with sterile silicone covers for all hose barbs.<br />
# Autoclave the entire reactor assembly.<br />
# Allow to cool completely.<br />
<br />
====Inoculation====<br />
# Inside a sterile environment, inject overnight mold culture via the inoculation port.<br />
# Replace silicone caps on inlet/outlet ports with sterile tubing and inline 0.2 µm filters.<br />
<br />
====Fermentation====<br />
# Set bioreactor conditions to:<br />
:* Temperature: 25°C<br />
:* Stirring: Continuous (magnetic stir)<br />
:* Duration: 7–10 days (longer may improve yield)<br />
# Observe formation of a thick mold mass (pelle).<br />
<br />
====Harvesting Culture====<br />
# Open the bioreactor. Use glass rods to remove the thick mold mat (resembles scrambled eggs).<br />
# Transfer mass to a secondary beaker.<br />
# Filter liquid phase through a fritted funnel.<br />
# Rinse mold mass with fresh water, stir, and filter again.<br />
# Combine filtrates.<br />
<br />
===Acid-Base Extraction===<br />
Pure penicillin G is a water-insoluble, acidic compound, so it can be quite easily separated from solution by first acidifying the broth and extracting with an immiscible solvent. Traditionally diethyl ether, chloroform and DCM would also work, and even ethyl acetate could be substituted, although with a significant loss of yield. Next, the immiscible solvent would be separated from the broth and the penicillin rendered soluble in water with a base (typically sodium or potassium carbonate, as hydroxides are too harsh and will destroy the unstable penicillin). This process would continue multiple times, transferring the penicillin between diethyl ether and water. At the end, the diethyl ether could be evaporated and a crude form of penicillin would be left. An example process is below:<br />
<br />
====Acidify and Salt====<br />
# Add:<br />
:* 40 g ammonium sulfate<br />
:* 100 g sodium chloride<br />
# Slowly add hydrochloric acid until pH reaches 2–3.<br />
<br />
====Organic Extraction====<br />
# Add 150 mL ethyl acetate.<br />
# Mix thoroughly to extract penicillin into organic layer.<br />
# Transfer to separatory funnel.<br />
# Allow layers to separate. Collect organic (upper) layer.<br />
<br />
====Optional: Pigment Removal====<br />
# Add activated charcoal.<br />
# Stir and filter through cotton or filter paper.<br />
Note: Regular charcoal is ineffective.<br />
<br />
====Back-Extraction====<br />
# Prepare 30 mL water adjusted to pH 8 using sodium carbonate.<br />
# Add to organic layer. Mix well.<br />
# Use separatory funnel to recover aqueous layer.<br />
# This is your crude penicillin solution.<br />
<br />
====Final Purification====<br />
# Freeze-dry the aqueous extract.<br />
# Recover powder.<br />
# Typical yield: ~125 mg/L (low on first attempt; optimize growth for more)<br />
<br />
===Testing ===<br />
This penicillin, although no longer toxic, would still require further purification to be used with absolute safety, as in this form it has a much higher chance of causing anaphylactic shock. This purification would typically be in the form of a chromatography column. However, it is nonetheless pure enough to have the chance of helping more than it injures when injected, which the broth obviously could never do. Below are instructions for bioactivity confirmation:<br />
<br />
====Plate Setup====<br />
# Prepare sterile LB agar plate.<br />
# Spread E. coli lawn evenly.<br />
<br />
====Disk Diffusion====<br />
# Sterile filter paper disc: Add 20 µL of penicillin solution.<br />
# Place onto bacterial lawn.<br />
# Incubate overnight.<br />
<br />
====Result Interpretation====<br />
* Look for a clear "dead zone" around the disc.<br />
* This indicates antibiotic activity.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
Not all penicillins are created equal and some are more useful than others for certain applications. The majority of penicillin produced by the mold is penicillin G. Penicillin G is ''not'' bioavailable orally and is almost entirely destroyed by the stomach acid. As a consequence of this, penicillin G must always be injected, typically intravenously, as it is extremely painful to inject the soluble salt into a muscle (it is, nonetheless, not typically dangerous to do it this way).<br />
<br />
The form of penicillin most people are familiar with is penicillin V, which is a chemical modification of penicillin G which allows it to be bioavailable. It would be almost entirely impossible to produce penicillin V on a small scale, and so any attempted treatment with penicillin necessitates the use of IV injection. This is one major reason why penicillin should only be used when absolutely necessary. Not only is it incredibly difficult to produce, it also requires the use of IV injection, often in situations where modern sanitation and sterilization standards are impractical or impossible.<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
==External links==<br />
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOrRQtA8BsY ''I Grew Real Penicillin from MOLD''], The Thought Emporium, YouTube, May 5, 2025. Duration: 18:50.<br />
[[Category:Food and Health]]<br />
[[Category:Fungi]]<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Penicillin&diff=6390Penicillin2025-08-29T11:29:19Z<p>Jehan: /* Culture Medium */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Penicillin Production at the Royal Navy Medical School, Clevedon, Somerset, 1944 A25174.jpg|thumb|Mass production of penicillin in flasks.]]<br />
Penicillins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics produced by the mold species ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' and ''P. rubens'', which were first discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Penicillin has a long history of use, ever since 1939 when it was first isolated by a team lead by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, and was the second antibacterial drug to be used in humans, after the compound sulfanilamide. Penicillin is much safer, much more potent, and more broad spectrum than sulfanilamide, allowing it to be used in many more infections.<br />
<br />
However it should be noted that some infections will not respond to penicillin. This may be due to innate immunity of the bacterium or from developed resistance to the effects of the drug. Most forms of bacterial GI tract infections do not respond to treatment with penicillin (although, fortunately, many will respond to sulfonamide treatment). Most forms of pneumonia, meningitis, and gangrene respond well to treatment with penicillin. There is no universal way of knowing how effective penicillin will be without possessing a culture of the bacterium. If a culture has been produced, however, it is simple to form dilutions of the antibiotic and assay its efficacy by that manner. This also helps in the process of calculating doses and allows for as much of the precious drug to be conserved as possible.<br />
<br />
== Resistance ==<br />
Seeing as penicillin is such an old and widely used antibiotic, resistance to it is relatively widespread among infectious bacteria. The most notable penicillin-resistant bacterium is ''Staphylococcus aureus'', a very common cause of wound infections. In fact, most ''Staphylococcus spp.'' now possess some degree of resistance to penicillin. Streptococci have been much slower in developing resistance, and penicillin may still be used to treat streptococcal pneumonia, the most common form of pneumonia, and scarlet fever. However, some strains of ''S. pneumoniae'' have managed to develop resistance.<br />
<br />
Developed resistance is not the only source of problems, however. Certain bacteria have an innate resistance to it. The most clinically significant class of these are the enterobacteria, pathogenic and symbiotic members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria are common causes of bacterial diarrhea, both opportunistic and otherwise. ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', a soil bacterium commonly implicated in wound infections characterized by a greenish-blue exudate, have long had penicillin resistance and many strains are in fact multi-drug resistant.<br />
<br />
Perhaps the most consequential bacterium with innate resistance, however, is ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' the causative agent of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is infamously difficult to treat, and even today, the only way to cure the infection is with a harsh cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics and antituberculars. Penicillin is wholly ineffective at treating tuberculosis.<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Penicillins are a relatively simple class of antibiotics to produce. ''Penicillium spp.'' are cosmopolitan in their distribution, are easily cultured, and they are very harmless. In addition, ''Penicillium spp.'' are unique in their morphology relative to other genus, making it much easier to identify the mold. Bear in mind that the following procedure will produce penicillin G (see ''Use'' section below).<br />
<br />
<br />
===Mold Identification===<br />
The first step to the production of penicillin is to identify the mold. ''Penicillium spp.'' generally like to grow in acidic environments, and thus the classic story of an ultra-high producing strain being discovered on an Illinois cantaloupe is not without merit, as cantaloupes are mildly acidic fruits. Although morphology could easily be used to differentiate geni, ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' would be difficult to discern from other species of ''Penicillium'' from morphology. Therefore, it makes sense to make use of its antibiotic production to identify it. Simply cultivate the mold to be tested along with some bacterium known to be susceptible to penicillin in Petri dishes. Lactococci and Streptcocci (from fermented milk products and saliva, respectively) work well for this purpose, however care must be taken when handling the latter, which can be pathogenic. If the mold is penicillin-producing, the characteristic "lytic ring" will form around the mold colony (a ring with no bacterial growth) and the agar will turn a golden yellow. Once this activity is identified, simply subculture the mold which will be used in the next step.<br />
<br />
==Materials and Equipment==<br />
<br />
===Bioreactor Selection===<br />
Now it is necessarily to select the container to be used in the cultivation of the mold. This is of greater importance than one might imagine, as using an improperly chosen container will massively impair yield. Most forms of ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' are top fermenting, meaning that they will not grow in media even if it is aerated. Seeing, in addition, that it is unlikely that complex aeration equipment would be available to anyone seeking to rebuild society, it is necessary to rely on the mold's natural inclination to grow at the top of the culture medium. However, this poses new problems, as it means that only the topmost section of the broth will be colonized by the mold. Therefore, the containers in which the mold is cultivated must be relatively flat. Florey and Chain used modified bedpans placed on bookshelves to produce the massive amounts of culture necessary for their experiments.<ref>UK Central Office of Information (1964). ''[https://wellcomecollection.org/works/gktfmeyt The Discovery of Penicillin]''</ref><br />
<br />
===Culture Medium===<br />
Next, one must select the culture medium to be used for the production. The culture which Florey and Chain used was Czapek-Dox medium, a medium composed primarily of sucrose and [[Saltpeter|potassium nitrate]] with some substances to provide ions and buffer the solution, however, this is a very inefficient way of growing the mold. For reasons still not entirely known, surface cultures using a by-product of corn processing called corn steep liquor allows for a truly monumental increase in yield, from 5 to 20 times more penicillin than Czapek-Dox medium.<ref>Moyer, A.J. (1946).''https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/jb.51.1.79-93.1946?utm_source=chatgpt.com''</ref> It is '''very''' important to note that [[Distillation|distilled]] water must be used for all preparations made for the cultivation of ''Penicillium chrysogenum''. While the mold is scarcely affected by metal ions in water, the penicillin it produces very much is, to the point that even a bit of metallic contamination can completely spoil an entire batch.<ref>Fleming, Alexander (1946). ''[https://archive.org/details/penicillin0000unse Penicillin, Its Practical Application]''</ref> This medium is then inoculated with the mold previously isolated.<br />
<br />
'''Example Medium Ingredients'''<br />
<br />
In 1 liter of sterile distilled water, dissolve:<br />
* 15 g yeast extract<br />
* 10 g malt extract<br />
* 10 g peptone<br />
* 10 g glucose<br />
* 35 g lactose<br />
* 3 g ammonium nitrate<br />
* 4 g monopotassium phosphate<br />
Mix thoroughly and add a magnetic stir bar.<br />
<br />
The mold is then grown at room temperature (the mold is very hardy and does not require temperature controls). After approximately 10 days, the mycelium will have completely colonized the broth, and it is at this point that the steps of culturing the mold are finished, and the extraction begins. The extraction is simple, and merely consists of an acid-base extraction. Pure penicillin G is a water-insoluble, acidic compound, so it can be quite easily separated from solution by first acidifying the broth and extracting with an immiscible solvent. Traditionally diethyl ether, chloroform and DCM would also work, and even ethyl acetate could be substituted, although with a significant loss of yield. Next, the immiscible solvent would be separated from the broth and the penicillin rendered soluble in water with a base (typically sodium or potassium carbonate, as hydroxides are too harsh and will destroy the unstable penicillin). This process would continue multiple times, transferring the penicillin between diethyl ether and water. At the end, the diethyl ether could be evaporated and a crude form of penicillin would be left.<br />
<br />
This penicillin, although no longer toxic, would still require further purification to be used with absolute safety, as in this form it has a much higher chance of causing anaphylactic shock. This purification would typically be in the form of a chromatography column. However, it is nonetheless pure enough to have the chance of helping more than it injures when injected, which the broth obviously could never do.<br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
Not all penicillins are created equal and some are more useful than others for certain applications. The majority of penicillin produced by the mold is penicillin G. Penicillin G is ''not'' bioavailable orally and is almost entirely destroyed by the stomach acid. As a consequence of this, penicillin G must always be injected, typically intravenously, as it is extremely painful to inject the soluble salt into a muscle (it is, nonetheless, not typically dangerous to do it this way).<br />
<br />
The form of penicillin most people are familiar with is penicillin V, which is a chemical modification of penicillin G which allows it to be bioavailable. It would be almost entirely impossible to produce penicillin V on a small scale, and so any attempted treatment with penicillin necessitates the use of IV injection. This is one major reason why penicillin should only be used when absolutely necessary. Not only is it incredibly difficult to produce, it also requires the use of IV injection, often in situations where modern sanitation and sterilization standards are impractical or impossible.<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Food and Health]]<br />
[[Category:Fungi]]<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Penicillin&diff=6389Penicillin2025-08-29T10:57:15Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Penicillin Production at the Royal Navy Medical School, Clevedon, Somerset, 1944 A25174.jpg|thumb|Mass production of penicillin in flasks.]]<br />
Penicillins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics produced by the mold species ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' and ''P. rubens'', which were first discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Penicillin has a long history of use, ever since 1939 when it was first isolated by a team lead by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, and was the second antibacterial drug to be used in humans, after the compound sulfanilamide. Penicillin is much safer, much more potent, and more broad spectrum than sulfanilamide, allowing it to be used in many more infections.<br />
<br />
However it should be noted that some infections will not respond to penicillin. This may be due to innate immunity of the bacterium or from developed resistance to the effects of the drug. Most forms of bacterial GI tract infections do not respond to treatment with penicillin (although, fortunately, many will respond to sulfonamide treatment). Most forms of pneumonia, meningitis, and gangrene respond well to treatment with penicillin. There is no universal way of knowing how effective penicillin will be without possessing a culture of the bacterium. If a culture has been produced, however, it is simple to form dilutions of the antibiotic and assay its efficacy by that manner. This also helps in the process of calculating doses and allows for as much of the precious drug to be conserved as possible.<br />
<br />
== Resistance ==<br />
Seeing as penicillin is such an old and widely used antibiotic, resistance to it is relatively widespread among infectious bacteria. The most notable penicillin-resistant bacterium is ''Staphylococcus aureus'', a very common cause of wound infections. In fact, most ''Staphylococcus spp.'' now possess some degree of resistance to penicillin. Streptococci have been much slower in developing resistance, and penicillin may still be used to treat streptococcal pneumonia, the most common form of pneumonia, and scarlet fever. However, some strains of ''S. pneumoniae'' have managed to develop resistance.<br />
<br />
Developed resistance is not the only source of problems, however. Certain bacteria have an innate resistance to it. The most clinically significant class of these are the enterobacteria, pathogenic and symbiotic members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria are common causes of bacterial diarrhea, both opportunistic and otherwise. ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', a soil bacterium commonly implicated in wound infections characterized by a greenish-blue exudate, have long had penicillin resistance and many strains are in fact multi-drug resistant.<br />
<br />
Perhaps the most consequential bacterium with innate resistance, however, is ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' the causative agent of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is infamously difficult to treat, and even today, the only way to cure the infection is with a harsh cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics and antituberculars. Penicillin is wholly ineffective at treating tuberculosis.<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Penicillins are a relatively simple class of antibiotics to produce. ''Penicillium spp.'' are cosmopolitan in their distribution, are easily cultured, and they are very harmless. In addition, ''Penicillium spp.'' are unique in their morphology relative to other genus, making it much easier to identify the mold. Bear in mind that the following procedure will produce penicillin G (see ''Use'' section below).<br />
<br />
<br />
===Mold Identification===<br />
The first step to the production of penicillin is to identify the mold. ''Penicillium spp.'' generally like to grow in acidic environments, and thus the classic story of an ultra-high producing strain being discovered on an Illinois cantaloupe is not without merit, as cantaloupes are mildly acidic fruits. Although morphology could easily be used to differentiate geni, ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' would be difficult to discern from other species of ''Penicillium'' from morphology. Therefore, it makes sense to make use of its antibiotic production to identify it. Simply cultivate the mold to be tested along with some bacterium known to be susceptible to penicillin in Petri dishes. Lactococci and Streptcocci (from fermented milk products and saliva, respectively) work well for this purpose, however care must be taken when handling the latter, which can be pathogenic. If the mold is penicillin-producing, the characteristic "lytic ring" will form around the mold colony (a ring with no bacterial growth) and the agar will turn a golden yellow. Once this activity is identified, simply subculture the mold which will be used in the next step.<br />
<br />
==Materials and Equipment==<br />
<br />
===Bioreactor Selection===<br />
Now it is necessarily to select the container to be used in the cultivation of the mold. This is of greater importance than one might imagine, as using an improperly chosen container will massively impair yield. Most forms of ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' are top fermenting, meaning that they will not grow in media even if it is aerated. Seeing, in addition, that it is unlikely that complex aeration equipment would be available to anyone seeking to rebuild society, it is necessary to rely on the mold's natural inclination to grow at the top of the culture medium. However, this poses new problems, as it means that only the topmost section of the broth will be colonized by the mold. Therefore, the containers in which the mold is cultivated must be relatively flat. Florey and Chain used modified bedpans placed on bookshelves to produce the massive amounts of culture necessary for their experiments.<ref>UK Central Office of Information (1964). ''[https://wellcomecollection.org/works/gktfmeyt The Discovery of Penicillin]''</ref><br />
<br />
===Culture Medium===<br />
Next, one must select the culture medium to be used for the production. The culture which Florey and Chain used was Czapek-Dox medium, a medium composed primarily of sucrose and [[Saltpeter|potassium nitrate]] with some substances to provide ions and buffer the solution, however, this is a very inefficient way of growing the mold. For reasons still not entirely known, surface cultures using a by-product of corn processing called corn steep liquor allows for a truly monumental increase in yield, from 5 to 20 times more penicillin than Czapek-Dox medium. It is '''very''' important to note that [[Distillation|distilled]] water must be used for all preparations made for the cultivation of ''Penicillium chrysogenum''. While the mold is scarcely affected by metal ions in water, the penicillin it produces very much is, to the point that even a bit of metallic contamination can completely spoil an entire batch.<ref>Fleming, Alexander (1946). ''[https://archive.org/details/penicillin0000unse Penicillin, Its Practical Application]''</ref> This medium is then inoculated with the mold previously isolated.<br />
<br />
<br />
The mold is then grown at room temperature (the mold is very hardy and does not require temperature controls). After approximately 10 days, the mycelium will have completely colonized the broth, and it is at this point that the steps of culturing the mold are finished, and the extraction begins. The extraction is simple, and merely consists of an acid-base extraction. Pure penicillin G is a water-insoluble, acidic compound, so it can be quite easily separated from solution by first acidifying the broth and extracting with an immiscible solvent. Traditionally diethyl ether, chloroform and DCM would also work, and even ethyl acetate could be substituted, although with a significant loss of yield. Next, the immiscible solvent would be separated from the broth and the penicillin rendered soluble in water with a base (typically sodium or potassium carbonate, as hydroxides are too harsh and will destroy the unstable penicillin). This process would continue multiple times, transferring the penicillin between diethyl ether and water. At the end, the diethyl ether could be evaporated and a crude form of penicillin would be left.<br />
<br />
This penicillin, although no longer toxic, would still require further purification to be used with absolute safety, as in this form it has a much higher chance of causing anaphylactic shock. This purification would typically be in the form of a chromatography column. However, it is nonetheless pure enough to have the chance of helping more than it injures when injected, which the broth obviously could never do. <br />
<br />
== Use ==<br />
Not all penicillins are created equal and some are more useful than others for certain applications. The majority of penicillin produced by the mold is penicillin G. Penicillin G is ''not'' bioavailable orally and is almost entirely destroyed by the stomach acid. As a consequence of this, penicillin G must always be injected, typically intravenously, as it is extremely painful to inject the soluble salt into a muscle (it is, nonetheless, not typically dangerous to do it this way).<br />
<br />
The form of penicillin most people are familiar with is penicillin V, which is a chemical modification of penicillin G which allows it to be bioavailable. It would be almost entirely impossible to produce penicillin V on a small scale, and so any attempted treatment with penicillin necessitates the use of IV injection. This is one major reason why penicillin should only be used when absolutely necessary. Not only is it incredibly difficult to produce, it also requires the use of IV injection, often in situations where modern sanitation and sterilization standards are impractical or impossible.<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Food and Health]]<br />
[[Category:Fungi]]<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=WHO_List_in_Englisch&diff=4088WHO List in Englisch2025-05-12T11:50:36Z<p>Jehan: Jehan moved page WHO List in Englisch to WHO Medicine List in English: Fixed misspelling</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[WHO Medicine List in English]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=WHO_Medicine_List_in_English&diff=4087WHO Medicine List in English2025-05-12T11:50:36Z<p>Jehan: Jehan moved page WHO List in Englisch to WHO Medicine List in English: Fixed misspelling</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== General anaesthetics and oxygen ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Inhalational medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Halothane<br />
* Isoflurane<br />
* Nitrous oxide<br />
* Oxygen<br />
* Sevoflurane<br />
<br />
==== Injectable medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ketamine<br />
* Propofol<br />
* Thiopental<br />
<br />
=== Local anaesthetics ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Bupivacaine<br />
* Lidocaine<br />
* Lidocaine/epinephrine (lidocaine + epinephrine)<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Ephedrine<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Atropine<br />
* Midazolam<br />
* Morphine<br />
<br />
=== Medical gases ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Oxygen<br />
<br />
== Medicines for pain and palliative care ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)<br />
* Ibuprofen<br />
* Paracetamol (acetaminophen)<br />
<br />
=== Opioid analgesics ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Codeine<br />
* Fentanyl<br />
* Morphine<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Methadone<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amitriptyline<br />
* Cyclizine<br />
* Dexamethasone<br />
* Diazepam<br />
* Docusate sodium<br />
* Fluoxetine<br />
* Haloperidol<br />
* Hyoscine butylbromide<br />
* Hyoscine hydrobromide<br />
* Lactulose<br />
* Loperamide<br />
* Metoclopramide<br />
* Midazolam<br />
* Ondansetron<br />
* Senna<br />
<br />
== Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Dexamethasone<br />
* Epinephrine (adrenaline)<br />
* Hydrocortisone<br />
* Loratadine<br />
* Prednisolone<br />
<br />
== Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Non-specific ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Charcoal, activated<br />
<br />
=== Specific ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Acetylcysteine<br />
* Atropine<br />
* Calcium gluconate<br />
* Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)<br />
* Naloxone<br />
* Penicillamine<br />
* Prussian blue<br />
* Sodium nitrite<br />
* Sodium thiosulfate<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Deferoxamine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Dimercaprol<sup>α</sup><br />
* Fomepizole<sup>α</sup><br />
* Sodium calcium edetate<sup>α</sup><br />
* Succimer<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Medicines for diseases of the nervous system ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Antiseizure medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Carbamazepine<br />
* Diazepam<br />
* Lamotrigine<br />
* Levetiracetam<br />
* Lorazepam<br />
* Magnesium sulfate<br />
* Midazolam<br />
* Phenobarbital<br />
* Phenytoin<br />
* Valproic acid (sodium valproate)<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Ethosuximide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Levetiracetam<sup>α</sup><br />
* Valproic acid (sodium valproate)<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines for multiple sclerosis ===<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Cladribine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Glatiramer acetate<sup>α</sup><br />
* Rituximab<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines for parkinsonism ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Biperiden<br />
* Levodopa/carbidopa (levodopa + carbidopa)<br />
<br />
== Anti-infective medicines ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Anthelminthics ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Intestinal anthelminthics ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Albendazole<br />
* Ivermectin<br />
* Levamisole<br />
* Mebendazole<br />
* Niclosamide<br />
* Praziquantel<br />
* Pyrantel<br />
<br />
==== Antifilarials ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Albendazole<br />
* Diethylcarbamazine<br />
* Ivermectin<br />
<br />
==== Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Praziquantel<br />
* Triclabendazole<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Oxamniquine<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Cysticidal medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Albendazole<sup>α</sup><br />
* Mebendazole<sup>α</sup><br />
* Praziquantel<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Antibacterials ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Access group antibiotics ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amikacin<br />
* Amoxicillin<br />
* Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)<br />
* Ampicillin<br />
* Benzathine benzylpenicillin<br />
* Benzylpenicillin<br />
* Cefalexin<br />
* Cefazolin<br />
* Chloramphenicol<br />
* Clindamycin<br />
* Cloxacillin<br />
* Doxycycline<br />
* Gentamicin<br />
* Metronidazole<br />
* Nitrofurantoin<br />
* Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)<br />
* Procaine benzylpenicillin<br />
* Spectinomycin<br />
* Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)<br />
* Trimethoprim<br />
<br />
==== Watch group antibiotics ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Azithromycin<br />
* Cefixime<br />
* Cefotaxime<br />
* Ceftriaxone<br />
* Cefuroxime<br />
* Ciprofloxacin<br />
* Clarithromycin<br />
* Piperacillin/tazobactam (piperacillin + tazobactam)<br />
* Vancomycin<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Ceftazidime<sup>α</sup><br />
* Meropenem<sup>α</sup><br />
* Vancomycin<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Reserve group antibiotics ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Reserve antibiotics are last-resort antibiotics. The EML antibiotic book was published in 2022.<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Cefiderocol<sup>α</sup><br />
* Ceftazidime/avibactam (ceftazidime + avibactam)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Ceftolozane/tazobactam (ceftolozane + tazobactam)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Colistin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Fosfomycin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Linezolid<sup>α</sup><br />
* Meropenem/vaborbactam (meropenem + vaborbactam)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Plazomicin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Polymyxin B<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Antileprosy medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Clofazimine<br />
* Dapsone<br />
* Rifampicin<br />
<br />
==== Antituberculosis medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ethambutol<br />
* Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)<br />
* Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin)<br />
* Ethionamide<br />
* Isoniazid<br />
* Isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)<br />
* Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampicin)<br />
* Isoniazid/rifapentine (isoniazid + rifapentine)<br />
* Moxifloxacin<br />
* Pyrazinamide<br />
* Rifabutin<br />
* Rifampicin<br />
* Rifapentine<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Amikacin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Bedaquiline<sup>α</sup><br />
* Clofazimine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Cycloserine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Delamanid<sup>α</sup><br />
* Ethionamide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Levofloxacin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Linezolid<sup>α</sup><br />
* Meropenem<sup>α</sup><br />
* Moxifloxacin<sup>α</sup><br />
* P-aminosalicylic acid (p-aminosalicylate sodium)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Pretomanid<sup>α</sup><br />
* Streptomycin<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Antifungal medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amphotericin B<br />
* Clotrimazole<br />
* Fluconazole<br />
* Flucytosine<br />
* Griseofulvin<br />
* Itraconazole<br />
* Nystatin<br />
* Voriconazole<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Micafungin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Potassium iodide<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Antiviral medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Antiherpes medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Aciclovir<br />
<br />
==== Antiretrovirals ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
===== Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Abacavir<br />
* Lamivudine<br />
* Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate<br />
* Zidovudine<br />
<br />
===== Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Efavirenz<br />
* Nevirapine<br />
<br />
===== Protease inhibitors =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Atazanavir/ritonavir (atazanavir + ritonavir)<br />
* Darunavir<br />
* Lopinavir/ritonavir (lopinavir + ritonavir)<br />
* Ritonavir<br />
<br />
===== Integrase inhibitors =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Dolutegravir<br />
* Raltegravir<br />
<br />
===== Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Abacavir/lamivudine (abacavir + lamivudine)<br />
* Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir (dolutegravir + lamivudine + tenofovir)<br />
* Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir<br />
* Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir (efavirenz + lamivudine + tenofovir)<br />
* Emtricitabine/tenofovir (emtricitabine + tenofovir)<br />
* Lamivudine/zidovudine (lamivudine + zidovudine)<br />
<br />
===== Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)<br />
<br />
===== Other antivirals =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ribavirin<br />
* Valganciclovir<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Oseltamivir<sup>α</sup><br />
* Valganciclovir<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Antihepatitis medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
===== Medicines for hepatitis B =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
====== Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ======<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Entecavir<br />
* Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate<br />
<br />
===== Medicines for hepatitis C =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
====== Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations ======<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Daclatasvir<br />
* Daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (daclatasvir + sofosbuvir)<br />
* Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (glecaprevir + pibrentasvir)<br />
* Ravidasvir<br />
* Sofosbuvir<br />
* Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (sofosbuvir + velpatasvir)<br />
<br />
====== Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations ======<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (ledipasvir + sofosbuvir)<br />
<br />
====== Other antivirals for hepatitis C ======<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ribavirin<br />
<br />
=== Antiprotozoal medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Diloxanide<br />
* Metronidazole<br />
<br />
==== Antileishmaniasis medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amphotericin B<br />
* Meglumine antimoniate<br />
* Miltefosine<br />
* Paromomycin<br />
* Sodium stibogluconate<br />
<br />
==== Antimalarial medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
===== For curative treatment =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amodiaquine<br />
* Artemether<br />
* Artemether/lumefantrine (artemether + lumefantrine)<br />
* Artesunate<br />
* Artesunate/amodiaquine (artesunate + amodiaquine)<br />
* Artesunate/mefloquine (artesunate + mefloquine)<br />
* Artesunate/pyronaridine tetraphosphate (artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate)<br />
* Chloroquine<br />
* Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine phosphate (dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate)<br />
* Doxycycline<br />
* Mefloquine<br />
* Primaquine<br />
* Quinine<br />
* Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine)<br />
<br />
===== For chemoprevention =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amodiaquine + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Co-packaged)<br />
* Chloroquine<br />
* Doxycycline<br />
* Mefloquine<br />
* Proguanil<br />
* Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine)<br />
<br />
==== Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Pyrimethamine<br />
* Sulfadiazine<br />
* Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Pentamidine<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Antitrypanosomal medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
===== African trypanosomiasis =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Fexinidazole<br />
<br />
====== Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis ======<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Pentamidine<br />
* Suramin sodium<br />
<br />
====== Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis ======<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Eflornithine<br />
* Melarsoprol<br />
* Nifurtimox<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Melarsoprol<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
===== American trypanosomiasis =====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Benznidazole<br />
* Nifurtimox<br />
<br />
=== Medicines for ectoparasitic infections ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ivermectin<br />
<br />
=== Medicines for Ebola virus disease ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ansuvimab<br />
* Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab (atoltivimab + maftivimab + odesivimab)<br />
<br />
=== Medicines for COVID-19 ===<br />
[edit]<br />
No listings in this section.<br />
<br />
== Antimigraine medicines ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== For treatment of acute attack ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)<br />
* Ibuprofen<br />
* Paracetamol (acetaminophen)<br />
* Sumatriptan<br />
<br />
=== For prophylaxis ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Propranolol<br />
<br />
== Immunomodulators and antineoplastics ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease ===<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Adalimumab<sup>α</sup><br />
* Azathioprine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Ciclosporin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Tacrolimus<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Antineoplastics and supportive medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Cytotoxic medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Arsenic trioxide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Asparaginase<sup>α</sup><br />
* Bendamustine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Bleomycin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Calcium folinate (leucovorin calcium)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Capecitabine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Carboplatin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Chlorambucil<sup>α</sup><br />
* Cisplatin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Cyclophosphamide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Cytarabine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Dacarbazine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Dactinomycin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Daunorubicin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Docetaxel<sup>α</sup><br />
* Doxorubicin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Doxorubicin (as pegylated liposomal)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Etoposide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Fludarabine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Fluorouracil<sup>α</sup><br />
* Gemcitabine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Ifosfamide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Irinotecan<sup>α</sup><br />
* Melphalan<sup>α</sup><br />
* Mercaptopurine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Methotrexate<sup>α</sup><br />
* Oxaliplatin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Paclitaxel<sup>α</sup><br />
* Pegaspargase<sup>α</sup><br />
* Procarbazine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Realgar ''Indigo naturalis'' formulation<sup>α</sup><br />
* Tioguanine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Vinblastine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Vincristine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Vinorelbine<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Targeted therapies ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* All-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) (ATRA)<sup>α</sup><br />
* Bortezomib<sup>α</sup><br />
* Dasatinib<sup>α</sup><br />
* Erlotinib<sup>α</sup><br />
* Everolimus<sup>α</sup><br />
* Ibrutinib<sup>α</sup><br />
* Imatinib<sup>α</sup><br />
* Nilotinib<sup>α</sup><br />
* Rituximab<sup>α</sup><br />
* Trastuzumab<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Immunomodulators ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Filgrastim<sup>α</sup><br />
* Lenalidomide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Nivolumab<sup>α</sup><br />
* Pegfilgrastim<sup>α</sup><br />
* Thalidomide<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Hormones and antihormones ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Abiraterone<sup>α</sup><br />
* Anastrozole<sup>α</sup><br />
* Bicalutamide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Dexamethasone<sup>α</sup><br />
* Hydrocortisone<sup>α</sup><br />
* Leuprorelin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Methylprednisolone<sup>α</sup><br />
* Prednisolone<sup>α</sup><br />
* Tamoxifen<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Supportive medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Allopurinol<sup>α</sup><br />
* Mesna<sup>α</sup><br />
* Rasburicase<sup>α</sup><br />
* Zoledronic acid<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Therapeutic foods ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ready-to-use therapeutic food<br />
<br />
== Medicines affecting the blood ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Antianaemia medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ferrous salt<br />
* Ferrous salt/folic acid (ferrous salt + folic acid)<br />
* Folic acid<br />
* Hydroxocobalamin<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines affecting coagulation ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Dabigatran<br />
* Enoxaparin<br />
* Heparin sodium<br />
* Phytomenadione<br />
* Protamine sulfate<br />
* Tranexamic acid<br />
* Warfarin<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Desmopressin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Heparin sodium<sup>α</sup><br />
* Protamine sulfate<sup>α</sup><br />
* Warfarin<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Deferasirox<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Deferoxamine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea)<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Blood and blood components ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Cryoprecipitate, pathogen-reduced<br />
* Fresh frozen plasma<br />
* Platelets<br />
* Red blood cells<br />
* Whole blood<br />
<br />
=== Plasma-derived medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Human immunoglobulins ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Rho(D) immune globulin (anti-D immunoglobulin)<br />
* Anti-rabies immunoglobulin<br />
* Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Normal immunoglobulin<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
==== Blood coagulation factors ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Coagulation factor VIII<sup>α</sup><br />
* Coagulation factor IX<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Plasma substitutes ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Dextran 70<br />
<br />
== Cardiovascular medicines ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Antianginal medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Bisoprolol<br />
* Glyceryl trinitrate<br />
* Isosorbide dinitrate<br />
* Verapamil<br />
<br />
=== Antiarrhythmic medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Bisoprolol<br />
* Digoxin<br />
* Epinephrine (adrenaline)<br />
* Lidocaine<br />
* Verapamil<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Amiodarone<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Antihypertensive medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amlodipine<br />
* Bisoprolol<br />
* Enalapril<br />
* Hydralazine<br />
* Hydrochlorothiazide<br />
* Lisinopril/amlodipine (lisinopril + amlodipine)<br />
* Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide (lisinopril + hydrochlorothiazide)<br />
* Losartan<br />
* Methyldopa<br />
* Telmisartan/amlodipine (telmisartan + amlodipine)<br />
* Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide (telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide)<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Sodium nitroprusside<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines used in heart failure ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Bisoprolol<br />
* Digoxin<br />
* Enalapril<br />
* Furosemide<br />
* Hydrochlorothiazide<br />
* Losartan<br />
* Spironolactone<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Digoxin<sup>α</sup><br />
* Dopamine<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Antithrombotic medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Anti-platelet medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)<br />
* Clopidogrel<br />
<br />
==== Thrombolytic medicines ====<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Alteplase<sup>α</sup><br />
* Streptokinase<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Lipid-lowering agents ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Simvastatin<br />
<br />
=== Fixed-dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Acetylsalicylic acid/atorvastatin/ramipril (acetylsalicylic acid + atorvastatin + ramipril)<br />
* Acetylsalicylic acid/simvastatin/ramipril/atenolol/hydrochlorothiazide (acetylsalicylic acid + simvastatin + ramipril + atenolol + hydrochlorothiazide)<br />
* Atorvastatin/perindopril/amlodipine (atorvastatin + perindopril + amlodipine)<br />
<br />
== Dermatological medicines (topical) ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Antifungal medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Miconazole<br />
* Selenium sulfide<br />
* Sodium thiosulfate<br />
* Terbinafine<br />
<br />
=== Anti-infective medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Mupirocin<br />
* Potassium permanganate<br />
* Silver sulfadiazine<br />
<br />
=== Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Betamethasone<br />
* Calamine<br />
* Hydrocortisone<br />
<br />
=== Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Benzoyl peroxide<br />
* Calcipotriol<br />
* Coal tar<br />
* Fluorouracil<br />
* Podophyllum resin<br />
* Salicylic acid<br />
* Urea<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Methotrexate<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Scabicides and pediculicides ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Benzyl benzoate<br />
* Permethrin<br />
<br />
== Diagnostic agents ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Ophthalmic medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Fluorescein<br />
* Tropicamide<br />
<br />
=== Radiocontrast media ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amidotrizoate<br />
* Barium sulfate<br />
* Iohexol<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Barium sulfate<sup>α</sup><br />
* Meglumine iotroxate<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Antiseptics and disinfectants ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Antiseptics ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Chlorhexidine<br />
* Ethanol<br />
* Povidone iodine<br />
<br />
=== Disinfectants ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Alcohol based hand rub<br />
* Chlorine base compound<br />
* Chloroxylenol<br />
* Glutaral<br />
<br />
== Diuretics ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amiloride<br />
* Furosemide<br />
* Hydrochlorothiazide<br />
* Mannitol<br />
* Spironolactone<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Hydrochlorothiazide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Mannitol<sup>α</sup><br />
* Spironolactone<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Gastrointestinal medicines ==<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Pancreatic enzymes<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Antiulcer medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Omeprazole<br />
* Ranitidine<br />
<br />
=== Antiemetic medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Dexamethasone<br />
* Metoclopramide<br />
* Ondansetron<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Aprepitant<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Anti-inflammatory medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Sulfasalazine<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Hydrocortisone<sup>α</sup><br />
* Prednisolone<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Laxatives ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Senna<br />
<br />
=== Medicines used in diarrhoea ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Oral rehydration salts + zinc sulfate (Co-packaged)<br />
<br />
==== Oral rehydration ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Oral rehydration salts<br />
<br />
==== Medicines for diarrhoea ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Zinc sulfate<br />
<br />
== Medicines for endocrine disorders ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Fludrocortisone<br />
* Hydrocortisone<br />
<br />
=== Androgens ===<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Testosterone<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Estrogens ===<br />
[edit]<br />
No listings in this section.<br />
<br />
=== Progestogens ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Medroxyprogesterone acetate<br />
<br />
=== Medicines for diabetes ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Insulins ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Insulin injection (soluble)<br />
* Intermediate-acting insulin<br />
* Long-acting insulin analogues<br />
<br />
==== Oral hypoglycaemic agents ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Empagliflozin<br />
* Gliclazide<br />
* Metformin<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Metformin<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines for hypoglycaemia ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Glucagon<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Diazoxide<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Levothyroxine<br />
* Potassium iodide<br />
* Methimazole<br />
* Propylthiouracil<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Lugol's solution<sup>α</sup><br />
* Methimazole<sup>α</sup><br />
* Potassium iodide<sup>α</sup><br />
* Propylthiouracil<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Cabergoline<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Octreotide<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Immunologicals ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Diagnostic agents ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)<br />
<br />
=== Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies<br />
* Antivenom immunoglobulin<br />
* Diphtheria antitoxin<br />
* Equine rabies immunoglobulin<br />
<br />
=== Vaccines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
Recommendations for all<br />
<br />
* BCG vaccine<br />
* Diphtheria vaccine<br />
* Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine<br />
* Hepatitis B vaccine<br />
* Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine<br />
* Measles vaccine<br />
* Pertussis vaccine<br />
* Pneumococcal vaccine<br />
* Poliomyelitis vaccine<br />
* Rotavirus vaccine<br />
* Rubella vaccine<br />
* Tetanus vaccine<br />
<br />
Recommendations for certain regions<br />
<br />
* Japanese encephalitis vaccine<br />
* Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine<br />
* Yellow fever vaccine<br />
<br />
Recommendations for some high-risk populations<br />
<br />
* Cholera vaccine<br />
* Dengue vaccine<br />
* Hepatitis A vaccine<br />
* Meningococcal meningitis vaccine<br />
* Rabies vaccine<br />
* Typhoid vaccine<br />
<br />
Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics<br />
<br />
* Influenza vaccine (seasonal)<br />
* Mumps vaccine<br />
* Varicella vaccine<br />
<br />
== Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Atracurium<br />
* Neostigmine<br />
* Suxamethonium<br />
* Vecuronium<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Pyridostigmine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Vecuronium<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Ophthalmological preparations ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Anti-infective agents ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Aciclovir<br />
* Azithromycin<br />
* Erythromycin<br />
* Gentamicin<br />
* Natamycin<br />
* Ofloxacin<br />
* Tetracycline<br />
<br />
=== Anti-inflammatory agents ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Prednisolone<br />
<br />
=== Local anesthetics ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Tetracaine<br />
<br />
=== Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Acetazolamide<br />
* Latanoprost<br />
* Pilocarpine<br />
* Timolol<br />
<br />
=== Mydriatics ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Atropine<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Epinephrine (adrenaline)<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations ===<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Bevacizumab<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Contraceptives ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Oral hormonal contraceptives ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel (ethinylestradiol + levonorgestrel)<br />
* Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone (ethinylestradiol + norethisterone)<br />
* Levonorgestrel<br />
* Ulipristal<br />
<br />
==== Injectable hormonal contraceptives ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (estradiol cypionate + medroxyprogesterone acetate)<br />
* Medroxyprogesterone acetate<br />
* Norethisterone enantate<br />
<br />
==== Intrauterine devices ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Copper-containing device<br />
* Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system<br />
<br />
==== Barrier methods ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Condoms<br />
* Diaphragms<br />
<br />
==== Implantable contraceptives ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Etonogestrel-releasing implant<br />
* Levonorgestrel-releasing implant<br />
<br />
==== Intravaginal contraceptives ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel (ethinylestradiol + etonogestrel)<br />
* Progesterone vaginal ring<br />
<br />
=== Ovulation inducers ===<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Clomifene<sup>α</sup><br />
* Letrozole<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Uterotonics ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Carbetocin<br />
* Ergometrine<br />
* Mifepristone + misoprostol (Co-packaged)<br />
* Misoprostol<br />
* Oxytocin<br />
<br />
=== Antioxytocics (tocolytics) ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Nifedipine<br />
<br />
=== Other medicines administered to the mother ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Dexamethasone<br />
* Multiple micronutrient supplement<br />
* Tranexamic acid<br />
<br />
=== Medicines administered to the neonate ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Caffeine citrate<br />
* Chlorhexidine<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Ibuprofen<sup>α</sup><br />
* Prostaglandin E1<sup>α</sup><br />
* Surfactant<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Peritoneal dialysis solution ==<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Medicines used in psychotic disorders ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Fluphenazine<br />
* Haloperidol<br />
* Olanzapine<br />
* Paliperidone<br />
* Risperidone<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Clozapine<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines used in mood disorders ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Medicines used in depressive disorders ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Amitriptyline<br />
* Fluoxetine<br />
<br />
==== Medicines used in bipolar disorders ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Carbamazepine<br />
* Lithium carbonate<br />
* Quetiapine<br />
* Valproic acid (sodium valproate)<br />
<br />
=== Medicines for anxiety disorders ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Diazepam<br />
* Fluoxetine<br />
<br />
=== Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Clomipramine<br />
* Fluoxetine<br />
<br />
=== Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
==== Medicines for alcohol use disorders ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Acamprosate calcium<br />
* Naltrexone<br />
<br />
==== Medicines for nicotine use disorders ====<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Bupropion<br />
* Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)<br />
* Varenicline<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Methadone<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Medicines acting on the respiratory tract ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Antiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Budesonide<br />
* Budesonide/formoterol (budesonide + formoterol)<br />
* Epinephrine (adrenaline)<br />
* Ipratropium bromide<br />
* Salbutamol<br />
* Tiotropium<br />
<br />
== Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Oral ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Oral rehydration salts<br />
* Potassium chloride<br />
<br />
=== Parenteral ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Glucose<br />
* Glucose with sodium chloride<br />
* Potassium chloride<br />
* Sodium chloride<br />
* Sodium hydrogen carbonate<br />
* Sodium lactate, compound solution (Ringer's lactate solution)<br />
<br />
=== Miscellaneous ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Water for injection<br />
<br />
== Vitamins and minerals ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Ascorbic acid<br />
* Calcium<br />
* Colecalciferol<br />
* Ergocalciferol<br />
* Iodine<br />
* Multiple micronutrient powder<br />
* Nicotinamide<br />
* Pyridoxine<br />
* Retinol<br />
* Riboflavin<br />
* Thiamine<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Calcium gluconate<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Ear, nose and throat medicines ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Acetic acid<br />
* Budesonide<br />
* Ciprofloxacin<br />
* Xylometazoline<br />
<br />
== Medicines for diseases of joints ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
=== Medicines used to treat gout ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Allopurinol<br />
<br />
=== Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) ===<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Chloroquine<br />
<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Azathioprine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Hydroxychloroquine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Methotrexate<sup>α</sup><br />
* Penicillamine<sup>α</sup><br />
* Sulfasalazine<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
=== Medicines for juvenile joint diseases ===<br />
[edit]<br />
Complementary:<br />
<br />
* Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)<br />
* Adalimumab<sup>α</sup><br />
* Methotrexate<sup>α</sup><br />
* Triamcinolone hexacetonide<sup>α</sup><br />
<br />
== Dental medicines and preparations ==<br />
[edit]<br />
<br />
* Fluoride<br />
* Glass ionomer cement<br />
* Resin-based composite (low-viscosity)<br />
* Resin-based composite (high-viscosity)<br />
* Silver diamine fluoride</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Nitroglycerin&diff=3699Nitroglycerin2025-05-08T14:07:35Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TechLocked}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Nitroglycerin.svg|thumb|350px|Chemical structure of nitroglycerin]]<br />
<br />
'''Nitroglycerin''' is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester.<br />
<br />
== Uses ==<br />
Nitroglycerin has been used ever since as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, specifically [[dynamite]], and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. It has also been used by militaries as an active ingredient and gelatinizer for nitrocellulose in some solid propellants such as cordite and ballistite. It is a major component in double-based smokeless propellants used by reloaders. Combined with nitrocellulose, hundreds of powder combinations are used by [[rifle]], [[pistol]], and [[shotgun]] reloaders.<br />
<br />
Nitroglycerin has been used for over a century in [[medicine]] as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.<br />
<br />
== Dependencies ==<br />
* [[Carbon]]<br />
* [[Hydrogen]]<br />
* [[Oxygen]]<br />
* [[Nitrogen]]<br />
* [[Glycerine]]<br />
* [[Nitric acid|Nitric Acid]]<br />
* [[Sulfuric acid|Sulfuric Acid]]<br />
** '''Nitroglycerin'''<br />
*** [[Dynamite]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Chemical compounds]]<br />
* [[Explosives]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Explosives]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Template:TechLocked&diff=3698Template:TechLocked2025-05-08T14:07:09Z<p>Jehan: Created page with "<includeonly> <div style="border: 2px solid #a00; background: #fff3f3; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0;"> <table width="100%"> <tr> <td width="60px">50px</td> <td><span style="font-size: 130%; color: #a00; font-weight: bold;">WARNING:</span> The process or result of manufacturing this item is exceptionally dangerous. This page is locked from additional edits.</td> </tr> </table> </div> Category:Dangerous manufacturing processes Category:Lock..."</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly><br />
<div style="border: 2px solid #a00; background: #fff3f3; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0;"><br />
<table width="100%"><br />
<tr><br />
<td width="60px">[[File:Warning icon.svg|50px]]</td><br />
<td><span style="font-size: 130%; color: #a00; font-weight: bold;">WARNING:</span> The process or result of manufacturing this item is exceptionally dangerous. This page is locked from additional edits.</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</div><br />
[[Category:Dangerous manufacturing processes]]<br />
[[Category:Locked pages]]<br />
</includeonly><br />
<noinclude><br />
== Usage ==<br />
Add this template to pages about dangerous manufacturing processes:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{TechLocked}}<br />
</pre><br />
</noinclude></div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Template:TechWarning&diff=3697Template:TechWarning2025-05-08T14:05:47Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly><br />
<div style="border: 2px solid #a00; background: #fff3f3; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0;"><br />
<table width="100%"><br />
<tr><br />
<td width="60px">[[File:Warning icon.svg|50px]]</td><br />
<td><span style="font-size: 130%; color: #a00; font-weight: bold;">WARNING:</span> The process or result of manufacturing this item is exceptionally dangerous.</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</div><br />
[[Category:Dangerous manufacturing processes]]<br />
[[Category:Locked pages]]<br />
</includeonly><br />
<noinclude><br />
== Usage ==<br />
Add this template to pages about dangerous manufacturing processes:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{TechWarning}}<br />
</pre><br />
</noinclude></div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Nitroglycerin&diff=3696Nitroglycerin2025-05-08T14:03:00Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TechWarning}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Nitroglycerin.svg|thumb|350px|Chemical structure of nitroglycerin]]<br />
<br />
'''Nitroglycerin''' is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester.<br />
<br />
== Uses ==<br />
Nitroglycerin has been used ever since as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, specifically [[dynamite]], and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. It has also been used by militaries as an active ingredient and gelatinizer for nitrocellulose in some solid propellants such as cordite and ballistite. It is a major component in double-based smokeless propellants used by reloaders. Combined with nitrocellulose, hundreds of powder combinations are used by [[rifle]], [[pistol]], and [[shotgun]] reloaders.<br />
<br />
Nitroglycerin has been used for over a century in [[medicine]] as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.<br />
<br />
== Dependencies ==<br />
* [[Carbon]]<br />
* [[Hydrogen]]<br />
* [[Oxygen]]<br />
* [[Nitrogen]]<br />
* [[Glycerine]]<br />
* [[Nitric acid|Nitric Acid]]<br />
* [[Sulfuric acid|Sulfuric Acid]]<br />
** '''Nitroglycerin'''<br />
*** [[Dynamite]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Chemical compounds]]<br />
* [[Explosives]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Explosives]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Template:TechWarning&diff=3695Template:TechWarning2025-05-08T14:02:42Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly><br />
<div style="border: 2px solid #a00; background: #fff3f3; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0;"><br />
<table width="100%"><br />
<tr><br />
<td width="60px">[[File:Warning icon.svg|50px]]</td><br />
<td><span style="font-size: 130%; color: #a00; font-weight: bold;">WARNING:</span> The process or result of manufacturing this item is exceptionally dangerous. This page is locked from additional edits.</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</div><br />
[[Category:Dangerous manufacturing processes]]<br />
[[Category:Locked pages]]<br />
</includeonly><br />
<noinclude><br />
== Usage ==<br />
Add this template to pages about dangerous manufacturing processes:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{{TechWarning}}<br />
</pre><br />
</noinclude></div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Template:TechWarning&diff=3693Template:TechWarning2025-05-08T13:50:24Z<p>Jehan: Create TechWarning</p>
<hr />
<div><includeonly><div style="display: table; background-color: #fff3f3; color: #333; border: 2px solid #a00; margin: 0.5em 0em 1em 0em; padding: 10px; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);"><br />
<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;"><br />
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><br />
<td style="width: 56px; padding-right: 10px;"><br />
[[File:Warning icon.svg|50px|link=|alt=Warning]]<br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
<span style="font-size: 130%; color: #a00; font-weight: bold;">WARNING:</span> This process or result of manufacturing this item is exceptionally dangerous.{{#if: {{{locked|}}}|<span style="display: block; margin-top: 5px;"> This page is locked from additional edits.</span>|}}<br />
<br />
{{#if: {{{reason|}}}|<br />
<div style="margin-top: 8px;"><br />
<strong>Reason:</strong> {{{reason}}}<br />
</div>|}}<br />
<br />
{{#if: {{{protective_equipment|}}}|<br />
<div style="margin-top: 8px;"><br />
<strong>Required protective equipment:</strong> {{{protective_equipment}}}<br />
</div>|}}<br />
<br />
{{#if: {{{safety_standards|}}}|<br />
<div style="margin-top: 8px;"><br />
<strong>Applicable safety standards:</strong> {{{safety_standards}}}<br />
</div>|}}<br />
<br />
{{#if: {{{last_verified|}}}|<br />
<div style="color:#4F4F4F; font-size: 85%; margin-top: 8px; font-style: italic;"><br />
(Safety information last verified: {{#time: d M Y|{{{last_verified}}}}})<br />
</div>|}}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</div>{{#if: {{{category|}}}|[[Category:{{{category}}}]]|[[Category:Dangerous manufacturing processes]]}}{{#if: {{{last_verified|}}}|[[Category:Safety verified content]]|}}{{#if: {{{locked|}}}|[[Category:Locked pages]]|}}</includeonly><br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
== TechWarning Template ==<br />
This template adds a prominent warning box to pages describing dangerous manufacturing processes or items. It also automatically adds the page to the "Dangerous manufacturing processes" category.<br />
<br />
=== Basic Usage ===<br />
<pre><br />
{{TechWarning}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
=== Advanced Usage ===<br />
<pre><br />
{{TechWarning<br />
|reason=Contains steps involving highly corrosive acids and toxic fumes<br />
|protective_equipment=Full-face respirator, chemical-resistant gloves, splash goggles, lab coat<br />
|safety_standards=OSHA 1910.1200, ISO 13849-1:2015<br />
|last_verified=2025-05-01<br />
|category=Hazardous chemical processes<br />
|locked=yes<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
=== Parameters ===<br />
* '''reason''' (optional): Specific reason why this process is dangerous<br />
* '''protective_equipment''' (optional): List of required safety equipment<br />
* '''safety_standards''' (optional): Applicable safety regulations or standards<br />
* '''last_verified''' (optional): Date when safety information was last verified (YYYY-MM-DD format)<br />
* '''category''' (optional): Custom category for the page (defaults to "Dangerous manufacturing processes")<br />
* '''locked''' (optional): Add "yes" to show that the page is locked from additional edits<br />
</noinclude></div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Nitroglycerin&diff=3676Nitroglycerin2025-05-08T12:40:46Z<p>Jehan: Protected "Nitroglycerin": Hazardous ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Nitroglycerin.svg|thumb|350px|Chemical structure of nitroglycerin]]<br />
<br />
'''Nitroglycerin''' is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid most commonly produced by nitrating glycerol with white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to the formation of the nitric acid ester.<br />
<br />
== Uses ==<br />
Nitroglycerin has been used ever since as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, specifically [[dynamite]], and as such it is employed in the construction, demolition, and mining industries. It has also been used by militaries as an active ingredient and gelatinizer for nitrocellulose in some solid propellants such as cordite and ballistite. It is a major component in double-based smokeless propellants used by reloaders. Combined with nitrocellulose, hundreds of powder combinations are used by [[rifle]], [[pistol]], and [[shotgun]] reloaders.<br />
<br />
Nitroglycerin has been used for over a century in [[medicine]] as a potent vasodilator (dilation of the vascular system) to treat heart conditions. Nitroglycerin has been available in sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, and patches.<br />
<br />
== Dependencies ==<br />
* [[Carbon]]<br />
* [[Hydrogen]]<br />
* [[Oxygen]]<br />
* [[Nitrogen]]<br />
* [[Glycerine]]<br />
* [[Nitric acid|Nitric Acid]]<br />
* [[Sulfuric acid|Sulfuric Acid]]<br />
** '''Nitroglycerin'''<br />
*** [[Dynamite]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Chemical compounds]]<br />
* [[Explosives]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{wa|Nitroglycerin}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Explosives]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Talk:Main_Page&diff=3669Talk:Main Page2025-05-08T09:54:13Z<p>Jehan: /* How are we doing in other languages besides English? */</p>
<hr />
<div>hello everyone! dragon here. this seems like a nice concept so im throwing up a talk page. <br />
<br />
wanted to suggest a few things. should we include how-to pages? since this is a civilization rebuilder wiki, it seems relevant, and i havent seen any. i dont want to get out of hand on the simpler pages by going in detail on how to make, say, a bone burnisher on the bone page.<br />
<br />
== How-Tos? ==<br />
<br />
Should we include how-to sections in their relevant pages, or have them as additional pages so that we can pull from unrelated pages and relate the topics?<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
I think how-to instructions is an absolute necessity in at least some capacity. <br />
<br />
-fixedsyslabs<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
The "How-To" section on the pages would be interesting, and I think the entire wiki should have "chapters" or sections based on the level of development required by the civilization to develop a technology.<br />
<br />
It would be even more appropriate to cover the basics/essentials in the early chapters (such as shelter, food, water, healthcare...) and the more advanced aspects (like: nuclear power, aircraft, and other key elements related to heavy industry) in the later chapters according to their prerequisites.<br />
To support my point: you first need to know how to make fire to solve your immediate problems before harnessing hydropower to perform mechanical tasks, and then generating electricity, for example. Moreover electricity isn't a prerequisite for industry if you can directly use hydropower or steam. (I don't know if that's clear enough.)<br />
<br />
If the person who will, perhaps tomorrow, have to rebuild civilization by hand must find the tools necessary for their progress alone in a jumble of information, the initial objective of this project may not be achieved.<br />
<br />
Variolus<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
Yes, really this is about the How-Tos. There are pages on materials, but they are to be ingredients for the various how-to guides. Ideally, even the material pages would include, or at least link to pages on how to acquire them.<br />
<br />
-Jehan<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
Perhaps the creation of a system that is based on the needs that must be met by the the reader. As once basic survival is acheived then quality of life should be a focus to a point, then as the QoL needs are met the focus again shifts to understanding the why for themselves so that the Wiki remains a tool and not a crutch?<br />
<br />
-Mathematician<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
I believe How-to's should be included in all relevant articles and formatted as sections titled "Materials used" and "Crafting instructions" as described in the wiki's manual of style (https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Wikiciv:Manual_of_style)<br />
<br />
-Gelsoup<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
Adding a little more in here, true knowledge, the crucial stuff for re-developing a civilization, isn't only made from theoretical information, like turning through a book, you need some sort of practical know-how. No matter how much you describe how to nail two planks together, a step-by-step would still be very useful, if not as useful.<br />
<br />
I also think some sort of "dependency system" would be required, like 'You need to know basic sewing and tailoring to make your own clothes', there is no need for someone to try to re-create electronic computer systems if they don't even have a basic hold on crucial stuff like farming, or health care.<br />
<br />
-Comp nerd<br />
<br />
-----<br />
Unfortunately, theoretical information is all we can really provide as a wiki. All the more reason to make information as clear, practical, and accessible as possible.<br />
<br />
As for dependencies, prerequisites are handled in the "Materials used" section and technologies dependant on the subject are placed in the "Dependencies" section. e.g "Brick" would have "Clay" in its "Materials used" section and "Clay" would have "Brick" in its "Dependencies" section. This way anyone wanting to make a specific technology could follow a chain of links in "Materials used" sections and determine every antecedent technology and the order in which to pursue them. Furthermore they would have some idea of what to do with that technology from the "Dependencies" section.<br />
<br />
I think this is the most streamlined way of doing things; There's not much one can do to "order" a wiki, so even attempting to put things chronologically would be in vain. This egts the best result with the least fluff<br />
<br />
-Gelsoup<br />
<br />
== Should we include self-descriptive language in our articles? ==<br />
<br />
Should we include language like "we use XYZ for ABC in recent times" in our articles? I think it would be nice to, in case civilization does go down, at least give people in the future a little taste of what we used to do, like and admire, like "Smartphones are a very big part of most people's life", just to preserve a little of history, as well to give some personality and context to the article<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
I don't think we should use self-descriptive language, it can becoming damaging to objectivity. survivors using this information might end up essentially cargo culting the old days, rather than using this knowledge to create something that works well for them in their situation. <br />
<br />
that's just my opinion, though.<br />
<br />
-Michael B.<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
I believe that self-descriptive language would add unnecessary clutter to the wiki. Furthermore, it would be unlikely for this wiki to be the only surviving information from us, and this cultural context (self-descriptive language) could be gathered from other sources. If anything of this nature is added, it should be in a isolated section, titled cultural relevance or something similar.<br />
<br />
-Osborn Garcia<br />
<br />
<br />
== How are we doing in other languages besides English? ==<br />
<br />
Hey, just wanted to check if translation of common pages was being done, and to thank those who have indeed started that process!<br />
<br />
-Mathematician<br />
<br />
I'd say the "main" languages (mandarin chinese, hindi, spanish, french, arab) would be very useful, plus any languages users would be keen to translate to of course :)<br />
<br />
-Sargeras<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
The way other wikis have done this is by making English the main wiki, then having automatic translations into other versions. Machine translation has gotten pretty good so this is a good option I think.<br />
<br />
== Download whole wiki option ==<br />
<br />
Could you please add option to download all articles in some searchable form, so people can have whole wiki in offline form on their devices? This wiki is supposed to help rebuild civ, so we should assume internet is not available in such case or it could be also used in remote/internet-free settings.<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
== Put the articles in their respective columns ==<br />
<br />
It would make it much better on the eyes if the main page had categories like the all metals being put into materials section and chemicals under chemistry<br />
<br />
-Crackershot<br />
<br />
== Use of media to guide our contents ==<br />
<br />
With the aims and goals of this entire project, I think it might be a good idea to look into modern society building fiction for ideas on what to include.<br />
<br />
Authors tend to have a creativity and worldbuilding perfectionism that help them think of societal fundamentals that we may miss. Especially in the early stages.<br />
<br />
So it would probably be a good idea to use those works as a solid baseline, and yes I have Dr Stone in mind when I'm saying this.</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=3415Main Page2025-05-07T09:43:12Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div><!--- LEFT PANEL ---><br />
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<FONT SIZE="+3">'''Wikiciv'''</FONT> <br />
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{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#BBCCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"<br />
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'''<strong>Welcome to Wikiciv!</strong>'''<br />
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Wikiciv is the wiki manual for building civilization from scratch that anyone can edit. It uses [https://www.mediawiki.org Media Wiki], the software that powers [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].<br />
|}<br />
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#EECCFF; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"<br />
|-<br />
| <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Featured Articles'''<br />
|}<br />
{| cellpadding="10" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* '''[[Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.<br />
* '''[[Fire]]''' is the rapid oxidation of a material (the [[fuel]]) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire requires the completion of the fire triangle of [[oxygen]], [[heat]], and [[fuel]].<br />
* '''[[Water]]''' is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor organic micronutrients.<br />
<br />
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<!--- RIGHT PANEL ---><br />
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#f2f5fd; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"<br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Articles that need expanding'''<br />
|- <br />
|<br />
<div style="column-count:6"><br />
* [[Bellows]]<br />
* [[Biomass]]<br />
* [[Bloomery furnace]]<br />
* [[Boric acid]]<br />
* [[Bow drill]]<br />
* [[Canning]]<br />
* [[Cement]]<br />
* [[Club]]<br />
* [[Coal]]<br />
* [[Combined cycle plant]]<br />
* [[Coriander]]<br />
* [[Cyanide]]<br />
* [[Diamond]]<br />
* [[Dynamite]]<br />
* [[Ethylene glycol]]<br />
* [[Fiberglass]]<br />
* [[Food preservation]]<br />
* [[Generator]]<br />
* [[Graphite]]<br />
* [[Gravel]]<br />
* [[Hammer]]<br />
* [[Hand drill]]<br />
* [[Heat]]<br />
* [[Helium]]<br />
* [[Hydrocarbon]]<br />
* [[Ice]]<br />
* [[Leather]]<br />
* [[Lime concrete]]<br />
* [[Limestone]]<br />
* [[Linen]]<br />
* [[Match]]<br />
* [[Methanol]]<br />
* [[Mud]]<br />
* [[Nickel]]<br />
* [[Nitric acid]]<br />
* [[Nylon]]<br />
* [[Oil]]<br />
* [[Panning]]<br />
* [[Paper]]<br />
* [[Petroleum]]<br />
* [[Phosphorus]]<br />
* [[Pig iron]]<br />
* [[Potassium]]<br />
* [[Pottery]]<br />
* [[Pump drill]]<br />
* [[Quartz]]<br />
* [[Rawhide]]<br />
* [[Refrigeration]]<br />
* [[Rope]]<br />
* [[Saltpeter]]<br />
* [[Sand]]<br />
* [[Sandpaper]]<br />
* [[Sandstone]]<br />
* [[Scrap]]<br />
* [[Scrap copper]]<br />
* [[Scrap iron]]<br />
* [[Scrap steel]]<br />
* [[Seawater]]<br />
* [[Shovel]]<br />
* [[Sodium]]<br />
* [[Stick]]<br />
* [[Torch]]<br />
* [[Water filter]]<br />
* [[Wheel]]<br />
* [[Wool]]<br />
* [[Wrought iron]]<br />
* [[Zeolite]]<br />
* [[Zinc]]<br />
* [[Energetics]]<br />
</div><br />
|-<br />
| style="background:#dae5f2" | <FONT SIZE="+1"> '''Requested articles'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
<div style="column-count:4"><br />
* [[Agate]]<br />
* [[Battery]]<br />
* [[Bromine]]<br />
* [[Caesium]]<br />
* [[Clothing]]<br />
* [[Dirt]]<br />
* [[Duct tape]]<br />
* [[Engine]]<br />
* [[Feldspar]]<br />
* [[Furnace]]<br />
* [[Gallium]]<br />
* [[Glycerine]]<br />
* [[Iron pyrite]]<br />
* [[Jasper]]<br />
* [[Manganese oxide]]<br />
* [[Mirror]]<br />
* [[Molybdenum]]<br />
* [[Oven]]<br />
* [[Vanadium]]<br />
* [[Rubidium]]<br />
</div><br />
|}<br />
<!--- BOTTOM PANEL ---><br />
{| class="toccolours" width="100%" style="background:#efefef; -moz-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius: 10px;"<br />
|-<br />
| font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif | <br />
<FONT SIZE="+1">'''Getting started'''</FONT><P><br />
[https://discord.gg/ZzdmgSKtrE <big>Join our Discord!</big>] <br> <br />
[[Wikiciv:Volunteers|<big>Join Wikiciv!</big>]]<br />
* [https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Special:AllPages All Pages]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:About|About Wikiciv]]<br />
* [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Editing|How to edit on Media Wiki]]<br />
* [[mediawikiwiki:InstantCommons|Adding Images from Wikimedia Commons]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style|Manual of style]]<br />
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* Tutorial: '''[[Wikipedia:Help:Introduction|Introduction to Wikipedia]]'''<br />
|}<br />
|}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Talk:Main_Page&diff=3314Talk:Main Page2025-05-06T13:08:37Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>hello everyone! dragon here. this seems like a nice concept so im throwing up a talk page. <br />
<br />
wanted to suggest a few things. should we include how-to pages? since this is a civilization rebuilder wiki, it seems relevant, and i havent seen any. i dont want to get out of hand on the simpler pages by going in detail on how to make, say, a bone burnisher on the bone page.<br />
<br />
== How-Tos? ==<br />
<br />
Should we include how-to sections in their relevant pages, or have them as additional pages so that we can pull from unrelated pages and relate the topics?<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
I think how-to instructions is an absolute necessity in at least some capacity. <br />
<br />
-fixedsyslabs<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
The "How-To" section on the pages would be interesting, and I think the entire wiki should have "chapters" or sections based on the level of development required by the civilization to develop a technology.<br />
<br />
It would be even more appropriate to cover the basics/essentials in the early chapters (such as shelter, food, water, healthcare...) and the more advanced aspects (like: nuclear power, aircraft, and other key elements related to heavy industry) in the later chapters according to their prerequisites.<br />
To support my point: you first need to know how to make fire to solve your immediate problems before harnessing hydropower to perform mechanical tasks, and then generating electricity, for example. Moreover electricity isn't a prerequisite for industry if you can directly use hydropower or steam. (I don't know if that's clear enough.)<br />
<br />
If the person who will, perhaps tomorrow, have to rebuild civilization by hand must find the tools necessary for their progress alone in a jumble of information, the initial objective of this project may not be achieved.<br />
<br />
Variolus<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
Yes, really this is about the How-Tos. There are pages on materials, but they are to be ingredients for the various how-to guides. Ideally, even the material pages would include, or at least link to pages on how to acquire them.<br />
<br />
-Jehan</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Template:Progression&diff=3065Template:Progression2023-01-13T12:45:52Z<p>Jehan: 1 revision imported: Creating Template:Progression</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
<languages/><br />
</noinclude><includeonly><!--<br />
--><table width={{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width|}}}|50%}} align=center style="background:transparent"><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>{{#if:{{{task|}}}|{{{task|}}}:&nbsp;}}<translate><!--T:1--> <big>'''<tvar|1>{{formatnum:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}round 1}}|0}}}}</>%'''</big> complete</translate></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<table style="border:1px solid gray" cellspacing=1 width=100% height=15x><br />
<tr><br />
{{#ifeq:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|0}}|0| | <td style="background:#5FDB00; width:{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}}}|0}}<1)|1%|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}round 1}}|0}}%}}">&nbsp;</td> }}<br />
{{#ifeq:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}}}|0}}|100|| <td style="background:#E2E2E2">&nbsp;</td> }}<br />
</tr><br />
</table></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{documentation|content=<br />
<br />
<translate><br />
=== Syntax === <!--T:2--><br />
</translate><br />
:{{tlx|Progression|''percent''}}<br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:3--><br />
The <tvar|1><code>percent</code></> is a number between 0 and 100, without the trailing <tvar|2><code>%</code></>.<br />
</translate><br />
<br />
:{{tlx|Progression|''param1''|''param2''}}<br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:4--><br />
Calculates the progression as a function of <tvar|1><code>param1/param2</code></><br />
</translate><br />
<br />
:{{tlx|Progression|''param1''|''param2''|task=''param3''}} <br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:5--><br />
Calculates the progression as a function of <tvar|1><code>param1/param2</code></>, and displays a task label on the bar.<br />
<br />
=== Examples === <!--T:6--><br />
<br />
==== 1 parameter (percent) ==== <!--T:7--><br />
</translate><br />
{{tlx|Progression|0}}:<br />
{{Progression|0}}<br />
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{{tlx|Progression|0.5}}:<br />
{{Progression|0.5}}<br />
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{{tlx|Progression|1}}:<br />
{{Progression|1}}<br />
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{{tlx|Progression|36.7}}:<br />
{{Progression|36.7}}<br />
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{{tlx|Progression|100}}:<br />
{{Progression|100}}<br />
<br />
<translate><br />
==== 2 parameters ==== <!--T:8--><br />
</translate><br />
{{tlx|Progression|0|250}}:<br />
{{Progression|0|250}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|100|250}}:<br />
{{Progression|100|250}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|200|300}}:<br />
{{Progression|200|300}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|300|300}}:<br />
{{Progression|300|300}}<br />
<br />
<translate><br />
==== 3 parameters ==== <!--T:9--><br />
</translate><br />
{{tlx|Progression|0|250|task{{=}}Sorting articles}}:<br />
{{Progression|0|250|task=Sorting articles}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|100|250|task{{=}}Sorting articles}}:<br />
{{Progression|100|250|task=Sorting articles}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Utility templates{{#translation:}}]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Template:Progression&diff=3063Template:Progression2023-01-13T12:27:53Z<p>Jehan: Created page with "<noinclude> <languages/> </noinclude><includeonly><!-- --><table width={{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width|}}}|50%}} align=center style="background:transparent"> <tr> <td align=center>{{#if:{{{task|}}}|{{{task|}}}:&nbsp;}}<translate><!--T:1--> <big>'''<tvar|1>{{formatnum:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}round 1}}|0}}}}</>%'''</big> complete</translate></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table style="border:1px solid gray" cellspacing=1 width=100% height=15x> <tr> {{#ifeq:{{#if:{..."</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
<languages/><br />
</noinclude><includeonly><!--<br />
--><table width={{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width|}}}|50%}} align=center style="background:transparent"><br />
<tr><br />
<td align=center>{{#if:{{{task|}}}|{{{task|}}}:&nbsp;}}<translate><!--T:1--> <big>'''<tvar|1>{{formatnum:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}round 1}}|0}}}}</>%'''</big> complete</translate></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<table style="border:1px solid gray" cellspacing=1 width=100% height=15x><br />
<tr><br />
{{#ifeq:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|0}}|0| | <td style="background:#5FDB00; width:{{#ifexpr:({{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}}}|0}}<1)|1%|{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}round 1}}|0}}%}}">&nbsp;</td> }}<br />
{{#ifeq:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:100*{{{1}}}/{{{2|100}}}}}|0}}|100|| <td style="background:#E2E2E2">&nbsp;</td> }}<br />
</tr><br />
</table></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</includeonly><noinclude><br />
{{documentation|content=<br />
<br />
<translate><br />
=== Syntax === <!--T:2--><br />
</translate><br />
:{{tlx|Progression|''percent''}}<br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:3--><br />
The <tvar|1><code>percent</code></> is a number between 0 and 100, without the trailing <tvar|2><code>%</code></>.<br />
</translate><br />
<br />
:{{tlx|Progression|''param1''|''param2''}}<br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:4--><br />
Calculates the progression as a function of <tvar|1><code>param1/param2</code></><br />
</translate><br />
<br />
:{{tlx|Progression|''param1''|''param2''|task=''param3''}} <br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:5--><br />
Calculates the progression as a function of <tvar|1><code>param1/param2</code></>, and displays a task label on the bar.<br />
<br />
=== Examples === <!--T:6--><br />
<br />
==== 1 parameter (percent) ==== <!--T:7--><br />
</translate><br />
{{tlx|Progression|0}}:<br />
{{Progression|0}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|0.5}}:<br />
{{Progression|0.5}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|1}}:<br />
{{Progression|1}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|36.7}}:<br />
{{Progression|36.7}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|100}}:<br />
{{Progression|100}}<br />
<br />
<translate><br />
==== 2 parameters ==== <!--T:8--><br />
</translate><br />
{{tlx|Progression|0|250}}:<br />
{{Progression|0|250}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|100|250}}:<br />
{{Progression|100|250}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|200|300}}:<br />
{{Progression|200|300}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|300|300}}:<br />
{{Progression|300|300}}<br />
<br />
<translate><br />
==== 3 parameters ==== <!--T:9--><br />
</translate><br />
{{tlx|Progression|0|250|task{{=}}Sorting articles}}:<br />
{{Progression|0|250|task=Sorting articles}}<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Progression|100|250|task{{=}}Sorting articles}}:<br />
{{Progression|100|250|task=Sorting articles}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Utility templates{{#translation:}}]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2399Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T02:21:32Z<p>Jehan: /* Method of action */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. They can be made using standard pottery techniques with basic inputs of [[clay]] and [[charcoal]] or other [[biomass]]. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html. Ceramic Filtration. Retrieved 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]], usually as colloidal silver. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
==Crafting Instructions==<br />
<br />
===Manufacturing Flowchart===<br />
[[File:Ceramic Water Filter Manufacturing Flowchart.svg|thumb|center|upright=3]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2398Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T02:19:16Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. They can be made using standard pottery techniques with basic inputs of [[clay]] and [[charcoal]] or other [[biomass]]. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html. Ceramic Filtration. Retrieved 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]], usually as [[colloidal silver]]. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
==Crafting Instructions==<br />
<br />
===Manufacturing Flowchart===<br />
[[File:Ceramic Water Filter Manufacturing Flowchart.svg|thumb|center|upright=3]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2397Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T01:56:06Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html. Ceramic Filtration. Retrieved 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]] in a form that will not leach away. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
==Crafting Instructions==<br />
<br />
===Manufacturing Flowchart===<br />
[[File:Ceramic Water Filter Manufacturing Flowchart.svg|thumb|center|upright=3]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Licenses&diff=2396MediaWiki:Licenses2022-12-24T01:02:00Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>* Unknown_copyright|I don't know exactly<br />
* Free licenses:<br />
** PD|PD: public domain<br />
** CC-by-sa 2.5+|Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 <br />
** GFDL|GFDL: GNU Free Documentation License<br />
** GPL|GPL: GNU General Public License<br />
** LGPL|LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License<br />
* Non-free license (exception):</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Licenses&diff=2395MediaWiki:Licenses2022-12-24T01:00:07Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>-Public Domain<br />
-Creative Commons</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Licenses&diff=2394MediaWiki:Licenses2022-12-24T00:59:50Z<p>Jehan: Created page with "- Public Domain Creative Commons"</p>
<hr />
<div>-<br />
Public Domain<br />
Creative Commons</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2393Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T00:49:33Z<p>Jehan: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html. Ceramic Filtration. Retrieved 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]] in a form that will not leach away. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2392Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T00:49:17Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html. Ceramic Filtration. Retrieved 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]] in a form that will not leach away. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2391Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T00:33:42Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html |title=Ceramic Filtration |year=2011 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]] in a form that will not leach away. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2390Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T00:33:08Z<p>Jehan: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html |title=Ceramic Filtration |year=2011 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]] in a form that will not leach away. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
[[Image:Ceramic water filter.jpg|thumb|left|Pot-type ceramic water filter dispensing clean water into a glass.]]<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2389Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T00:22:40Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html |title=Ceramic Filtration |year=2011 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]] in a form that will not leach away. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
[[Image:Ceramic water filter.jpg|thumb|left|Pot-type ceramic water filter dispensing clean water into a glass.]]<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Ceramic_water_filter&diff=2388Ceramic water filter2022-12-24T00:21:19Z<p>Jehan: Created page with "A Victorian ceramic water filter '''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of water filter that rely on the small pore size of ceramic material to filter dirt, debris, and bacteria out of water. ==Method of action== Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www...."</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:ceramicWaterFilter.jpg|thumb|right|A Victorian ceramic water filter]]<br />
'''Ceramic water filters''' ('''CWF''') are an inexpensive and effective type of [[water filter]] that rely on the small pore size of [[ceramic]] material to filter dirt, debris, and [[bacteria]] out of water. <br />
<br />
==Method of action==<br />
Similar to other methods of filtering water, the filter removes particles larger than the size of the pores in the filter material.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/ceramic-filtration.html |title=Ceramic Filtration |year=2011 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Typically bacteria, protozoa, and microbial cysts are removed. However, filters are typically not effective against viruses since they are small enough to pass through to the "clean" side of the filter. Ceramic water filters (CWF) may be treated with [[silver]] in a form that will not leach away. The silver helps to kill or incapacitate [[bacteria]] and prevent the growth of [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] and [[algae]] in the body of the filter.<br />
<br />
Ceramic filtration does not remove [[Chemical substance|chemical]] contaminants, ''per se''. However, some manufacturers (especially of ceramic candle filters) incorporate a high-performance [[activated charcoal]] core inside the ceramic filter cartridge that reduces organic and metallic contaminants. The activated charcoal absorbs compounds such as [[chlorine]]. Filters with active carbon need to be replaced periodically because the carbon becomes clogged with foreign material.<br />
[[Image:Ceramic water filter.jpg|thumb|left|Pot-type ceramic water filter dispensing clean water into a glass.]]<br />
The two most common types of ceramic water filter are pot-type and candle-type filters. Ceramic filter systems consist of a porous ceramic filter that is attached to, or sits on top of a plastic or ceramic receptacle. Contaminated water is poured into a top container. It passes through the filter(s) into the receptacle below. The lower receptacle usually is fitted with a tap.<br />
<br />
Contaminants larger than the minute holes of the ceramic structure will remain in the top half of the unit. The filter(s) can be cleaned by brushing them with a soft brush and rinsing them with clean water. Hot water and soap can also be used.<br />
<br />
<br />
The major risks to the success of all forms of ceramic filtration are hairline cracks and cross-contamination. If the unit is dropped or otherwise abused, the brittle nature of ceramic materials can allow fine, barely-visible cracks, allowing larger contaminants through the filter. <br />
<br />
{{wa|Ceramic_water_filter}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Activated_charcoal&diff=2387Activated charcoal2022-12-24T00:18:20Z<p>Jehan: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[wikipedia:Activated_Carbon|Activated charcoal]]''', also called '''activated carbon''', is a form of [[carbon]] commonly used to filter contaminants from [[water]] and [[air]], among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption.<br />
<br />
== Uses ==<br />
Activated carbon is used in [[methane]] and [[hydrogen]] storage; air, [[gold]] and [[water]] purification; capacitive deionization, supercapacitive swing adsorption, solvent recovery, decaffeination, metal extraction, medicine, sewage treatment, air filters in respirators, filters in compressed air, production of hydrogen chloride, edible electronics, and many other applications.<br />
<br />
===Industrial===<br />
One major industrial application involves use of activated carbon in metal finishing for purification of electroplating solutions. For example, it is the main purification technique for removing organic impurities from bright [[nickel]] plating solutions. A variety of organic chemicals are added to plating solutions for improving their deposit qualities and for enhancing properties like brightness, smoothness, ductility, among others. Organic additives generate unwanted breakdown products in solution. Their excessive build up can adversely affect plating quality and physical properties of deposited metal. Activated carbon treatment removes such impurities and restores plating performance to the desired level.<br />
<br />
===Medical===<br />
[[File:ActivatedCharcoal.JPG|thumb|upright|Activated charcoal for medical use]]<br />
<br />
Activated carbon is used to treat poisonings and overdoses following oral ingestion. Tablets or capsules of activated carbon are used in many countries as an over-the-counter drug to treat diarrhea, indigestion, and flatulence. However, activated charcoal shows no effect on intestinal gas and diarrhea, and is, ordinarily, medically ineffective if poisoning resulted from ingestion of corrosive agents, boric acid, [[petroleum]] products, and is particularly ineffective against poisonings of strong acids or bases, [[cyanide]], [[iron]], [[lithium]], [[arsenic]], methanol, ethanol or ethylene glycol. Activated carbon will not prevent these chemicals from being absorbed into the human body. Incorrect application (e.g. into the lungs) results in pulmonary aspiration, which can sometimes be fatal if immediate medical treatment is not initiated.<br />
<br />
===Environmental===<br />
<br />
Carbon adsorption has numerous applications in removing pollutants from air or water streams both in the field and in industrial processes such as:<br />
* Spill cleanup<br />
* Groundwater remediation<br />
* Drinking water filtration<br />
* Air purification<br />
* Volatile organic compounds capture from painting, dry cleaning, gasoline dispensing operations, and other processes<br />
* Volatile organic compounds recovery (solvent recovery systems, SRU) from flexible packaging, converting, coating, and other processes.<br />
<br />
Activated carbon is also used for the measurement of radon concentration in air.<br />
<br />
===Agricultural===<br />
<br />
Activated carbon is an allowed substance used by organic farmers in both livestock production and wine making. In livestock production it is used as a pesticide, animal feed additive, processing aid, nonagricultural ingredient and disinfectant. In organic winemaking, activated c arbon is allowed for use as a processing agent to adsorb brown color pigments from white grape concentrates.It is sometimes used as biochar.<br />
<br />
===Fuel storage===<br />
Research is being done testing various activated carbons' ability to store [[natural gas]] and hydrogen gas. The porous material acts like a sponge for different types of gases. The gas may then be desorbed when subjected to higher temperatures and either combusted to do work or in the case of hydrogen gas extracted for use in a hydrogen fuel cell. Gas storage in activated carbons is an appealing gas storage method because the gas can be stored in a low pressure, low mass, low volume environment that would be much more feasible than bulky on-board pressure tanks in vehicles.<br />
<br />
===Gas purification===<br />
Filters with activated carbon are usually used in compressed air and gas purification to remove [[oil]] vapors, odor, and other [[hydrocarbon]]s from the air. The most common designs use a 1-stage or 2 stage filtration principle in which activated carbon is embedded inside the filter media. Activated carbon filters are used to retain radioactive gases within the air vacuumed from a nuclear boiling water reactor turbine condenser. The large charcoal beds adsorb these gases and retain them while they rapidly decay to non-radioactive solid species. The solids are trapped in the charcoal particles, while the filtered air passes through.<br />
<br />
===Chemical purification===<br />
Activated carbon is commonly used on the laboratory scale to purify solutions of organic molecules containing unwanted colored organic impurities. Filtration over activated carbon is used in large scale fine chemical and pharmaceutical processes for the same purpose. The carbon is either mixed with the solution then filtered off or immobilized in a filter.<br />
<br />
===Mercury scrubbing===<br />
Activated carbon, often infused with [[sulfur]] or iodine, is widely used to trap [[mercury]] emissions from coal-fired power stations, medical incinerators, and from [[natural gas]] at the wellhead. However, despite its effectiveness, activated carbon is expensive to use. Since it is often not recycled, the mercury-laden activated carbon presents a disposal dilemma.<br />
<br />
== Dependencies ==<br />
<br />
* [[Carbon]]<br />
** '''Activated charcoal'''<br />
*** [[Water]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Charcoal]]<br />
* [[Coal]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{wa|Activated_carbon}}</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Pot-in-pot_refrigerator&diff=1440Pot-in-pot refrigerator2022-10-26T16:21:21Z<p>Jehan: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Tonkrugkühler, Clay pot cooler, Canari Frigo.JPG|300px|thumb|right|A clay pot cooler filled with vegetables]]<br />
A '''pot-in-pot refrigerator''', '''clay pot cooler'''<ref name="Peter Rinker">{{cite web | title = The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology | work = Peter Rinker / Movement website | url = http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | access-date = 17 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185554/http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | archive-date = 14 July 2014}}</ref> or '''zeer''' is an [[evaporative cooling]] [[refrigeration]] device which does not use electricity. It uses a porous outer [[clay]] pot (lined with wet sand) containing an inner pot (which can be [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]d to prevent penetration by the liquid) within which the food is placed. The evaporation of the outer liquid draws heat from the inner pot. The device can cool any substance, and requires only a flow of relatively dry air and a source of water.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Many clay pots from around 3000BC were discovered in the Indus Valley civilization and are considered to have been used for cooling as well as storing water. <br />
<br />
Since 2000, several international NGOs began to work on the dissemination of this technology in various African countries: Practical Action in Sudan, Humanity First in Gambia and Movement e.V. in Burkina Faso.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rinker |first=Peter |date=15 April 2014 |title=The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology |url=https://movement-verein.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/informationen_projekte_clay_pot_cooler_2014_en.pdf |page=2 |publisher=Movement e.V. |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Extensive research has also been done in Mali by D-Lab, in partnership with World Vegetable Center.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Ousmane Sanogo|first=Takemore Chagomoka|title=Evaporative Cooling Technologies for Improved Vegetable Storage in Mali | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Technologies%20for%20Improved%20Vegetable%20Storage%20in%20Mali%20-%20Appendix.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Clay pot cooler - Canari Frigo - Tonkrugkühler.PNG|thumb|Functioning of a clay pot cooler]]A ''zeer'' is constructed by placing a clay pot within a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top.<ref name="practical-action">{{cite web | title = How a zeer pot fridge makes food last longer | work = Practical Action website | url = http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | access-date = 24 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110809235725/http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | archive-date = 9 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The device cools as the water evaporates, allowing refrigeration in hot, dry climate. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated space for the water to evaporate effectively towards the outside. Evaporative coolers tend to perform poorly or not at all in climates with high ambient humidity, since the water is not able to evaporate well under these conditions.<br />
<br />
If there is an impermeable separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as [[seawater]] can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof [[ceramic glaze|glaze]] or cement<ref name="Peter Rinker"/> applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.<br />
<br />
Extended operation is possible if the pots are able to draw water from a storage container, such as an inverted airtight jar, or if the pots are placed in a shallow pool of water. A strap can be used to tie the inner pot down instead of using sand to prevent it from floating.<br />
<br />
Alternatives to the Pot-in-Pot construction include various versions of a simple Pot-in-Dish. For larger storage capacity, evaporative cooling chambers (ECCs) can be constructed from a double walled brick structure with a straw and wood cover. The same basic operating principles apply. Detailed information on construction materials and methods can be found in the D-Lab best practices guide.<ref name="Best Practices">{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Peter Rinker|first=Kukom Edoh Ognakossan|title=Evaporative Cooling Best Practices, Producing and using evaporative cooling chambers and clay pot coolers | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Best%20Practices%20Guide.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operating conditions ==<br />
<br />
Several key considerations are important for determining if an evaporative cooling device will provide effective cooling and storage. ECCs and clay pot coolers provide the most benefits when they are used in low humidity climates (less than 40% relative humidity), the temperature is relatively high (maximum daily temperature higher than 25&nbsp;°C), water is available to add to the device between one and three times per day, and the device can be located in a shady and well-ventilated area. If any of these key criteria cannot be met at the time when improved vegetable storage is needed, then ECCs or clay pot coolers may not provide sufficient benefits to justify their use.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
== Effectiveness ==<br />
<br />
The effectiveness of evaporative cooling varies with the temperature, humidity and airflow. Given a constant flow of cool dry air, evaporative cooling can achieve temperatures as low as the wet-bulb temperature, the 100% humidity condition at the given temperature. Documented tables<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072104/http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |archive-date=25 June 2012 |title=Build an evaporative refrigerator - no moving parts, no electricity {{!}} Rebuilding Civilization}}</ref> show the minimum temperature that can be achieved at different starting temperatures and percent humidities.<br />
<br />
To determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling chambers for specific uses it is helpful to consider the following:<br />
<br />
;Type of vegetables or other products needing improved storage<br />
<br />
ECCs or clay pot coolers provide benefits if post-harvest vegetable spoilage is the result of exposure to high temperatures, low humidity, animals, or insects. Some examples of vegetables that are particularly vulnerable to these conditions include eggplants, tomatoes, leafy greens, peppers, and okra. See the "Conclusions and Additional Resources" section of the Best Practices Guide<ref name="Best Practices"/> for a more complete list of vegetables that can benefit from storage in an evaporative cooling device. Non- electric evaporative cooling devices – such as ECCs and clay pot coolers – are not suitable for items that require sustained temperatures below 20&nbsp;°C (medicine, meat, and dairy products) or foods that require a low humidity environment (onions, coffee, garlic, millet, and other grains).<br />
<br />
;Volume of vegetables stored at any one time<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelefficiency.org/?q=node/132 |title=Cold water in rural India : matka(clay) &#124; |publisher=fuel efficiency.org |author=prkhitman |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
If the vegetables can fit into a clay pot with a capacity of 150 liters or less, then a clay pot cooler is suitable. Storing larger amounts of vegetables requires a larger ECC. A brick ECC can be designed to accommodate the storage volumes between roughly 500 and 5,000 liters, see the "Construction of Evaporative Cooling Chambers" section of the Best Practices Guide.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
;How often is it needed?<br />
<br />
Variations in the need for improved vegetable storage can arise due to seasonal growing and harvest cycles, vegetable production surpluses relative to local demand, and climate variations. It is important to determine if proper operating conditions exist for evaporative cooling to effectively provide benefits during the time when vegetable storage is needed, and if the need for improved vegetable storage is frequent enough that the value an ECC or clay pot cooler can provide is greater than its cost.<br />
<br />
In Sudan, Practical Action and the Woman's Association for Earthenware Manufacturing have been experimenting with the storage design of Mohammed Bah Abba. The aim of the experimentation was to discover how effective and economical the Zeer storage is in conserving foods. Zeer is the Arabic name for the large pots used. The results are shown in the following table.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Table 1: Vegetable shelf-life<br />
!Produce<br />
!Shelf-life of produce without using the Zeer<br />
!Shelf-life of produce using the Zeer<br />
|-<br />
|Tomatoes<br />
|2 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|-<br />
|Guavas<br />
|2 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|-<br />
|Rocket<br />
|1 day<br />
|5 days<br />
|-<br />
|Okra<br />
|4 days<br />
|17 days<br />
|-<br />
|Carrots<br />
|4 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Gemüseverkäuferinnen mit Tonkrugkühler, Female vegetable sellers with clay pot cooler, vendeuses des légumes avec un canari frigo, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso.JPG|thumb|right|Clay pot cooler at a market in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso]]<br />
Pot-in-pot refrigeration has had multiple positive impacts on the population that uses them beyond the simple ability to keep food fresh for longer periods of time and decreasing instances of food-related disease.<ref name="practical-action" /><br />
<br />
* Increased profits from food sales: As there is no rush to sell food to avoid spoilage, farmers are able to sell their produce on demand and can command higher prices.<br />
* Rural employment opportunities: Farmers are able to support themselves with their increased profits at market, slowing the move into cities. Also, the creation of the pots themselves generates job opportunities.<br />
* Increased diet variety because food is available for longer into the year.<br />
* The ability to store vaccines and medicines that would otherwise be unavailable in areas without refrigeration facilities.<ref name="Abraham">{{cite book|last=Abraham|first=Martin A. A|title=Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles|publisher=Elsevier|edition=Google ebook|pages=30, 31|chapter=The Twelve Principles of Green Engineering|date=16 December 2005|isbn=9780080481272|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSD_2QpGKoC&q=clay+cooling+device&pg=PA30|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Evaporative cooler]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{wa|Pot-in-pot_refrigerator}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Oluwemimo Oluwasola: Pot-in-pot Enterprise: Fridge for the Poor. United Nations Development Programme, New York 2011. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162247/http://www.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/resources/nigeria_pot_in_pot_enterprise_2011.pdf Online pdf]) <br />
* Peter Rinker: Der Tonkrugkühler – eine angepasste Kühlmöglichkeit. Bau- und Nutzungsanleitung. Movement e. V., Teningen 2014. ([https://movement-verein.org/projekte/tonkrugkuehler/ Online article] (pdf files in German/English/French are also linked))<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pot-in-pot cooler}}<br />
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]<br />
[[Category:Food preservation]]<br />
[[Category:Food safety]]<br />
[[Category:Nigerian inventions]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Pot-in-pot_refrigerator&diff=1439Pot-in-pot refrigerator2022-10-26T16:20:25Z<p>Jehan: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Tonkrugkühler, Clay pot cooler, Canari Frigo.JPG|300px|thumb|right|A clay pot cooler filled with vegetables]]<br />
A '''pot-in-pot refrigerator''', '''clay pot cooler'''<ref name="Peter Rinker">{{cite web | title = The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology | work = Peter Rinker / Movement website | url = http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | access-date = 17 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185554/http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | archive-date = 14 July 2014}}</ref> or '''zeer''' is an [[evaporative cooling]] [[refrigeration]] device which does not use electricity. It uses a porous outer [[clay]] pot (lined with wet sand) containing an inner pot (which can be [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]d to prevent penetration by the liquid) within which the food is placed. The evaporation of the outer liquid draws heat from the inner pot. The device can cool any substance, and requires only a flow of relatively dry air and a source of water.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Many clay pots from around 3000BC were discovered in the Indus Valley civilization and are considered to have been used for cooling as well as storing water. <br />
<br />
Since 2000, several international NGOs began to work on the dissemination of this technology in various African countries: Practical Action in Sudan, Humanity First in Gambia and Movement e.V. in Burkina Faso.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rinker |first=Peter |date=15 April 2014 |title=The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology |url=https://movement-verein.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/informationen_projekte_clay_pot_cooler_2014_en.pdf |page=2 |publisher=Movement e.V. |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Extensive research has also been done in Mali by D-Lab, in partnership with World Vegetable Center.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Ousmane Sanogo|first=Takemore Chagomoka|title=Evaporative Cooling Technologies for Improved Vegetable Storage in Mali | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Technologies%20for%20Improved%20Vegetable%20Storage%20in%20Mali%20-%20Appendix.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Clay pot cooler - Canari Frigo - Tonkrugkühler.PNG|thumb|Functioning of a clay pot cooler]]A ''zeer'' is constructed by placing a clay pot within a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top.<ref name="practical-action">{{cite web | title = How a zeer pot fridge makes food last longer | work = Practical Action website | url = http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | access-date = 24 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110809235725/http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | archive-date = 9 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The device cools as the water evaporates, allowing refrigeration in hot, dry climate. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated space for the water to evaporate effectively towards the outside. Evaporative coolers tend to perform poorly or not at all in climates with high ambient humidity, since the water is not able to evaporate well under these conditions.<br />
<br />
If there is an impermeable separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as [[seawater]] can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof [[ceramic glaze|glaze]] or cement<ref name="Peter Rinker"/> applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.<br />
<br />
Extended operation is possible if the pots are able to draw water from a storage container, such as an inverted airtight jar, or if the pots are placed in a shallow pool of water. A strap can be used to tie the inner pot down instead of using sand to prevent it from floating.<br />
<br />
Alternatives to the Pot-in-Pot construction include various versions of a simple Pot-in-Dish. For larger storage capacity, evaporative cooling chambers (ECCs) can be constructed from a double walled brick structure with a straw and wood cover. The same basic operating principles apply. Detailed information on construction materials and methods can be found in the D-Lab best practices guide.<ref name="Best Practices">{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Peter Rinker|first=Kukom Edoh Ognakossan|title=Evaporative Cooling Best Practices, Producing and using evaporative cooling chambers and clay pot coolers | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Best%20Practices%20Guide.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operating conditions ==<br />
<br />
Several key considerations are important for determining if an evaporative cooling device will provide effective cooling and storage. ECCs and clay pot coolers provide the most benefits when they are used in low humidity climates (less than 40% relative humidity), the temperature is relatively high (maximum daily temperature higher than 25&nbsp;°C), water is available to add to the device between one and three times per day, and the device can be located in a shady and well-ventilated area. If any of these key criteria cannot be met at the time when improved vegetable storage is needed, then ECCs or clay pot coolers may not provide sufficient benefits to justify their use.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
== Effectiveness ==<br />
<br />
The effectiveness of evaporative cooling varies with the temperature, humidity and airflow. Given a constant flow of cool dry air, evaporative cooling can achieve temperatures as low as the wet-bulb temperature, the 100% humidity condition at the given temperature. Documented tables<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072104/http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |archive-date=25 June 2012 |title=Build an evaporative refrigerator - no moving parts, no electricity {{!}} Rebuilding Civilization}}</ref> show the minimum temperature that can be achieved at different starting temperatures and percent humidities.<br />
<br />
To determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling chambers for specific uses it is helpful to consider the following:<br />
<br />
;Type of vegetables or other products needing improved storage<br />
<br />
ECCs or clay pot coolers provide benefits if post-harvest vegetable spoilage is the result of exposure to high temperatures, low humidity, animals, or insects. Some examples of vegetables that are particularly vulnerable to these conditions include eggplants, tomatoes, leafy greens, peppers, and okra. See the "Conclusions and Additional Resources" section of the Best Practices Guide<ref name="Best Practices"/> for a more complete list of vegetables that can benefit from storage in an evaporative cooling device. Non- electric evaporative cooling devices – such as ECCs and clay pot coolers – are not suitable for items that require sustained temperatures below 20&nbsp;°C (medicine, meat, and dairy products) or foods that require a low humidity environment (onions, coffee, garlic, millet, and other grains).<br />
<br />
;Volume of vegetables stored at any one time<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelefficiency.org/?q=node/132 |title=Cold water in rural India : matka(clay) &#124; |publisher=fuel efficiency.org |author=prkhitman |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
If the vegetables can fit into a clay pot with a capacity of 150 liters or less, then a clay pot cooler is suitable. Storing larger amounts of vegetables requires a larger ECC. A brick ECC can be designed to accommodate the storage volumes between roughly 500 and 5,000 liters, see the "Construction of Evaporative Cooling Chambers" section of the Best Practices Guide.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
;How often is it needed?<br />
<br />
Variations in the need for improved vegetable storage can arise due to seasonal growing and harvest cycles, vegetable production surpluses relative to local demand, and climate variations. It is important to determine if proper operating conditions exist for evaporative cooling to effectively provide benefits during the time when vegetable storage is needed, and if the need for improved vegetable storage is frequent enough that the value an ECC or clay pot cooler can provide is greater than its cost.<br />
<br />
In Sudan, Practical Action and the Woman's Association for Earthenware Manufacturing have been experimenting with the storage design of Mohammed Bah Abba. The aim of the experimentation was to discover how effective and economical the Zeer storage is in conserving foods. Zeer is the Arabic name for the large pots used. The results are shown in the following table.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Table 1: Vegetable shelf-life<br />
!Produce<br />
!Shelf-life of produce without using the Zeer<br />
!Shelf-life of produce using the Zeer<br />
|-<br />
|Tomatoes<br />
|2 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|-<br />
|Guavas<br />
|2 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|-<br />
|Rocket<br />
|1 day<br />
|5 days<br />
|-<br />
|Okra<br />
|4 days<br />
|17 days<br />
|-<br />
|Carrots<br />
|4 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Gemüseverkäuferinnen mit Tonkrugkühler, Female vegetable sellers with clay pot cooler, vendeuses des légumes avec un canari frigo, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso.JPG|thumb|right|Clay pot cooler at a market in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso]]<br />
Pot-in-pot refrigeration has had multiple positive impacts on the population that uses them beyond the simple ability to keep food fresh for longer periods of time and decreasing instances of food-related disease.<ref name="practical-action" /><br />
<br />
* Increased profits from food sales: As there is no rush to sell food to avoid spoilage, farmers are able to sell their produce on demand and can command higher prices.<br />
* Rural employment opportunities: Farmers are able to support themselves with their increased profits at market, slowing the move into cities. Also, the creation of the pots themselves generates job opportunities.<br />
* Increased diet variety because food is available for longer into the year.<br />
* The ability to store vaccines and medicines that would otherwise be unavailable in areas without refrigeration facilities.<ref name="Abraham">{{cite book|last=Abraham|first=Martin A. A|title=Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles|publisher=Elsevier|edition=Google ebook|pages=30, 31|chapter=The Twelve Principles of Green Engineering|date=16 December 2005|isbn=9780080481272|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSD_2QpGKoC&q=clay+cooling+device&pg=PA30|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Evaporative cooler]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{wa|Pot-in-pot refrigerator}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Oluwemimo Oluwasola: Pot-in-pot Enterprise: Fridge for the Poor. United Nations Development Programme, New York 2011. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162247/http://www.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/resources/nigeria_pot_in_pot_enterprise_2011.pdf Online pdf]) <br />
* Peter Rinker: Der Tonkrugkühler – eine angepasste Kühlmöglichkeit. Bau- und Nutzungsanleitung. Movement e. V., Teningen 2014. ([https://movement-verein.org/projekte/tonkrugkuehler/ Online article] (pdf files in German/English/French are also linked))<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pot-in-pot cooler}}<br />
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]<br />
[[Category:Food preservation]]<br />
[[Category:Food safety]]<br />
[[Category:Nigerian inventions]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Pot-in-pot_refrigerator&diff=1438Pot-in-pot refrigerator2022-10-26T16:17:21Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Tonkrugkühler, Clay pot cooler, Canari Frigo.JPG|300px|thumb|right|A clay pot cooler filled with vegetables]]<br />
A '''pot-in-pot refrigerator''', '''clay pot cooler'''<ref name="Peter Rinker">{{cite web | title = The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology | work = Peter Rinker / Movement website | url = http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | access-date = 17 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185554/http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | archive-date = 14 July 2014}}</ref> or '''zeer''' is an [[evaporative cooling]] [[refrigeration]] device which does not use electricity. It uses a porous outer [[clay]] pot (lined with wet sand) containing an inner pot (which can be [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]d to prevent penetration by the liquid) within which the food is placed. The evaporation of the outer liquid draws heat from the inner pot. The device can cool any substance, and requires only a flow of relatively dry air and a source of water.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Many clay pots from around 3000BC were discovered in the Indus Valley civilization and are considered to have been used for cooling as well as storing water. <br />
<br />
Since 2000, several international NGOs began to work on the dissemination of this technology in various African countries: Practical Action in Sudan, Humanity First in Gambia and Movement e.V. in Burkina Faso.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rinker |first=Peter |date=15 April 2014 |title=The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology |url=https://movement-verein.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/informationen_projekte_clay_pot_cooler_2014_en.pdf |page=2 |publisher=Movement e.V. |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Extensive research has also been done in Mali by D-Lab, in partnership with World Vegetable Center.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Ousmane Sanogo|first=Takemore Chagomoka|title=Evaporative Cooling Technologies for Improved Vegetable Storage in Mali | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Technologies%20for%20Improved%20Vegetable%20Storage%20in%20Mali%20-%20Appendix.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Clay pot cooler - Canari Frigo - Tonkrugkühler.PNG|thumb|Functioning of a clay pot cooler]]A ''zeer'' is constructed by placing a clay pot within a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top.<ref name="practical-action">{{cite web | title = How a zeer pot fridge makes food last longer | work = Practical Action website | url = http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | access-date = 24 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110809235725/http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | archive-date = 9 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The device cools as the water evaporates, allowing refrigeration in hot, dry climate. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated space for the water to evaporate effectively towards the outside. Evaporative coolers tend to perform poorly or not at all in climates with high ambient humidity, since the water is not able to evaporate well under these conditions.<br />
<br />
If there is an impermeable separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as [[seawater]] can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof [[ceramic glaze|glaze]] or cement<ref name="Peter Rinker"/> applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.<br />
<br />
Extended operation is possible if the pots are able to draw water from a storage container, such as an inverted airtight jar, or if the pots are placed in a shallow pool of water. A strap can be used to tie the inner pot down instead of using sand to prevent it from floating.<br />
<br />
Alternatives to the Pot-in-Pot construction include various versions of a simple Pot-in-Dish. For larger storage capacity, evaporative cooling chambers (ECCs) can be constructed from a double walled brick structure with a straw and wood cover. The same basic operating principles apply. Detailed information on construction materials and methods can be found in the D-Lab best practices guide.<ref name="Best Practices">{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Peter Rinker|first=Kukom Edoh Ognakossan|title=Evaporative Cooling Best Practices, Producing and using evaporative cooling chambers and clay pot coolers | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Best%20Practices%20Guide.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operating conditions ==<br />
<br />
Several key considerations are important for determining if an evaporative cooling device will provide effective cooling and storage. ECCs and clay pot coolers provide the most benefits when they are used in low humidity climates (less than 40% relative humidity), the temperature is relatively high (maximum daily temperature higher than 25&nbsp;°C), water is available to add to the device between one and three times per day, and the device can be located in a shady and well-ventilated area. If any of these key criteria cannot be met at the time when improved vegetable storage is needed, then ECCs or clay pot coolers may not provide sufficient benefits to justify their use.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
== Effectiveness ==<br />
<br />
The effectiveness of evaporative cooling varies with the temperature, humidity and airflow. Given a constant flow of cool dry air, evaporative cooling can achieve temperatures as low as the wet-bulb temperature, the 100% humidity condition at the given temperature. Documented tables<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072104/http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |archive-date=25 June 2012 |title=Build an evaporative refrigerator - no moving parts, no electricity {{!}} Rebuilding Civilization}}</ref> show the minimum temperature that can be achieved at different starting temperatures and percent humidities.<br />
<br />
To determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling chambers for specific uses it is helpful to consider the following:<br />
<br />
;Type of vegetables or other products needing improved storage<br />
<br />
ECCs or clay pot coolers provide benefits if post-harvest vegetable spoilage is the result of exposure to high temperatures, low humidity, animals, or insects. Some examples of vegetables that are particularly vulnerable to these conditions include eggplants, tomatoes, leafy greens, peppers, and okra. See the "Conclusions and Additional Resources" section of the Best Practices Guide<ref name="Best Practices"/> for a more complete list of vegetables that can benefit from storage in an evaporative cooling device. Non- electric evaporative cooling devices – such as ECCs and clay pot coolers – are not suitable for items that require sustained temperatures below 20&nbsp;°C (medicine, meat, and dairy products) or foods that require a low humidity environment (onions, coffee, garlic, millet, and other grains).<br />
<br />
;Volume of vegetables stored at any one time<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelefficiency.org/?q=node/132 |title=Cold water in rural India : matka(clay) &#124; |publisher=fuel efficiency.org |author=prkhitman |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
If the vegetables can fit into a clay pot with a capacity of 150 liters or less, then a clay pot cooler is suitable. Storing larger amounts of vegetables requires a larger ECC. A brick ECC can be designed to accommodate the storage volumes between roughly 500 and 5,000 liters, see the "Construction of Evaporative Cooling Chambers" section of the Best Practices Guide.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
;How often is it needed?<br />
<br />
Variations in the need for improved vegetable storage can arise due to seasonal growing and harvest cycles, vegetable production surpluses relative to local demand, and climate variations. It is important to determine if proper operating conditions exist for evaporative cooling to effectively provide benefits during the time when vegetable storage is needed, and if the need for improved vegetable storage is frequent enough that the value an ECC or clay pot cooler can provide is greater than its cost.<br />
<br />
In Sudan, Practical Action and the Woman's Association for Earthenware Manufacturing have been experimenting with the storage design of Mohammed Bah Abba. The aim of the experimentation was to discover how effective and economical the Zeer storage is in conserving foods. Zeer is the Arabic name for the large pots used. The results are shown in the following table.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Table 1: Vegetable shelf-life<br />
!Produce<br />
!Shelf-life of produce without using the Zeer<br />
!Shelf-life of produce using the Zeer<br />
|-<br />
|Tomatoes<br />
|2 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|-<br />
|Guavas<br />
|2 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|-<br />
|Rocket<br />
|1 day<br />
|5 days<br />
|-<br />
|Okra<br />
|4 days<br />
|17 days<br />
|-<br />
|Carrots<br />
|4 days<br />
|20 days<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Gemüseverkäuferinnen mit Tonkrugkühler, Female vegetable sellers with clay pot cooler, vendeuses des légumes avec un canari frigo, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso.JPG|thumb|right|Clay pot cooler at a [[Marketplace|market]] in [[Ouahigouya]], [[Burkina Faso]]]]<br />
Pot-in-pot refrigeration has had multiple positive impacts on the population that uses them beyond the simple ability to keep food fresh for longer periods of time and decreasing instances of food-related disease.<ref name="practical-action" /><br />
<br />
* Increased profits from food sales: As there is no rush to sell food to avoid spoilage, farmers are able to sell their produce on demand and can command higher prices.<br />
* Rural employment opportunities: Farmers are able to support themselves with their increased profits at market, slowing the move into cities. Also, the creation of the pots themselves generates job opportunities.<br />
* Increased diet variety because food is available for longer into the year.<br />
* The ability to store vaccines and medicines that would otherwise be unavailable in areas without refrigeration facilities.<ref name="Abraham">{{cite book|last=Abraham|first=Martin A. A|title=Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles|publisher=Elsevier|edition=Google ebook|pages=30, 31|chapter=The Twelve Principles of Green Engineering|date=16 December 2005|isbn=9780080481272|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSD_2QpGKoC&q=clay+cooling+device&pg=PA30|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
A ''zeer'' costs about 150 [[Nigerian naira|naira]] (approximately {{US$|1.00}} in 2011) to make in Nigeria, and they sell for 180-200 naira ({{US$|1.20}} to {{US$|1.30}} in 2011).<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Botijo]] (Spanish evaporative water cooler)<br />
* [[Solar-powered refrigerator]]<br />
* [[Evaporative cooler]]<br />
* [[Coolgardie safe]]<br />
<br />
People<br />
*[[Mohammed Bah Abba]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline|Egyptian zeer}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Oluwemimo Oluwasola: Pot-in-pot Enterprise: Fridge for the Poor. United Nations Development Programme, New York 2011. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162247/http://www.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/resources/nigeria_pot_in_pot_enterprise_2011.pdf Online pdf]) <br />
* Peter Rinker: Der Tonkrugkühler – eine angepasste Kühlmöglichkeit. Bau- und Nutzungsanleitung. Movement e. V., Teningen 2014. ([https://movement-verein.org/projekte/tonkrugkuehler/ Online article] (pdf files in German/English/French are also linked))<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pot-in-pot cooler}}<br />
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]<br />
[[Category:Food preservation]]<br />
[[Category:Food safety]]<br />
[[Category:Nigerian inventions]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Pot-in-pot_refrigerator&diff=1437Pot-in-pot refrigerator2022-10-26T16:16:58Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Tonkrugkühler, Clay pot cooler, Canari Frigo.JPG|300px|thumb|right|A clay pot cooler filled with vegetables]]<br />
A '''pot-in-pot refrigerator''', '''clay pot cooler'''<ref name="Peter Rinker">{{cite web | title = The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology | work = Peter Rinker / Movement website | url = http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | access-date = 17 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185554/http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | archive-date = 14 July 2014}}</ref> or '''zeer''' is an [[evaporative cooling]] [[refrigeration]] device which does not use electricity. It uses a porous outer [[clay]] pot (lined with wet sand) containing an inner pot (which can be [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]d to prevent penetration by the liquid) within which the food is placed. The evaporation of the outer liquid draws heat from the inner pot. The device can cool any substance, and requires only a flow of relatively dry air and a source of water.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Many clay pots from around 3000BC were discovered in the Indus Valley civilization and are considered to have been used for cooling as well as storing water. <br />
<br />
Since 2000, several international NGOs began to work on the dissemination of this technology in various African countries: Practical Action in Sudan, Humanity First in Gambia and Movement e.V. in Burkina Faso.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rinker |first=Peter |date=15 April 2014 |title=The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology |url=https://movement-verein.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/informationen_projekte_clay_pot_cooler_2014_en.pdf |page=2 |publisher=Movement e.V. |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Extensive research has also been done in Mali by D-Lab, in partnership with World Vegetable Center.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Ousmane Sanogo|first=Takemore Chagomoka|title=Evaporative Cooling Technologies for Improved Vegetable Storage in Mali | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Technologies%20for%20Improved%20Vegetable%20Storage%20in%20Mali%20-%20Appendix.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Clay pot cooler - Canari Frigo - Tonkrugkühler.PNG|thumb|Functioning of a clay pot cooler]]A ''zeer'' is constructed by placing a clay pot within a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top.<ref name="practical-action">{{cite web | title = How a zeer pot fridge makes food last longer | work = Practical Action website | url = http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | access-date = 24 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110809235725/http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | archive-date = 9 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The device cools as the water evaporates, allowing refrigeration in hot, dry climate. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated space for the water to evaporate effectively towards the outside. Evaporative coolers tend to perform poorly or not at all in climates with high ambient humidity, since the water is not able to evaporate well under these conditions.<br />
<br />
If there is an impermeable separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as [[seawater]] can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof [[ceramic glaze|glaze]] or cement<ref name="Peter Rinker"/> applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.<br />
<br />
Extended operation is possible if the pots are able to draw water from a storage container, such as an inverted airtight jar, or if the pots are placed in a shallow pool of water. A strap can be used to tie the inner pot down instead of using sand to prevent it from floating.<br />
<br />
Alternatives to the Pot-in-Pot construction include various versions of a simple Pot-in-Dish. For larger storage capacity, evaporative cooling chambers (ECCs) can be constructed from a double walled brick structure with a straw and wood cover. The same basic operating principles apply. Detailed information on construction materials and methods can be found in the D-Lab best practices guide.<ref name="Best Practices">{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Peter Rinker|first=Kukom Edoh Ognakossan|title=Evaporative Cooling Best Practices, Producing and using evaporative cooling chambers and clay pot coolers | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Best%20Practices%20Guide.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operating conditions ==<br />
<br />
Several key considerations are important for determining if an evaporative cooling device will provide effective cooling and storage. ECCs and clay pot coolers provide the most benefits when they are used in low humidity climates (less than 40% relative humidity), the temperature is relatively high (maximum daily temperature higher than 25&nbsp;°C), water is available to add to the device between one and three times per day, and the device can be located in a shady and well-ventilated area. If any of these key criteria cannot be met at the time when improved vegetable storage is needed, then ECCs or clay pot coolers may not provide sufficient benefits to justify their use.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
== Effectiveness ==<br />
<br />
The effectiveness of evaporative cooling varies with the temperature, humidity and airflow. Given a constant flow of cool dry air, evaporative cooling can achieve temperatures as low as the wet-bulb temperature, the 100% humidity condition at the given temperature. Documented tables<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072104/http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |archive-date=25 June 2012 |title=Build an evaporative refrigerator - no moving parts, no electricity {{!}} Rebuilding Civilization}}</ref> show the minimum temperature that can be achieved at different starting temperatures and percent humidities.<br />
<br />
To determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling chambers for specific uses it is helpful to consider the following:<br />
<br />
;Type of vegetables or other products needing improved storage<br />
<br />
ECCs or clay pot coolers provide benefits if post-harvest vegetable spoilage is the result of exposure to high temperatures, low humidity, animals, or insects. Some examples of vegetables that are particularly vulnerable to these conditions include eggplants, tomatoes, leafy greens, peppers, and okra. See the "Conclusions and Additional Resources" section of the Best Practices Guide<ref name="Best Practices"/> for a more complete list of vegetables that can benefit from storage in an evaporative cooling device. Non- electric evaporative cooling devices – such as ECCs and clay pot coolers – are not suitable for items that require sustained temperatures below 20&nbsp;°C (medicine, meat, and dairy products) or foods that require a low humidity environment (onions, coffee, garlic, millet, and other grains).<br />
<br />
;Volume of vegetables stored at any one time<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelefficiency.org/?q=node/132 |title=Cold water in rural India : matka(clay) &#124; |publisher=fuel efficiency.org |author=prkhitman |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
If the vegetables can fit into a clay pot with a capacity of 150 liters or less, then a clay pot cooler is suitable. Storing larger amounts of vegetables requires a larger ECC. A brick ECC can be designed to accommodate the storage volumes between roughly 500 and 5,000 liters, see the "Construction of Evaporative Cooling Chambers" section of the Best Practices Guide.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
;How often is it needed?<br />
<br />
Variations in the need for improved vegetable storage can arise due to seasonal growing and harvest cycles, vegetable production surpluses relative to local demand, and climate variations. It is important to determine if proper operating conditions exist for evaporative cooling to effectively provide benefits during the time when vegetable storage is needed, and if the need for improved vegetable storage is frequent enough that the value an ECC or clay pot cooler can provide is greater than its cost.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Gemüseverkäuferinnen mit Tonkrugkühler, Female vegetable sellers with clay pot cooler, vendeuses des légumes avec un canari frigo, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso.JPG|thumb|right|Clay pot cooler at a [[Marketplace|market]] in [[Ouahigouya]], [[Burkina Faso]]]]<br />
Pot-in-pot refrigeration has had multiple positive impacts on the population that uses them beyond the simple ability to keep food fresh for longer periods of time and decreasing instances of food-related disease.<ref name="practical-action" /><br />
<br />
* Increased profits from food sales: As there is no rush to sell food to avoid spoilage, farmers are able to sell their produce on demand and can command higher prices.<br />
* Rural employment opportunities: Farmers are able to support themselves with their increased profits at market, slowing the move into cities. Also, the creation of the pots themselves generates job opportunities.<br />
* Increased diet variety because food is available for longer into the year.<br />
* The ability to store vaccines and medicines that would otherwise be unavailable in areas without refrigeration facilities.<ref name="Abraham">{{cite book|last=Abraham|first=Martin A. A|title=Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles|publisher=Elsevier|edition=Google ebook|pages=30, 31|chapter=The Twelve Principles of Green Engineering|date=16 December 2005|isbn=9780080481272|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSD_2QpGKoC&q=clay+cooling+device&pg=PA30|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
A ''zeer'' costs about 150 [[Nigerian naira|naira]] (approximately {{US$|1.00}} in 2011) to make in Nigeria, and they sell for 180-200 naira ({{US$|1.20}} to {{US$|1.30}} in 2011).<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Botijo]] (Spanish evaporative water cooler)<br />
* [[Solar-powered refrigerator]]<br />
* [[Evaporative cooler]]<br />
* [[Coolgardie safe]]<br />
<br />
People<br />
*[[Mohammed Bah Abba]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline|Egyptian zeer}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Oluwemimo Oluwasola: Pot-in-pot Enterprise: Fridge for the Poor. United Nations Development Programme, New York 2011. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162247/http://www.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/resources/nigeria_pot_in_pot_enterprise_2011.pdf Online pdf]) <br />
* Peter Rinker: Der Tonkrugkühler – eine angepasste Kühlmöglichkeit. Bau- und Nutzungsanleitung. Movement e. V., Teningen 2014. ([https://movement-verein.org/projekte/tonkrugkuehler/ Online article] (pdf files in German/English/French are also linked))<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pot-in-pot cooler}}<br />
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]<br />
[[Category:Food preservation]]<br />
[[Category:Food safety]]<br />
[[Category:Nigerian inventions]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Pot-in-pot_refrigerator&diff=1436Pot-in-pot refrigerator2022-10-26T16:12:52Z<p>Jehan: Created page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
[[File:Tonkrugkühler, Clay pot cooler, Canari Frigo.JPG|300px|thumb|right|A clay pot cooler filled with vegetables]]<br />
A '''pot-in-pot refrigerator''', '''clay pot cooler'''<ref name="Peter Rinker">{{cite web | title = The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology | work = Peter Rinker / Movement website | url = http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | access-date = 17 June 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185554/http://www.movement-verein.org/downloads/Movement_Clay-pot-cooler_english.pdf | archive-date = 14 July 2014}}</ref> or '''zeer''' ({{lang-ar|زير}}) is an [[evaporative cooling]] [[refrigeration]] device which does not use electricity. It uses a [[porous]] outer [[clay]] pot (lined with wet sand) containing an inner pot (which can be [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]d to prevent penetration by the liquid) within which the food is placed. The evaporation of the outer liquid draws heat from the inner pot. The device can cool any substance, and requires only a flow of relatively dry air and a source of water.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Many clay pots from around 3000BC were discovered in the [[Indus Valley civilization]] and are considered to have been used for cooling as well as storing water. The pots are similar to the present-day ''ghara'' and ''[[Matki (earthen pot)|matki]]'' used in India and Pakistan.<ref>George F. Dales, Jonathan M. Kenoyer, Leslie Alcock. ''Excavations at Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan: the pottery''</ref><br />
<br />
There is evidence that evaporative cooling may have been used in North Africa as early as the [[Old Kingdom]] of Egypt, circa 2500BC. Frescoes show slaves fanning water jars, which would increase air flow around porous jars to aid evaporation and cooling the contents.<ref>{{cite book| last=Evans| first=Lindsay| title=Science and Its Times| chapter=The Advent of Mechanical Refrigeration Alters Daily Life and National Economies Throughout the World| isbn=0-7876-3937-0| page=[https://archive.org/details/scienceitstimesu0000unse/page/537 537]| access-date=10 April 2019| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scienceitstimesu0000unse/page/537}}</ref> These jars exist even today and are called ''zeer'', hence the name of the pot cooler. Despite being developed in Northern Africa, the technology appeared to have been forgotten since the advent of modern electrical refrigerators.<br />
<br />
However, in the Indian subcontinent, ghara, matka and surahi, all of which are different types of clay water pots, are in everyday use to cool water.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelefficiency.org/?q=node/132 |title=Cold water in rural India : matka(clay) &#124; |publisher=fuel efficiency.org |author=prkhitman |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref> In Spain, ''[[botijo]]s'' are popular. A botijo is a porous clay container used to keep and to cool water; they have been in use for centuries and are still in relatively widespread use. Botijos are favored most by the low Mediterranean climate; locally, the cooling effect is known as "botijo effect".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urcomante.uva.es/Urcopedia/Ing-Botijo.php |title=The Origin of the Botijo |publisher=Universidad de Valladolid |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220737/http://www.urcomante.uva.es/Urcopedia/Ing-Botijo.php |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museucantir.org/documents/8_Guide_english.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053141/http://www.museucantir.org/documents/8_Guide_english.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 1890s, gold miners in Australia developed the [[Coolgardie safe]], based on the same principles.<br />
<br />
In rural northern Nigeria in the 1990s, [[Mohammed Bah Abba|Mohamed Bah Abba]] developed the Pot-in-Pot Preservation Cooling System, consisting of a small clay pot placed inside a larger one, and the space between the two filled with moist sand. The inner pot is filled with fruit, vegetables or soft drinks and covered with a wet cloth. Abba, who hails from a family of potmakers, tapped into the large unemployed local workforce and hired skilled pot makers to mass-produce the first batch of 5,000 Pot-in-Pots.<ref name="Kanwaljit">{{cite web|url=http://www.uwec.edu/geography/ivogeler/w111/articles/pots.htm|last=Soin|first=Kanwaljit|publisher=UWEC|access-date=4 January 2014|title=The Art of Pottery in Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025061949/http://www.uwec.edu/geography/ivogeler/w111/articles/pots.htm|archive-date=25 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He received the Rolex Award for Enterprise in 2001 and used his $75,000 award to make the invention available throughout Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1936165_1936254_1936632,00.html|title=Best inventions of 2001: Food Cooling System|last=Anon|year=2001|work=Time: Lists|publisher=Time|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Abba devised an educational campaign tailored to village life and the illiterate population featuring a video-recorded play by local actors to dramatise the benefits of the desert refrigerator. The pots sell at 40 US cents a pair.<ref name="Kanwaljit"/><br />
<br />
After the millennium, several international NGOs began to work on the dissemination of this technology in various African countries: Practical Action in Sudan, Humanity First in Gambia and Movement e.V. in Burkina Faso.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rinker |first=Peter |date=15 April 2014 |title=The clay pot cooler – an appropriate cooling technology |url=https://movement-verein.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/informationen_projekte_clay_pot_cooler_2014_en.pdf |page=2 |publisher=Movement e.V. |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Extensive research has also been done in Mali by D-Lab, in partnership with World Vegetable Center.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Ousmane Sanogo|first=Takemore Chagomoka|title=Evaporative Cooling Technologies for Improved Vegetable Storage in Mali | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Technologies%20for%20Improved%20Vegetable%20Storage%20in%20Mali%20-%20Appendix.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Clay pot cooler - Canari Frigo - Tonkrugkühler.PNG|thumb|Functioning of a clay pot cooler]]A ''zeer'' is constructed by placing a clay pot within a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top.<ref name="practical-action">{{cite web | title = How a zeer pot fridge makes food last longer | work = Practical Action website | url = http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | access-date = 24 December 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110809235725/http://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge | archive-date = 9 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The device cools as the water evaporates, allowing refrigeration in hot, dry climate. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated space for the water to evaporate effectively towards the outside. Evaporative coolers tend to perform poorly or not at all in climates with high ambient [[humidity]], since the water is not able to evaporate well under these conditions.<br />
<br />
If there is an [[Permeation|impermeable]] separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as [[seawater]] can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof [[ceramic glaze|glaze]] or cement<ref name="Peter Rinker"/> applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.<br />
<br />
Extended operation is possible if the pots are able to draw water from a storage container, such as an inverted airtight jar, or if the pots are placed in a shallow pool of water. A strap can be used to tie the inner pot down instead of using sand to prevent it from floating.<br />
<br />
Alternatives to the Pot-in-Pot construction include various versions of a simple Pot-in-Dish. For larger storage capacity, evaporative cooling chambers (ECCs) can be constructed from a double walled brick structure with a straw and wood cover. The same basic operating principles apply. Detailed information on construction materials and methods can be found in the D-Lab best practices guide.<ref name="Best Practices">{{cite magazine |last=Eric Verploegen, Peter Rinker|first=Kukom Edoh Ognakossan|title=Evaporative Cooling Best Practices, Producing and using evaporative cooling chambers and clay pot coolers | url=http://d-lab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Evaporative%20Cooling%20Best%20Practices%20Guide.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operating conditions ==<br />
<br />
Several key considerations are important for determining if an evaporative cooling device will provide effective cooling and storage. ECCs and clay pot coolers provide the most benefits when they are used in low humidity climates (less than 40% relative humidity), the temperature is relatively high (maximum daily temperature higher than 25&nbsp;°C), water is available to add to the device between one and three times per day, and the device can be located in a shady and well-ventilated area. If any of these key criteria cannot be met at the time when improved vegetable storage is needed, then ECCs or clay pot coolers may not provide sufficient benefits to justify their use.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
== Effectiveness ==<br />
<br />
The effectiveness of evaporative cooling varies with the temperature, humidity and airflow. Given a constant flow of cool dry air, evaporative cooling can achieve temperatures as low as the [[wet-bulb temperature]], the 100% humidity condition at the given temperature. Documented tables<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625072104/http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-moving-parts-no-electricity |archive-date=25 June 2012 |title=Build an evaporative refrigerator - no moving parts, no electricity {{!}} Rebuilding Civilization}}</ref> show the minimum temperature that can be achieved at different starting temperatures and percent humidities.<br />
<br />
To determine the effectiveness of evaporative cooling chambers for specific uses it is helpful to consider the following:<br />
<br />
;Type of vegetables or other products needing improved storage<br />
<br />
ECCs or clay pot coolers provide benefits if post-harvest vegetable spoilage is the result of exposure to high temperatures, low humidity, animals, or insects. Some examples of vegetables that are particularly vulnerable to these conditions include eggplants, tomatoes, leafy greens, peppers, and okra. See the "Conclusions and Additional Resources" section of the Best Practices Guide<ref name="Best Practices"/> for a more complete list of vegetables that can benefit from storage in an evaporative cooling device. Non- electric evaporative cooling devices – such as ECCs and clay pot coolers – are not suitable for items that require sustained temperatures below 20&nbsp;°C (medicine, meat, and dairy products) or foods that require a low humidity environment (onions, coffee, garlic, millet, and other grains).<br />
<br />
;Volume of vegetables stored at any one time<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
If the vegetables can fit into a clay pot with a capacity of 150 liters or less, then a clay pot cooler is suitable. Storing larger amounts of vegetables requires a larger ECC. A brick ECC can be designed to accommodate the storage volumes between roughly 500 and 5,000 liters, see the "Construction of Evaporative Cooling Chambers" section of the Best Practices Guide.<ref name="Best Practices"/><br />
<br />
;How often is it needed?<br />
<br />
Variations in the need for improved vegetable storage can arise due to seasonal growing and harvest cycles, vegetable production surpluses relative to local demand, and climate variations. It is important to determine if proper operating conditions exist for evaporative cooling to effectively provide benefits during the time when vegetable storage is needed, and if the need for improved vegetable storage is frequent enough that the value an ECC or clay pot cooler can provide is greater than its cost.<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Gemüseverkäuferinnen mit Tonkrugkühler, Female vegetable sellers with clay pot cooler, vendeuses des légumes avec un canari frigo, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso.JPG|thumb|right|Clay pot cooler at a [[Marketplace|market]] in [[Ouahigouya]], [[Burkina Faso]]]]<br />
Pot-in-pot refrigeration has had multiple positive impacts on the population that uses them beyond the simple ability to keep food fresh for longer periods of time and decreasing instances of food-related disease.<ref name="practical-action" /><br />
<br />
* Increased profits from food sales: As there is no rush to sell food to avoid spoilage, farmers are able to sell their produce on demand and can command higher prices.<br />
* Rural employment opportunities: Farmers are able to support themselves with their increased profits at market, slowing the move into cities. Also, the creation of the pots themselves generates job opportunities.<br />
* Increased diet variety because food is available for longer into the year.<br />
* The ability to store vaccines and medicines that would otherwise be unavailable in areas without refrigeration facilities.<ref name="Abraham">{{cite book|last=Abraham|first=Martin A. A|title=Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles|publisher=Elsevier|edition=Google ebook|pages=30, 31|chapter=The Twelve Principles of Green Engineering|date=16 December 2005|isbn=9780080481272|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgSD_2QpGKoC&q=clay+cooling+device&pg=PA30|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
A ''zeer'' costs about 150 [[Nigerian naira|naira]] (approximately {{US$|1.00}} in 2011) to make in Nigeria, and they sell for 180-200 naira ({{US$|1.20}} to {{US$|1.30}} in 2011).<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Botijo]] (Spanish evaporative water cooler)<br />
* [[Solar-powered refrigerator]]<br />
* [[Evaporative cooler]]<br />
* [[Coolgardie safe]]<br />
<br />
People<br />
*[[Mohammed Bah Abba]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline|Egyptian zeer}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Oluwemimo Oluwasola: Pot-in-pot Enterprise: Fridge for the Poor. United Nations Development Programme, New York 2011. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162247/http://www.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/resources/nigeria_pot_in_pot_enterprise_2011.pdf Online pdf]) <br />
* Peter Rinker: Der Tonkrugkühler – eine angepasste Kühlmöglichkeit. Bau- und Nutzungsanleitung. Movement e. V., Teningen 2014. ([https://movement-verein.org/projekte/tonkrugkuehler/ Online article] (pdf files in German/English/French are also linked))<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pot-in-pot cooler}}<br />
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]<br />
[[Category:Food preservation]]<br />
[[Category:Food safety]]<br />
[[Category:Nigerian inventions]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:Copyrights&diff=1435Wikiciv:Copyrights2022-10-25T17:20:21Z<p>Jehan: /* Creative Commons deed */</p>
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You are free to:<br />
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*Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format<br />
*Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.<br />
<br />
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.<br />
<br />
Under the following terms:<br />
<br />
*Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.<br />
*ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.<br />
<br />
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Wikiciv:About]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:Copyrights&diff=1434Wikiciv:Copyrights2022-10-25T17:20:06Z<p>Jehan: /* Creative Commons deed */</p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv's is copyrighted under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ (CC BY-SA 4.0)] license.<br />
<br />
==Creative Commons deed==<br />
<br />
This deed has been copied from the CC license page.<br />
<br />
This is a human-readable summary of (and does not substitute) the full license.<br />
<br />
You are free to:<br />
<br />
*Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format<br />
*Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.<br />
<br />
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.<br />
<br />
Under the following terms:<br />
<br />
*Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.<br />
*ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.<br />
<br />
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Wikiciv:About]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:Copyrights&diff=1433Wikiciv:Copyrights2022-10-25T17:18:37Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv's is copyrighted under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ (CC BY-SA 4.0)] license.<br />
<br />
==Creative Commons deed==<br />
<br />
This deed has been copied from the CC license page.<br />
<br />
This is a human-readable summary of (and does not substitute) the full license.<br />
<br />
You are free to:<br />
<br />
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format<br />
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.<br />
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.<br />
<br />
Under the following terms:<br />
<br />
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.<br />
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.<br />
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Wikiciv:About]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:Copyrights&diff=1432Wikiciv:Copyrights2022-10-25T17:16:33Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv's is copyrighted under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ (CC BY-SA 4.0)] license.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Wikiciv:About]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:Copyrights&diff=1431Wikiciv:Copyrights2022-10-25T16:49:29Z<p>Jehan: Undo revision 1430 by Jehan (talk)</p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv's is copyrighted under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/Copyrights (CC BY-SA 4.0)] license.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Wikiciv:About]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:Copyrights&diff=1430Wikiciv:Copyrights2022-10-25T16:47:54Z<p>Jehan: Reverted edits by Jehan (talk) to last revision by PolarTwin</p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv's currently copyright policy is the same as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights Wikipedia].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Wikiciv:About]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:Copyrights&diff=1429Wikiciv:Copyrights2022-10-24T18:39:56Z<p>Jehan: </p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv's is copyrighted under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/Copyrights (CC BY-SA 4.0)] license.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Wikiciv:About]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:About&diff=1428Wikiciv:About2022-10-24T18:38:10Z<p>Jehan: Update to (CC BY-SA 4.0)</p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv is a guide for creating modern civilization from the most basic inputs possible. It is community created and edited. It was created in 2022 by [[User:Jehan|Jehan]]. It is liscensed under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons 4.0 License ((CC BY-SA 4.0)) ].<br />
<br />
== Aims ==<br />
===Resilience===<br />
The first goal of Wikiciv is to create resilience in societies, communities and individuals. The effect of systemic disruptions can be reduced by making technological knowledge available to all. <br />
<br />
===Understanding===<br />
Wikiciv aims to foster understanding of technology. Independent of any desire to actually manufacture these technologies, knowledge is inherently valuable.<br />
<br />
===Appreciation===<br />
It is easy to not notice the miracle that is the modern world. By documenting how complex it is to make something even as [https://gizmodo.com/one-mans-nearly-impossible-quest-to-make-a-toaster-from-5794368 simple as a toaster], we can foster appreciation for the technologies around us.<br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
===Foundational Technologies===<br />
Earlier, more basic technologies should be prioritized over later, more complex ones. If something is dependent on a large number of fundamental technologies to work, prioritize those fundamental technologies first.<br />
<br />
That said, if you have a particular interest or knowledge about a technology, feel free to work on that one.<br />
<br />
===Important Technologies===<br />
Prioritize technologies important to human civilization (steel, concrete, fertilizer) over less important ones (fidget spinners, pogs).<br />
<br />
===Concrete Technologies===<br />
Prioritize concrete technologies over abstract ones. Abstract technologies like democracy, marriage and the minimum wage can be contentious and are usually already well described in other resources like [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].<br />
<br />
===Verification===<br />
Whenever possible, Wikiciv articles should be subject to practical tests, or [[wikiciv:verification|verifications]]. This is to test the article's clarity and accuracy.<br />
<br />
== Rules ==<br />
See the content policy for detailed discussion of the rules. The overview:<br />
===Hazardous Technology===<br />
Most manufacturing entails a certain degree of hazard. This can be from high temperatures, sharp surfaces, moving parts, caustic chemicals etc. A warning banner describing the dangers must be included on any page where any significant danger exists.<br />
<br />
Technologies who's manufacturing is inherently exceptionally dangerous may be prohibited on Wikiciv.<br />
<br />
===Weapons Technology===<br />
Technologies with no use aside from offensive military use may be prohibited, such as chemical or biological weapons. Technologies such as the [[axe]], [[bow and arrow]], or [[black powder]] which can be used for hunting, are allowed.<br />
<br />
===Controlled Information===<br />
Controlled technological information (state secrets, private intellectual property etc.), or information which can be used to create certain controlled substances (methamphetamine, fentanyl etc.) are prohibited on Wikiciv.<br />
<br />
== Long-term goals==<br />
=== All of Technology ===<br />
The ultimate goal of this wiki is to have human technology completely documented with instructions. Any publicly known technology should be available on Wikiciv to be recreated from raw materials.<br />
=== Wikimedia Foundation ===<br />
It is the goal of Wikiciv to eventually become a [https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ Wikimedia Foundation Project].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Copyrights]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Core content policies]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:General disclaimer]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Manual of style]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Privacy policy]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Templates Index]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:To do]]<br />
* [[Wikiciv:Verification]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knowledge:_How_to_Rebuild_Our_World_from_Scratch The Knowledge:How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]<br />
* [https://www.howtoinventeverything.com How to Invent Everything]<br />
* [https://longnow.org/ideas/category/manual-for-civilization/ Manual for Civilization] - The Long Now Foundation<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Copper_smelting&diff=832Copper smelting2022-08-31T17:20:18Z<p>Jehan: /* Process */ Created Bellows</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Tiangong Kaiwu Tripod Casting.jpg|thumb|250px|Casting bronze ding-tripods, from the Chinese ''Tiangong Kaiwu'', published in 1637.]]<br />
'''Smelting''' is the process of applying [[heat]] to ore in order to extract a base metal. In the case of [[copper]], combining [[tin]], [[lead]] and/or [[arsenic]] in the right proportions produces [[bronze]], an alloy that is significantly harder than copper.<br />
<br />
== Process ==<br />
Smelting is usually done using a furnace, whose design can be as simple as a pit in the ground. In this case, with [[copper ore]] and bellows, one of the possible processes steps are the following:<ref name=":0">DA Chapman RCA, SG Chapman MA AIFA (2013). [http://web.archive.org/web/20201106232544/http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf Reconstructing and testing the Pentrwyn pit furnaces], ancient-arts.org. Archived on 6 November 2020 from the [http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf original link]. Retrieved on 28 August 2022</ref><br />
<br />
# Dig a small pit unto the ground using an antler pick or another tool, such as a stick.<br />
# Cut a small groove into the edge to allow air from a set of leather bag [[bellows]]<br />
# Crush the copper ore on a small anvil until it is a fine powder.<br />
# Light a [[fire]] in the pit and add [[charcoal]].<br />
# Sprinkle the crushed ore onto the hot coals. Add more charcoal.<br />
# Place the end of the bag bellows in the pit, as well as a turf cap over the pit.<br />
# Force air into the pit by the bellows, increasing the temperature inside and creating a simple furnace. Continue for a couple of hours.<br />
# Changes in the color of the flame coming out of the pit show the progress of the smelting. When the process is complete, remove the cap and retrieve the metal.<br />
# Wash the remains in the pit to check for smaller fragments of copper metal by [[panning]].<br />
# Collect the fragments, put them into a ceramic crucible and return them to the furnace to be melted together.<br />
The metal is has a pinky yellow color. Small amounts of tin or lead can be added to produce the stronger bronze alloy. The chemical reaction is what changes the ore into metal, rather than the temperature in the furnace: the carbon monoxide produced by the burning charcoal bonds with the [[carbon]] in the ore, producing carbon dioxide and copper metal in the process.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Normally, a natural draft furnace using [[wood]], a [[kiln]], can reach up to 1400 Celsius degrees (or 2552 Fahrenheit), while a furnace that uses [[fuel]] such as charcoal can reach temperatures up to 1600 °C (2912 °F) degrees.<ref>[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2016/02/19/making-charcoal/ Making Charcoal] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 19 February 2016. Retrieved on 28 August 2022</ref><ref>[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2017/10/27/natural-draft-furnace/ Natural Draft Furnace] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 27 October 2017. Retrieved on 28 August 2022</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bloomery Furnace]]<br />
* [[Oxygen]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uHc4Hirexc Prehistoric copper smelting in a pit!], ancient1580, 25 May 2012, YouTube<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Rehder, J.E. (2006). ''The Mastery and Uses of Fire in Antiquity''. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773530746.<br />
* DA Chapman RCA, SG Chapman MA AIFA (2013). [http://web.archive.org/web/20201106232544/http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf Reconstructing and testing the Pentrwyn pit furnaces], ancient-arts.org. Archived on 6 November 2020 from the [http://www.ancient-arts.org/pentrwyn%20exp%20report.pdf original link].<br />
<br />
{{wa|Smelting}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Copper]]<br />
[[Category:Stubs]]</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:Verification&diff=622Wikiciv:Verification2022-08-15T15:36:04Z<p>Jehan: Created page with "A verification on Wikiciv is a documented test of an article's content."</p>
<hr />
<div>A verification on Wikiciv is a documented test of an article's content.</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:About&diff=621Wikiciv:About2022-08-15T15:35:34Z<p>Jehan: /* Verification */</p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv is a guide for creating modern civilization from the most basic inputs possible. It is community created and edited. It was created in 2022 by [[User:Jehan|Jehan]] under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons 3.0 License ].<br />
<br />
== Aims ==<br />
===Resilience===<br />
The first goal of Wikiciv is to create resilience in societies, communities and individuals. The effect of systemic disruptions can be reduced by making technological knowledge available to all. <br />
<br />
===Understanding===<br />
Wikiciv aims to foster understanding of technology. Independent of any desire to actually manufacture these technologies, knowledge is inherently valuable.<br />
<br />
===Appreciation===<br />
It is easy to not notice the miracle that is the modern world. By documenting how complex it is to make something even as [https://gizmodo.com/one-mans-nearly-impossible-quest-to-make-a-toaster-from-5794368 simple as a toaster], we can foster appreciation for the technologies around us.<br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
===Foundational Technologies===<br />
Earlier, more basic technologies should be prioritized over later, more complex ones. If something is dependent on a large number of fundamental technologies to work, prioritize those fundamental technologies first.<br />
<br />
That said, if you have a particular interest or knowledge about a technology, feel free to work on that one.<br />
<br />
===Important Technologies===<br />
Prioritize technologies important to human civilization (steel, concrete, fertilizer) over less important ones (fidget spinners, pogs).<br />
<br />
===Concrete Technologies===<br />
Prioritize concrete technologies over abstract ones. Abstract technologies like democracy, marriage and the minimum wage can be contentious and are usually already well described in other resources like [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].<br />
<br />
===Verification===<br />
Whenever possible, Wikiciv articles should be subject to practical tests, or [[wikiciv:verification|verifications]]. This is to test the article's clarity and accuracy.<br />
<br />
== Rules ==<br />
See the content policy for detailed discussion of the rules. The overview:<br />
===Hazardous Technology===<br />
Most manufacturing entails a certain degree of hazard. This can be from high temperatures, sharp surfaces, moving parts, caustic chemicals etc. A warning banner describing the dangers must be included on any page where any significant danger exists.<br />
<br />
Technologies who's manufacturing is inherently exceptionally dangerous may be prohibited on Wikiciv.<br />
<br />
===Weapons Technology===<br />
Technologies with no use aside from offensive military use may be prohibited, such as chemical or biological weapons. Technologies such as the [[axe]], [[bow and arrow]], or [[black powder]] which can be used for hunting, are allowed.<br />
<br />
===Controlled Information===<br />
Controlled technological information (state secrets, private intellectual property etc.), or information which can be used to create certain controlled substances (methamphetamine, fentanyl etc.) are prohibited on Wikiciv.<br />
<br />
== Long-term goals==<br />
=== All of Technology ===<br />
The ultimate goal of this wiki is to have human technology completely documented with instructions. Any publicly known technology should be available on Wikiciv to be recreated from raw materials.<br />
=== Wikimedia Foundation ===<br />
It is the goal of Wikiciv to eventually become a [https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ Wikimedia Foundation Project].<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knowledge:_How_to_Rebuild_Our_World_from_Scratch The Knowledge:How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]<br />
* [https://www.howtoinventeverything.com How to Invent Everything]<br />
* [https://longnow.org/ideas/category/manual-for-civilization/ Manual for Civilization] - The Long Now Foundation</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:About&diff=620Wikiciv:About2022-08-15T15:34:40Z<p>Jehan: /* Verification */</p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv is a guide for creating modern civilization from the most basic inputs possible. It is community created and edited. It was created in 2022 by [[User:Jehan|Jehan]] under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons 3.0 License ].<br />
<br />
== Aims ==<br />
===Resilience===<br />
The first goal of Wikiciv is to create resilience in societies, communities and individuals. The effect of systemic disruptions can be reduced by making technological knowledge available to all. <br />
<br />
===Understanding===<br />
Wikiciv aims to foster understanding of technology. Independent of any desire to actually manufacture these technologies, knowledge is inherently valuable.<br />
<br />
===Appreciation===<br />
It is easy to not notice the miracle that is the modern world. By documenting how complex it is to make something even as [https://gizmodo.com/one-mans-nearly-impossible-quest-to-make-a-toaster-from-5794368 simple as a toaster], we can foster appreciation for the technologies around us.<br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
===Foundational Technologies===<br />
Earlier, more basic technologies should be prioritized over later, more complex ones. If something is dependent on a large number of fundamental technologies to work, prioritize those fundamental technologies first.<br />
<br />
That said, if you have a particular interest or knowledge about a technology, feel free to work on that one.<br />
<br />
===Important Technologies===<br />
Prioritize technologies important to human civilization (steel, concrete, fertilizer) over less important ones (fidget spinners, pogs).<br />
<br />
===Concrete Technologies===<br />
Prioritize concrete technologies over abstract ones. Abstract technologies like democracy, marriage and the minimum wage can be contentious and are usually already well described in other resources like [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].<br />
<br />
===Verification===<br />
Whenever possible, Wikiciv articles should be subject to practical tests, or [[wikiciv:verification]]s. This is to test the article's clarity and accuracy.<br />
<br />
== Rules ==<br />
See the content policy for detailed discussion of the rules. The overview:<br />
===Hazardous Technology===<br />
Most manufacturing entails a certain degree of hazard. This can be from high temperatures, sharp surfaces, moving parts, caustic chemicals etc. A warning banner describing the dangers must be included on any page where any significant danger exists.<br />
<br />
Technologies who's manufacturing is inherently exceptionally dangerous may be prohibited on Wikiciv.<br />
<br />
===Weapons Technology===<br />
Technologies with no use aside from offensive military use may be prohibited, such as chemical or biological weapons. Technologies such as the [[axe]], [[bow and arrow]], or [[black powder]] which can be used for hunting, are allowed.<br />
<br />
===Controlled Information===<br />
Controlled technological information (state secrets, private intellectual property etc.), or information which can be used to create certain controlled substances (methamphetamine, fentanyl etc.) are prohibited on Wikiciv.<br />
<br />
== Long-term goals==<br />
=== All of Technology ===<br />
The ultimate goal of this wiki is to have human technology completely documented with instructions. Any publicly known technology should be available on Wikiciv to be recreated from raw materials.<br />
=== Wikimedia Foundation ===<br />
It is the goal of Wikiciv to eventually become a [https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ Wikimedia Foundation Project].<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knowledge:_How_to_Rebuild_Our_World_from_Scratch The Knowledge:How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]<br />
* [https://www.howtoinventeverything.com How to Invent Everything]<br />
* [https://longnow.org/ideas/category/manual-for-civilization/ Manual for Civilization] - The Long Now Foundation</div>Jehanhttps://wikiciv.org/index.php?title=Wikiciv:About&diff=619Wikiciv:About2022-08-15T15:31:47Z<p>Jehan: /* Principles */ - Added "Basicness"</p>
<hr />
<div>Wikiciv is a guide for creating modern civilization from the most basic inputs possible. It is community created and edited. It was created in 2022 by [[User:Jehan|Jehan]] under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons 3.0 License ].<br />
<br />
== Aims ==<br />
===Resilience===<br />
The first goal of Wikiciv is to create resilience in societies, communities and individuals. The effect of systemic disruptions can be reduced by making technological knowledge available to all. <br />
<br />
===Understanding===<br />
Wikiciv aims to foster understanding of technology. Independent of any desire to actually manufacture these technologies, knowledge is inherently valuable.<br />
<br />
===Appreciation===<br />
It is easy to not notice the miracle that is the modern world. By documenting how complex it is to make something even as [https://gizmodo.com/one-mans-nearly-impossible-quest-to-make-a-toaster-from-5794368 simple as a toaster], we can foster appreciation for the technologies around us.<br />
<br />
== Principles ==<br />
===Foundational Technologies===<br />
Earlier, more basic technologies should be prioritized over later, more complex ones. If something is dependent on a large number of fundamental technologies to work, prioritize those fundamental technologies first.<br />
<br />
That said, if you have a particular interest or knowledge about a technology, feel free to work on that one.<br />
<br />
===Important Technologies===<br />
Prioritize technologies important to human civilization (steel, concrete, fertilizer) over less important ones (fidget spinners, pogs).<br />
<br />
===Concrete Technologies===<br />
Prioritize concrete technologies over abstract ones. Abstract technologies like democracy, marriage and the minimum wage can be contentious and are usually already well described in other resources like [https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia].<br />
<br />
===Verification===<br />
Whenever possible, Wikiciv articles should be subject to practical tests, or [wikiciv:verification]s. This is to test the article's clarity and accuracy.<br />
<br />
== Rules ==<br />
See the content policy for detailed discussion of the rules. The overview:<br />
===Hazardous Technology===<br />
Most manufacturing entails a certain degree of hazard. This can be from high temperatures, sharp surfaces, moving parts, caustic chemicals etc. A warning banner describing the dangers must be included on any page where any significant danger exists.<br />
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Technologies who's manufacturing is inherently exceptionally dangerous may be prohibited on Wikiciv.<br />
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===Weapons Technology===<br />
Technologies with no use aside from offensive military use may be prohibited, such as chemical or biological weapons. Technologies such as the [[axe]], [[bow and arrow]], or [[black powder]] which can be used for hunting, are allowed.<br />
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===Controlled Information===<br />
Controlled technological information (state secrets, private intellectual property etc.), or information which can be used to create certain controlled substances (methamphetamine, fentanyl etc.) are prohibited on Wikiciv.<br />
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== Long-term goals==<br />
=== All of Technology ===<br />
The ultimate goal of this wiki is to have human technology completely documented with instructions. Any publicly known technology should be available on Wikiciv to be recreated from raw materials.<br />
=== Wikimedia Foundation ===<br />
It is the goal of Wikiciv to eventually become a [https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ Wikimedia Foundation Project].<br />
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== External links ==<br />
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knowledge:_How_to_Rebuild_Our_World_from_Scratch The Knowledge:How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch]<br />
* [https://www.howtoinventeverything.com How to Invent Everything]<br />
* [https://longnow.org/ideas/category/manual-for-civilization/ Manual for Civilization] - The Long Now Foundation</div>Jehan