Wikiciv - User contributions [en]

Wikiciv:Volunteers

2025-05-07T20:37:24Z

Gelsoup:

The following is a list of volunteers in Wikiciv. If you wish to contribute to the project, add your name by writing <nowiki>* --~~~~</nowiki> below!

* [[User:Jehan]]
* [[User:Signore Galilei]]
* [[User:Uri]]
* [[User:Oscar]]
* [[User:PolarTwin]]
* [[User:CTabarrok]]
* [[User:CASSIE]]
* [[User:Noonynoonynoo]]
* [[User:Shrimpsooup]]
* [[User:Mikaele1100]]
* [[User:Mathematician|Mathematician]] ([[User talk:Mathematician|talk]]) 04:17, 6 May 2025 (UTC)
* [[User:Lunimaine]]
* [[User:CatMeowsBack|CatMeowsBack]] ([[User talk:CatMeowsBack|talk]]) 05:24, 7 May 2025 (UTC)
* [[User:Gelsoup|Gelsoup]] ([[User talk:Gelsoup|talk]]) 20:36, 7 May 2025 (UTC)
== See also ==
* [[Wikiciv:Milestones]]
* [[Wikiciv:Resources]]

[[Category:Wikiciv administration]]

Salt

2025-05-07T20:16:07Z

Gelsoup: Created page with "'''Salt''', '''table salt''', '''rock salt''', '''sea salt''' or '''halite''' (NaCl) is a naturally occurring chemical compound of sodium and chlorine used for flavouring and preserving food, as well as in chemical synthesis. It is naturally abundant in seawater and in salt mines, underground stores of salt from evaporated bodies of saltwater. Salt is a basic spice, one of the basic human tastes, and vital for life. File:Table salt with sa..."

'''Salt''', '''table salt''', '''rock salt''', '''sea salt''' or '''halite''' (NaCl) is a naturally occurring [[Chemical compounds|chemical compound]] of sodium and chlorine used for flavouring and preserving food, as well as in chemical synthesis. It is naturally abundant in [[seawater]] and in salt mines, underground stores of salt from evaporated bodies of saltwater. Salt is a basic spice, one of the basic human tastes, and vital for life.
[[File:Table salt with salt shaker V1.jpg|thumb|Table salt with salt shaker]]

== Materials used ==

* '''[[Seawater]]'''
* An underground salt deposit

== Crafting instructions ==
Salt can be formed by evaporating seawater or by mining from underground salt deposits.

== Uses ==
Salt is used as a spice, in [[food preservation]] as [[pickling]], [[brining]], and [[curing]], and in chemical syntesis, as with [[chlorine]] and [[Sodium Chlorate|sodium]].

== Dependencies ==

* Salt
** [[Chlorine]]
** [[Sodium]]
** [[Food preservation]]
*** [[Pickling]]
*** [[Brining]]
*** [[Curing]]

Lye

2025-05-07T19:46:55Z

Gelsoup: formatting

Lye is a caustic base, either sodium hydroxide (soda lye) or potassium hydroxide (potash lye). It's most commonly used for making [[soap]] by mixing lye with animal fat, but can also be used to cure and tenderize foods in small amounts.

== Materials needed ==

* A salt-tolerant '''plant''' as glassworts, saltworts, or kelp
* '''[[Fire]]'''
* '''[[Water]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
Soda lye is much easier to produce compared to potash lye, but which you can make is dependent on your location.

'''Soda Ash Lye'''

First, burn any 'halophyte' (salt tolerant) plant such as glassworts, saltworts, or kelp, leach the ashes, and boil the resulting liquid to produce soda ash (sodium carbonate). Add the resulting soda ash to [[Quicklime|limewater]] for a final product of lye (sodium hydroxide).

'''Wood Ash Lye'''

Start by burning wood, and leaching the ash. Boil off the resulting water to create potash. When mixed with limewater, it produces lye (potassium hydroxide). While easier to create, this method is much less favorable to the soda ash method, as the resulting lye is of lower quality and yeild.

== Uses ==
Lye is a powerful base, particularly useful in the production of [[Soap|soap.]]

== Dependencies ==

* Lye
** [[Soap]]

== See also ==

* [[Soap]]

Still

2025-05-07T19:41:05Z

Gelsoup: Added image

[[File:Simple distillation apparatus.svg|thumb|Simple distillation apparatus]]
A '''still''' is a device for facilitating the [[distillation]] process. Generally, a distillation flask, chamber, or tank is filled with a liquid and heat is applied. Compounds with lower boiling points will vaporize first and be condensed back into a liquid by the [[condenser]] and collected.

== Materials used ==

* A '''heat source'''
* '''[[Glass]]'''
* '''Tubing''', of glass or some flexible material like rubber or silicone
* A '''thermometer'''

== Crafting instructions ==
Basic distillation consists of a boiling flask placed on a heat source, a condenser, and a collector. A still can consist of something as simple as a leaf placed above a pot of boiling water, where it condeses and collects in another pot.

=== The distillation flask (or "boiling flask") ===
This contains the material to be distilled, a mix of two liquids of different boiling points. It is place on a heat source and, with use of the thermometer, brought to just under the boiling temperature of the liquid with the higher boiling point. Ideally, the condenser should be airtight, such that gas can only escape through the condenser, but this can be ignored in cases of safe materials and acceptable low yields e.g. when purifying water. This can be a purpose-built glass boiling flask, a jar, a pot or anything that can hold liquid and withstand heat

=== The condenser ===
The condenser consists of any system on which condensing vapor, called the distillate, can collect at the distillation flask, condense, and collect at the collector. ideally, this consists of a tube surrounded by coolant, usually ice-water. If possible this coolant should be pumped in the opposite direction of the vapor in the condenser. Any airtight tubing that can withstand heat can be used, and for this reason special-made glass condensers are ideal. Any wide surface on which vapor can collect and condense can be used. The vaporm or input side of the condenser should be placed higher than the condensation side.

=== The collector ===
The collector can be any container which can hold the desired liquid

=== Simple pot still ===
# place a large pot on the stove and add liquid to be distilled
# place a small strainer or stand of some kind into the pot so that it peaks just above the liquids surface
# place a small bowl on strainer within the pot, then a larger bowl atop the pot in place of a lid
# the larger bowl on top can be filled with ice and/or cool water and the stove can be turned on

The liquid will vaporize as it heats and the vapor will condense on the cold bowl lid and run down the bowl, drip, and be collected into the small bowl within the pot held up by the strainer.

This method is very far from ideal but will work for a crude alcohol or steam distillation in a pinch.

== Uses ==
Stills are used for purifying or concentrating certain chemicals from out of solution. They are also used in making potable water. Distillation is particularly popular in making stronger alcoholic beverages, for example whisky, a more potent, distilled alcohol than beer, both made from barley.

== Dependencies ==

* Still
** [[Alcohol]]
** [[Water]]

== Also see ==

* [[alcohol]]

== References ==

Still

2025-05-07T19:34:11Z

Gelsoup: a

A '''still''' is a device for facilitating the [[distillation]] process. Generally, a distillation flask, chamber, or tank is filled with a liquid and heat is applied. Compounds with lower boiling points will vaporize first and be condensed back into a liquid by the [[condenser]] and collected.

== Materials used ==

* A '''heat source'''
* '''[[Glass]]'''
* '''Tubing''', of glass or some flexible material like rubber or silicone
* A '''thermometer'''

== Crafting instructions ==
Basic distillation consists of a boiling flask placed on a heat source, a condenser, and a collector. A still can consist of something as simple as a leaf placed above a pot of boiling water, where it condeses and collects in another pot.

=== The distillation flask (or "boiling flask") ===
This contains the material to be distilled, a mix of two liquids of different boiling points. It is place on a heat source and, with use of the thermometer, brought to just under the boiling temperature of the liquid with the higher boiling point. Ideally, the condenser should be airtight, such that gas can only escape through the condenser, but this can be ignored in cases of safe materials and acceptable low yields e.g. when purifying water. This can be a purpose-built glass boiling flask, a jar, a pot or anything that can hold liquid and withstand heat

=== The condenser ===
The condenser consists of any system on which condensing vapor, called the distillate, can collect at the distillation flask, condense, and collect at the collector. ideally, this consists of a tube surrounded by coolant, usually ice-water. If possible this coolant should be pumped in the opposite direction of the vapor in the condenser. Any airtight tubing that can withstand heat can be used, and for this reason special-made glass condensers are ideal. Any wide surface on which vapor can collect and condense can be used. The vaporm or input side of the condenser should be placed higher than the condensation side.

=== The collector ===
The collector can be any container which can hold the desired liquid

=== Simple pot still ===
# place a large pot on the stove and add liquid to be distilled
# place a small strainer or stand of some kind into the pot so that it peaks just above the liquids surface
# place a small bowl on strainer within the pot, then a larger bowl atop the pot in place of a lid
# the larger bowl on top can be filled with ice and/or cool water and the stove can be turned on

The liquid will vaporize as it heats and the vapor will condense on the cold bowl lid and run down the bowl, drip, and be collected into the small bowl within the pot held up by the strainer.

This method is very far from ideal but will work for a crude alcohol or steam distillation in a pinch.

== Uses ==
Stills are used for purifying or concentrating certain chemicals from out of solution. They are also used in making potable water. Distillation is particularly popular in making stronger alcoholic beverages, for example whisky, a more potent, distilled alcohol than beer, both made from barley.

== Dependencies ==

* Still
** [[Alcohol]]
** [[Water]]

== Also see ==

* [[alcohol]]

== References ==

Ink

2025-05-07T18:43:14Z

Gelsoup:

[[File:Bird_Feather_Feather_Paper_inkwell_pen_inkblot_Edited_2020.jpg|thumb|A quill dipped in black ink]]

'''Ink''' is a colored liquid or paste used for writing, drawing, printing, or marking surfaces. It's made by combining pigments or dyes (which provide color) with a carrier fluid (like water, oil, or alcohol) and various additives that help with drying, flow, or adhesion.

== Materials used ==

* '''Colorant''', like [[lampblack|lampblack (soot)]], a mix of [[Iron|iron oxide]] and oak gall, or sepia (squid ink)
* '''Carrier''', like water, [[linseed oil]], or [[alcohol]]
* '''Thickeners, thinners, dryers, and such as needed'''

== Crafting instructions ==

=== India Ink ===

# Mix two parts lampblack with one part shellac or gum arabic
# Add water to desired thickness and mix
# [[Animal glue]] may be added to form an inkstick

=== Iron-gall ink ===

# Soak two parts crushed oak galls in water for 24 - 48 hours to create a solution of tannic acid
# Add one part fine powder of iron(II) sulfate to the solution
# Add thickener as desired.
# Strain and store.

=== Print ink ===

# Add linseed oil to lampblack or other colorant as desired. This ink sticks to metal and was commonly used for printing press

=== Simple walnut ink ===

# simmer walnut husks in water for at least 30 min (the longer the better)
# Strain thoroughly
# Simmer down to desired darkness
# Optionally alcohol can be added to around 10-30% to preserve long term

== Uses ==
India ink is the traditional ink used in Chinese calligraphy and has existed for millennia. It is still used today in art, calligraphy, writing, and as the black ink in tattoos. Iron-gall ink was very common in Europe, from the 5th to 19th centuries. It was so commonplace that it was also called "standard" or "common" ink. Print ink sticks to metal unlike water-based inks, and so was instrumental in the use of the [[Printing press|printing press.]]

== Dependencies ==

Talk:Main Page

2025-05-07T04:56:04Z

Gelsoup:

hello everyone! dragon here. this seems like a nice concept so im throwing up a talk page.

wanted to suggest a few things. should we include how-to pages? since this is a civilization rebuilder wiki, it seems relevant, and i havent seen any. i dont want to get out of hand on the simpler pages by going in detail on how to make, say, a bone burnisher on the bone page.

== How-Tos? ==

Should we include how-to sections in their relevant pages, or have them as additional pages so that we can pull from unrelated pages and relate the topics?

-----
I think how-to instructions is an absolute necessity in at least some capacity.

-fixedsyslabs

-----

The "How-To" section on the pages would be interesting, and I think the entire wiki should have "chapters" or sections based on the level of development required by the civilization to develop a technology.

It would be even more appropriate to cover the basics/essentials in the early chapters (such as shelter, food, water, healthcare...) and the more advanced aspects (like: nuclear power, aircraft, and other key elements related to heavy industry) in the later chapters according to their prerequisites.
To support my point: you first need to know how to make fire to solve your immediate problems before harnessing hydropower to perform mechanical tasks, and then generating electricity, for example. Moreover electricity isn't a prerequisite for industry if you can directly use hydropower or steam. (I don't know if that's clear enough.)

If the person who will, perhaps tomorrow, have to rebuild civilization by hand must find the tools necessary for their progress alone in a jumble of information, the initial objective of this project may not be achieved.

Variolus

-----

Yes, really this is about the How-Tos. There are pages on materials, but they are to be ingredients for the various how-to guides. Ideally, even the material pages would include, or at least link to pages on how to acquire them.

-Jehan

-----

Perhaps the creation of a system that is based on the needs that must be met by the the reader. As once basic survival is acheived then quality of life should be a focus to a point, then as the QoL needs are met the focus again shifts to understanding the why for themselves so that the Wiki remains a tool and not a crutch?

-Mathematician

-----

I believe How-to's should be included in all relevant articles and formatted as sections titled "Materials used" and "Crafting instructions" as described in the wiki's manual of style (https://wikiciv.org/index.php/Wikiciv:Manual_of_style)

-Gelsoup

-----

Adding a little more in here, true knowledge, the crucial stuff for re-developing a civilization, isn't only made from theoretical information, like turning through a book, you need some sort of practical know-how. No matter how much you describe how to nail two planks together, a step-by-step would still be very useful, if not as useful.

I also think some sort of "dependency system" would be required, like 'You need to know basic sewing and tailoring to make your own clothes', there is no need for someone to try to re-create electronic computer systems if they don't even have a basic hold on crucial stuff like farming, or health care.

-Comp nerd

-----
Unfortunately, theoretical information is all we can really provide as a wiki. All the more reason to make information as clear, practical, and accessible as possible.

As for dependencies, prerequisites are handled in the "Materials used" section and technologies dependant on the subject are placed in the "Dependencies" section. e.g "Brick" would have "Clay" in its "Materials used" section and "Clay" would have "Brick" in its "Dependencies" section. This way anyone wanting to make a specific technology could follow a chain of links in "Materials used" sections and determine every antecedent technology and the order in which to pursue them. Furthermore they would have some idea of what to do with that technology from the "Dependencies" section.

I think this is the most streamlined way of doing things; There's not much one can do to "order" a wiki, so even attempting to put things chronologically would be in vain. This egts the best result with the least fluff

-Gelsoup

== Should we include self-descriptive language in our articles? ==

Should we include language like "we use XYZ for ABC in recent times" in our articles? I think it would be nice to, in case civilization does go down, at least give people in the future a little taste of what we used to do, like and admire, like "Smartphones are a very big part of most people's life", just to preserve a little of history, as well to give some personality and context to the article

----

I don't think we should use self-descriptive language, it can becoming damaging to objectivity. survivors using this information might end up essentially cargo culting the old days, rather than using this knowledge to create something that works well for them in their situation.

that's just my opinion, though.

-Michael B.

----

I believe that self-descriptive language would add unnecessary clutter to the wiki. Furthermore, it would be unlikely for this wiki to be the only surviving information from us, and this cultural context (self-descriptive language) could be gathered from other sources. If anything of this nature is added, it should be in a isolated section, titled cultural relevance or something similar.

-Osborn Garcia

Ammonia

2025-05-06T21:27:44Z

Gelsoup: added image

[[File:Ammonia-2D.svg|thumb|2D structure of ammonia.]]
[[File:Haber-Bosch-tr.svg|thumb|The Haber-Bosch process]]
'''Ammonia''', also known as '''hydrogen nitride''', is an inorganic compound of [[nitrogen]] and [[hydrogen]] with the formula NH3. It is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Although common in nature and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form.

== Materials needed ==

* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Nitrogen]]
* High-purity pulverized magnetite (Fe3O4, a compound of [[iron]])

== Crafting instructions ==
''Note: Due to the high pressure under which this reaction takes place and the reactivity of its reagents, this process is notably dangerous, and should only be attempted under laboratory conditions by professionals''

Ammonia production is mainly done through [[wikipedia:Haber_process|Haber-Bosch process]] in which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is reacted with hydrogen (H2) alongside a catalyst of finely divided iron.

The chemical reaction utilized by the Haber-Bosch process is:

N2 +3H2 → 2NH3

ΔH298k = -92.28 kJ per mole of N2

# The pulverized magnetite (Fe3O4) is oxidized to give magnetite or wüstite (FeO, ferrous oxide) particles of a specific size. The magnetite (or wüstite) particles are then partially reduced, removing some of the oxygen. The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite, encased in a shell of wüstite, which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of metallic iron.
# Mix one (1) part nitrogen to three (3) parts hydrogen alongside your catalyst.
# Bring the gas to a pressure of 250 to 350 bar and a temperature of 450 to 550°C
# Cool the resulting gas to extrude liquid ammonia

== Uses ==
Around 70% of ammonia is used to make [[Fertilizer|fertilizers]] in various forms and composition. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products.
==Dependencies==
*[[Hydrogen]]
*[[Nitrogen]]
**'''Ammonia'''
***[[Fertilizer]]
== See also ==
* [[Water]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]

== References ==
{{wa|Ammonia}}

[[Category:Bases]]

Soap

2025-05-06T21:23:19Z

Gelsoup: added image

[[File:Handmade soap cropped and simplified.jpg|thumb|A handmade bar of soap]]
'''Soap''' is a [[Chemical compounds|chemical compound]] used for cleaning. It is a salt of a fatty acid produced by mixing fats or oils with a base. This process, called [[wikipedia:Saponification|saponification]], cleaves esters into alcohols and salts (the soap). Soaps main use is in its ability to act as an emulsifier between oils and water. Soap molecules have one lipophilic (fat-attracting) end and one hydrophilic (water-attracting) side, allowing dirt and oils to be captured by tiny bubbles called [[wikipedia:Micelle|micelles]] and subsequently washed away. Soaps ability to remove toxins and pathogens from skin or surfaces have made it a vital tools in preventing diesase.

== Materials needed ==

* An '''[[oil]]''', commonly animal fat or a vegetable oil.
* a '''base''', commonly [[lye]] (sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide)
* '''[[Water]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
''Note: Due to the corrosive nature of lye, this should only be done in a well-ventilated area with proper personal protection equipment.''
[[File:Phospholipids aqueous solution structures.svg|thumb|Micelle structure]]
Exact measurements vary by recipe and oil used.

# Pour the lye into water and stir. This process is exothermic. Do not pour the water into the lye.
# Melt the oils on low heat.
# When both solutions are about 100-120°F (about 40-50°C), mix the two together
## Optional: Cook the soap on low heat for 1-1.5 hours. This reduces setting time
## Optional: Add fragrances or colorants to preference
# Place the soap in a mold. REmove and cut after 24 hours
# Let sit for 1-2 weeks if cooked, 6-7 weeks if not. While the soap is usable during this period, it is not completely saponified. To test if soap is saponified, attempt to lather.

== Uses ==
Soap removes dirt from surfaces, skin, clothing dishware, silverware, and more, greatly reducing the chance of contracting an illness. soap also reduces body odor.

[[Category:Chemical compounds]]

Soap

2025-05-06T21:21:20Z

Gelsoup: Created page with "A handmade bar of soap '''Soap''' is a chemical compound used for cleaning. It is a salt of a fatty acid produced by mixing fats or oils with a base. This process, called saponification, cleaves esters into alcohols and salts (the soap). Soaps main use is in its ability to act as an emulsifier between oils and water. Soap molecules have one lipophilic (fat-attracti..."

[[File:Handmade soap cropped and simplified.jpg|thumb|A handmade bar of soap]]
'''Soap''' is a [[Chemical compounds|chemical compound]] used for cleaning. It is a salt of a fatty acid produced by mixing fats or oils with a base. This process, called [[wikipedia:Saponification|saponification]], cleaves esters into alcohols and salts (the soap). Soaps main use is in its ability to act as an emulsifier between oils and water. Soap molecules have one lipophilic (fat-attracting) end and one hydrophilic (water-attracting) side, allowing dirt and oils to be captured by tiny bubbles called [[wikipedia:Micelle|micelles]] and subsequently washed away. Soaps ability to remove toxins and pathogens from skin or surfaces have made it a vital tools in preventing diesase.

== Materials needed ==

* An '''[[oil]]''', commonly animal fat or a vegetable oil.
* a '''base''', commonly [[lye]] (sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide)
* '''[[Water]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
''Note: Due to the corrosive nature of lye, this should only be done in a well-ventilated area with proper personal protection equipment.''

Exact measurements vary by recipe and oil used.

# Pour the lye into water and stir. This process is exothermic. Do not pour the water into the lye.
# Melt the oils on low heat.
# When both solutions are about 100-120°F (about 40-50°C), mix the two together
## Optional: Cook the soap on low heat for 1-1.5 hours. This reduces setting time
## Optional: Add fragrances or colorants to preference
# Place the soap in a mold. REmove and cut after 24 hours
# Let sit for 1-2 weeks if cooked, 6-7 weeks if not. While the soap is usable during this period, it is not completely saponified. To test if soap is saponified, attempt to lather.

== Uses ==
Soap removes dirt from surfaces, skin, clothing dishware, silverware, and more, greatly reducing the chance of contracting an illness. soap also reduces body odor.

[[Category:Chemical compounds]]

Chlorine

2025-05-06T18:17:48Z

Gelsoup:

[[File:Cl-TableImage.svg|thumb|300px|Position of chlorine in the periodic table.]]

'''Chlorine''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent. Elemental chlorine at high concentration is extremely dangerous, and poisonous to most living organisms.

== Materials needed ==

* '''[[Salt]]'''
* '''[[Electrolysis]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
Chlorine gas can be produced from sodium chloride salt through electrolysis.

== Uses ==
Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis, predominantly in the chlor-alkali process. The high oxidising potential of elemental chlorine led to the development of commercial bleaches and disinfectants, and a reagent for many processes in the chemical industry. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of [[plastic]]s, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. As a chemical warfare agent, chlorine was first used in World War I as a poison gas weapon.

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Carbon]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Iodine]]
* [[Nitrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Sulfur]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Chlorine}}

[[Category:Nonmetals]]

Concrete

2025-05-06T18:15:28Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions" and "Uses"

[[File:Camion toupie à Oyonnax en août 2017.jpg|thumb|Concrete mixer in France.]]

'''Concrete''' is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid [[cement]] (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after [[water]], and is the most widely used building material. When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water through a process called concrete hydration that hardens over several hours to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. This time allows concrete to not only be cast in forms but also to have a variety of tooled processes preformed.

Concrete is distinct from mortar. Whereas concrete is itself a building material, mortar is a bonding agent that typically holds [[Brick|bricks]], tiles and other masonry units together.

Once allowed to cure, concrete is capable of resisting extremely large loads in compression. However, concrete is much weaker in tensile strength than compressive strength. It is for this reason that it is often reinforced with high tensile strength materials, most commonly in the form of steel rebar, but notably also in the forms of [[fiberglass]].

== Materials needed ==

* '''[[Cement]]'''
* '''[[Water]]'''
* '''[[Sand]]'''
* '''[[Gravel]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
While recipes vary, a general recipe for concrete is

* 1 part cement
* 2 parts sand
* 3 parts gravel
* Water as needed

recipes generally change with need and material availability

== Uses ==
Concrete is widely used in construction of buildings roads, bridges and more

== Dependencies ==
* [[Cement]]
* [[Water]]
** '''Concrete'''
** [[Mortar]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Brick]]
* [[Ceramic]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Glass]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Lime concrete]]
* [[Lime mortar]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Plastic]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Sandstone]]
* [[Processed materials]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Concrete}}

[[Category:Building materials]]
[[Category:Processed materials]]

Coal

2025-05-06T18:09:46Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions" and "Uses"

{{distinguish|Charcoal}}
[[File:Coal Transported to the nearby Meremere Power Station, 1966.jpg|thumb|250px|Maramarua Open Cast Coal Mine in New Zealand, 1966]]

'''Coal''' is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly [[carbon]] with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly [[hydrogen]], [[sulfur]], [[oxygen]], and [[nitrogen]]. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into [[peat]] and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. Coal is primarily used as a [[fuel]]. Coal is very soft ranking from 2 to 4 on the Mohs hardness scale, while sandstone ranks from 5 to 7.

== Materials needed ==
Coal is a naturally occurring material

== Crafting instruction ==
Coal is extracted from mines

== Uses ==
Because of its hot, consistent burning temperature and relative abundance, coal has had widespread use across history in heating, metalworking and powering coal [[Engine|engines]]. coal burns at a higher temperature than wood, and so allowed for easier production of [[iron]] and other metals. This high temperature also allowed for particularly high pressures to be achieved in steam engines with a lower volume of fuel. This ease of energy extraction was the basis of the industrial revolution.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Carbon]]
* [[Peat]]
** '''Coal'''
** [[Fuel]]

== See also ==
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Activated charcoal]]
* [[Carbon dioxide]]
*[[Charcoal]]
*[[Fire]]

== References ==
{{wa|Coal}}

[[Category:Fuel]]
[[Category:Hydrocarbons]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Clay

2025-05-06T18:01:09Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:Clay-ss-2005.jpg|thumb|250px|Quaternary clay in Estonia]]

'''[[wikipedia:Clay | Clay]]''' is a type of fine-grained natural soil material. Clay is able to be worked into a desired shape when wet, and becomes hard and brittle when dried or fired, retaining its previous shape.

== Materials needed ==
Clay is a naturally occurring material

== Crafting instructions ==
Clay can be found underground, sometimes quite close to the surface. It is more common near riverbanks. Quality of clay varies by location. Before use, clay should be washed of impurities like sand, stones, or silt.

== Uses ==

=== Ceramics ===

Clay can be shaped when wet and then fired to create clay [[Ceramic |ceramics]], including [[Brick |bricks]] which can be used for construction, and [[pottery]] which includes clay vessels, dishware, pipes, and other wares.

=== Construction ===

In addition to clay bricks, clay can be used directly in buildings, such as in the daub used in wattle and daub construction, or in the walls of a [[Bloomery Furnace]].

=== Projectiles ===
:''See also:'' [[Sling]] and [[Slingshot]]
Clay is an option as [[projectile]]s for ranged [[weapons]], including the [[sling]] and the [[slingshot]].<ref name="PT">"[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2015/11/27/sling/ Sling]", primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 27 November 2015. Retrieved on 27 April 2022.</ref>

=== Writing ===

Clay tablets are the earliest known medium for writing, used in Sumeria and Greece as early as 3000 BCE. Symbols can be inscribed into wet clay using a stylus, and the clay can either be remolded to record a new set of symbols or fired to make the record more permanent.

== Natural sources ==

Clay can be gathered from riverbanks and dry riverbeds or lakebeds in almost any part of the world. Wet clay is slippery even if it is unprocessed, unlike other kinds of soil or sand. A sample of clay can be tested by wetting it to a workable consistency and seeing if it breaks when rolled out or coiled into shape. A good sample of clay will be easy to work and resistant to breaking.

===Processing===

Before using clay, impurities such as stones and plant matter should be removed. This can be done by picking the impurities out while the clay is dry, by sifting the clay through a sieve, or by filtering clay particles suspended in [[water]] by passing them through a cloth. If clay is intended to be used for ceramics, it can be tempered with sand or with ground up bits of broken previously fired ceramics. This will improve the chance that the clay fires successfully.

== Dependencies ==

* '''Clay'''
** [[Brick]]
** [[Ceramic]]
** [[Sling]]
** [[Slingshot]]

== See also ==
* [[Brick]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Soils]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek3aeUhHaFY Fired Clay Bricks] - Primitive Technology, 26 April 2019, YouTube
{{wa|Clay}}

[[Category:Soils]]

Chlorine

2025-05-06T17:56:09Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:Cl-TableImage.svg|thumb|300px|Position of chlorine in the periodic table.]]

'''Chlorine''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent. Elemental chlorine at high concentration is extremely dangerous, and poisonous to most living organisms.

== Materials needed ==

* '''[[Salt]]'''
* '''[[Electricity]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
Chlorine gas can be produced from sodium chloride salt through electrolysis.

== Uses ==
Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis, predominantly in the chlor-alkali process. The high oxidising potential of elemental chlorine led to the development of commercial bleaches and disinfectants, and a reagent for many processes in the chemical industry. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), many intermediates for the production of [[plastic]]s, and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them sanitary. As a chemical warfare agent, chlorine was first used in World War I as a poison gas weapon.

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Carbon]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Iodine]]
* [[Nitrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Sulfur]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Chlorine}}

[[Category:Nonmetals]]

Chisel

2025-05-06T17:52:30Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:E2414447-1cf5-4369-a93e-fecf7d97c5ae.jpg|thumb|200px|A collection of flint chisels. The chisel is used by facing one end into the material to be carved/chipped, then striking the other end with a hammer or rock to impart force. The struck end is often cushioned by a cloth or hide to prevent the tool itself from chipping.]]A '''chisel''' is a [[Tools|tool]] used to chip and carve objects including [[wood]] and rock. It is a rod with an angular head that can concentrate a large amount of force in one small area at its point. Chisels are often made from rock or metal. [[Stone|Stones]] suitable for chiseling should be long enough to be held safely in one hand and thick enough that they do not shatter when struck. Quartzite and [[flint]] are good choices and can be distinguished by their glassy/crystalline and dark grey appearances respectively, usually in areas with [[limestone]] deposits.

== Materials used ==

* A relatively long piece of strong material such as '''quartzite, flint, or metal.'''
* A method of sharpening the chisel
* A '''[[hammer]]''' for chiselling with

== Crafting instructions ==
Sharpen the striking end of the chisel.

== Operation ==
The user strikes the handle or padded end of the chisel with a heavy object such as a [[hammer]] or large rock, angling the chisel head to achieve the desired direction of chipping. In order to use a chisel on something, the material being chiseled must be softer than the material the chisel head is made from. For example, a chisel head made of soft [[sandstone]] would itself break if one attempted to use it to chisel a harder material such as [[obsidian]].

== Dependencies ==

* [[Stone]]
* [[Metal]]
** '''Chisel'''
*** [[Stone]]
*** [[Wood]]

== See also ==
* [[Knife]]
* [[Needle]]
* [[Spear]]
* [[Tools]]

[[Category:Tools]]

Talk:Main Page

2025-05-06T17:46:11Z

Gelsoup: /* How-Tos? */

Charcoal

2025-05-06T17:38:23Z

Gelsoup:

{{distinguish|Coal}}
[[File:Charcoal Production - Namibia.jpg|thumb|Charcoal production in Namibia, 2021]]

'''[[wikipedia:Charcoal |Charcoal]]''' is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating [[wood]] (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents.

== Materials used ==

* '''[[Wood]]'''

* '''[[Mud]]''' or '''[[clay]]'''

==Crafting instructions==

=== Accidental ===
Any fire, as a result of some of the wood falling and getting covered with ash, will naturally produce charcoal. The yield may be enhanced by dousing the flame with water, and allowing the rest of the wood to smoulder. After a night's rest, the charcoal should be cool, but test it by holding your hand near. It should not radiate heat. This produces low quality charcoal in small quantities, but does notably work in every scenario, and is theorized to be how ancient humans first discovered and harnessed charcoal.

===Mound===
[[Wood]] is collected and cut broken into lengths of roughly 40-70cm. A hole is dug and a larger piece of wood is driven into it so that it stays upright and acts as a central "post" for the other pieces of wood to lay against. The rest of the wood is stacked around the post upright, with the largest pieces in the center and smaller sticks and leaves around the outside so that it's sides slope downward. The woodpile is coated with mud and leaves to prevent gas exchange, except for a hole at the top and 8 smaller air holes around the circumference. A fire is lite at the top hole to set the covered woodpile alight.

Once the fire has burned up against the lower air holes, plug all the holes to seal the mound. When the mound is cool to the touch (this can take as long as 2 days) excavate the mound and harvest the charcoal.

== Uses ==
=== Fuel ===
Charcoal is very light, burns for a reasonably long time, and has a consistent temperature throughout, which makes it an ideal [[fuel]] source for carrying long distances. Charcoal is most commonly used as a fuel for [[cooking]], [[Heat|heating]] and manufacturing processes.

Charcoal is harder to light than dry wood, but burns much hotter. Due to its porosity, it is sensitive to the flow of air and the heat generated can be moderated by controlling the air flow to the fire. For these reasons charcoal is still widely used by blacksmiths. A chimney starter, camp fire or electric charcoal starter can ignite charcoal, as it cannot be directly lit easily.

=== Filtration ===
{{See also|Activated charcoal}}
Charcoal processed into [[activated charcoal]] is commonly used to filter contaminants from [[water]] and [[air]], among many other uses.

Activated charcoal readily adsorbs a wide range of organic compounds dissolved or suspended in gases and liquids. It is also used to absorb odors and toxins in gases, such as [[air]]. Charcoal filters are also used in some types of gas masks. The medical use of activated charcoal is mainly the absorption of poisons.
===Carbon feedstock ===
Charcoal can be used as a carbon feedstock for the production of items like as [[black powder]]. Only the best pieces of charcoal should be used for these purposes; they will have the lowest impurities, and produce more consistent products.

It is usually ground into a fine powder, with airfloat grade being the finest particle size available commercially. When used in black powder compositions, it is often ball-milled with other ingredients so that they are intimately mixed together.

==Dependencies==

*[[Wood]]
**'''Charcoal'''
**[[Fuel]]

==See also==
*[[Activated charcoal]]
*[[Black powder]]
*[[Coal]]

==References==
{{wa|charcoal}}
{{wa|activated_charcoal}}
== External links==
*[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2016/02/19/making-charcoal/ Making Charcoal] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 19 February 2016
*[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2017/06/17/reusable-charcoal-mound/ Reusable Charcoal Mound] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 17 June 2017
*[https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/05/18/blower-and-charcoal/ Blower and Charcoal] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 18 May 2018
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzLvqCTvOQY Primitive Technology: Charcoal] - Primitive Technology, 19 February 2016, YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjK2XlNE39Q Primitive Technology: Reusable charcoal mound] - Primitive Technology, 17 June 2017, YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgQ-07VgJuY Primitive Technology: Blower and charcoal] - Primitive Technology, 18 May 2018, YouTube
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AHVnzXIDzc charcoal stove | charcoal making oven In forest. pre technology .survival] - Pre Technology, 14 June 2022, YouTube

[[Category:Featured articles]]
[[Category:Fuel]]
[[Category:Hydrocarbons]]

Ceramic glaze

2025-05-06T17:33:57Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions" and "Uses"

[[File:Bottle Iran 16.JPG|thumb|150px|Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle.]]

'''Ceramic glaze''' is an impervious layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fused to a [[pottery]] body through firing. Glaze can serve to color, decorate or waterproof an item. Glazing renders earthenware vessels suitable for holding liquids, sealing the inherent porosity of unglazed biscuit earthenware. It also gives a tougher surface. Glaze is also used on stoneware and porcelain. In addition to their functionality, glazes can form a variety of surface finishes, including degrees of glossy or matte finish and color. Glazes may also enhance the underlying design or texture either unmodified or inscribed, carved or painted.

Most pottery produced in recent centuries has been glazed, other than pieces in unglazed biscuit porcelain, terracotta, or some other types. Tiles are almost always glazed on the surface face, and modern architectural terracotta is very often glazed. Glazed [[brick]] is also common. Domestic sanitary ware is invariably glazed, as are many [[ceramic]]s used in industry, for example ceramic insulators for overhead power lines.

== Materials used ==

* 30% '''[[Silica]]''', for a shiny, waterproof glass layer
* 40% '''[[Feldspar]]''', as flux to reduce melting point
* 20% Kaolin '''[[clay]]''', for alumina, to stabilize
* 10% '''[[Calcium carbonate]]''', as both whiting and flux
* '''[[Water]]'''
* Other chemicals for colour as desired

== Crafting instructions ==
Mix with enough water to form a slurry. Apply to bisque-fired pottery by dipping, pouring, or brushing and let dry before glaze-firing.

== Uses ==
Glazing a ceramic is done to ensure waterproofing, to make the surface less prone to dirt and other pollutants, and as decoration

== Dependencies ==
* [[Ceramic]]
* '''Ceramic glaze'''
** [[Pottery]]

== See also ==
* [[Brick]]
* [[Clay]]
* [[Mud]]

== References ==
{{wa|Ceramic_glaze}}

[[Category:Ceramic]]

Ceramic

2025-05-06T17:21:17Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions" and "Uses"

[[File:Jingdezhen ware dish with dragon design, Jiajing era, Tokyo National Museum.JPG|thumb|250px|Porcelain dish of the Ming Dynasty]]

A '''ceramic''' is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as [[clay]], at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and [[brick]].

The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects (pots or vessels) or figurines made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened and sintered in [[fire]]. Later, ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of materials developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.

== Materials needed ==

* '''[[Clay]]'''
* '''A [[kiln]]'''
* Optionally: a pottery wheel and [[ceramic glaze]]

== Crafting instructions ==

# Work the clay to remove air bubbles and prepare the clay for shaping
# Form the clay into the desired shape. Wetter clay is easier to shape, but drier clay holds its a shape better.
# let the clay dry. This should be done slowly to avoid cracks
# Bisque firing: fire in a kiln of 850–1000°C (1560–1830°F) for about 8 to 14 hours depending on size and shape.
# Optional: Apply glaze once cooled
# Glaze firing: fire in a kiln of 1040–1100°C (1900–2010°F) for earthenware glaze or 1200–1300°C (2190–2370°F) for stoneware glaze for about 6 to 10 hours depending on size and shape.

== Uses ==
Due to the abundance of clay and ceramics ability to hold water, ceramics were widely used across cultures as cases, shingles, plant pots and more

== Dependencies ==

* [[Clay]]
** '''Ceramic'''
*** [[Pottery]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Basket]]
* [[Ceramic glaze]]
* [[Ceramic water filter]]
* [[Concrete]]
* [[Fiberglass]]
* [[Glass]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Plastic]]
* [[Sugar]]
</div>

== External links ==
* [https://www.memory-of-mankind.com/how-is-information-kept-legible-for-1-million-years/ How Is Information Kept Legible For 1 Million Years?] - Memory of Mankind

{{wa|Ceramic}}

[[Category:Ceramic]]
[[Category:Technology]]

Cement

2025-05-06T17:10:03Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions" and "Uses"

[[File:Portland cement Type1 of Taiwan Cement 20180501.jpg|thumb|Cement bags made in Taiwan.]]

'''Cement''' is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind [[sand]] and [[gravel]] (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces [[mortar]] for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces [[concrete]]. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only [[water]] as the planet's most-consumed resource.

Cement is primarily produced by slaking quicklime. This involves adding the quicklime to water to convert it from CaO to CaOH. In this state it can be used as a pickling lime, as cement, plaster, mortar or as a food additive. Though there are many forms of cement, most involve taking limestone, aragonite or seashells, heating them above 900c to remove the organics, then slaking the resultant quicklime.

== Materials needed ==

* 80% '''Limestone (calcium carbonate)'''
* 15-20% '''[[Clay]] or Shale'''
* 0-5% '''Rust powder ([[Iron|iron oxide]])'''
* '''Gypsum (CaSO₄)''' (5% of the total mass of previous mixture)
* A '''rotary [[kiln]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==

# Grind all ingredients into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or ball mill. Mix thoroughly to get a uniform raw meal.
# Heat mixture in a crucible or kiln to 1450°C (2642°F) for about 30 minutes, forming pellets called clinker.
# Cool rapidly to preserve mineral phases (drop into dry sand or on a steel plate).
# Grind clinker into a fine powder.
# Add gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) equal to 5% by weight and grind again to make true cement.

== Uses ==
Cement has a strong compressive strength and can be poured to fit any mold. this versatility has led to widespread use in construction including roads, buildings, bridges, and more.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Gravel]]
* [[Sand]]
** '''Cement'''
** [[Water]]
*** [[Concrete]]

== See also ==
* [[Concrete]]
* [[Gravel]]
* [[Lime mortar]]
* [[Mortar]]

== References ==
{{wa|Cement}}

== External links ==
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/07/17/wood-ash-cement/ Wood ash cement], primitivetechnology.wordpress.com. 17 July 2018.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9L0i6YdTtoY How to make Cement From Snail's Shell] - Pre Technology, 14 October 2021, YouTube

[[Category:Building materials]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Carbon

2025-05-06T16:46:56Z

Gelsoup:

[[File:C-TableImage.svg|thumb|300px|Position of carbon in the periodic table.]]

'''Carbon''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after [[hydrogen]], [[helium]], and [[oxygen]]. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life.

The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various allotropes of carbon. Well-known allotropes include [[graphite]], [[diamond]], amorphous carbon and fullerenes. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent; graphite is soft enough to form a streak on [[paper]], while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known; and while graphite is a good electrical conductor, diamond has a low electrical conductivity.

The largest sources of inorganic carbon are [[limestone]]s, dolomites and [[carbon dioxide]], but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of [[coal]], [[peat]], [[oil]], and [[methane]] clathrates.

== Crafting instructions ==
Carbon occurs naturally as [[coal]] or can be crafted as [[charcoal]].

==Dependencies ==
*[[Coal]]
*[[Methane]]
*[[Oil]]
*[[Peat]]
**'''Carbon'''
**[[Graphite]]
**[[Nitrogen]]
***[[Cyanide]]
***[[Diamond]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Black powder]]
* [[Chlorine]]
* [[Fire]]
* [[Fuel]]
* [[Heat]]
* [[Helium]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Iodine]]
* [[Nitrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
* [[Phosphorus]]
* [[Silicon]]
* [[Sulfur]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Carbon}}

[[Category:Nonmetals]]

Canning

2025-05-06T16:43:18Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:Open conservenblik met sperziebonen PK-F-K.0109, PK-F-2007-0214.jpg|thumb|200px|Open can of green beans]]

'''Canning''' is a method of [[food preservation]] in which [[food]] is processed and sealed in an airtight container, including jars, as well as and [[steel]] and [[tin]] cans. Canning provides a shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, although under specific circumstances, it can be much longer. A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried lentils, could last as long as thirty years in an edible state.

== Materials needed ==

* '''[[Glass]],''' for mason jars
* Some king of '''metal''' for a strong lid
* '''Rubber''' or '''[[Wax]]''' for sealing
* A '''large pot''' of or pressure canner
* A '''jar-lifter'''
* Clean '''towels'''

== Crafting instructions ==
There are two main methods to canning food '''water bath canning''' (for high-acid foods) and '''pressure canning''' (for low-acid foods)

=== Water bath canning ===

# Sterilize jars by boiling or washing in hot, soapy water.
# Fill jars, leaving appropriate headspace (1/2" to 1")
# Wipe rims and apply lid
# Submerge jars in boiling water (must cover jars by 1–2 inches)
# Process jars for the time specified in a recipe (depends on altitude/food).
# Remove jars with a jar lifter, place on a towel, and let cool 12–24 hours.
# Check seals—press the center of the lid; it should not pop up.
# Store sealed jars in a cool, dark place. Refrigerate any unsealed jars.

=== Pressure Canning ===

# Sterilize jars by boiling or washing in hot, soapy water.
# Fill jars, leaving appropriate headspace (1/2" to 1")
# Wipe rims, apply lid
# Place jars in the pressure canner with the recommended amount of water.
# Seal canner and vent steam for 10 minutes before applying pressure weight.
# Process at pressure (usually 10–15 PSI) for the time your recipe calls for.
# Let pressure drop naturally before opening.
# Remove jars, cool, check seals, and store.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Steel]]
* [[Glass]]
* [[Tin]]
** '''Canning'''
*** [[Food]]

== See also ==
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[Pot-in-pot refrigerator]]
* [[Refrigeration]]

== References ==
{{wa|Canning}}
== External links ==
* Andress, Elizabeth; Kuhn, Gerald. (1998rev.) "[https://nchfp.uga.edu/publications/usda/review/earlyhis.htm II. Early History of USDA Home Canning Recommendations]". ''Critical Review of Home Preservation Literature and Current Research''. University of Georgia
* Andress, Elizabeth. (2014rev.) "[https://nchfp.uga.edu/publications/usda/review/earlyhis.htm II. Using Boiling Water Canners]". ''Preserving Food: Using Boiling Water Canners''. Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Cooperative Extension.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absorption_refrigerator Absorption refrigerator]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

[[Category:Food preservation]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Candle

2025-05-06T16:24:04Z

Gelsoup: Spelling and grammar

A '''candle''' is a tool for producing light consisting of a fibrous wick encased in beeswax, tallow, or paraffin wax.

== Materials needed ==

* '''A wick''' preferably of [[cotton]], but other materials such as [[hemp]] or [[linen]] may be used.
* '''Beeswax, tallow, or paraffin wax,''' for the body of the candle. Beeswax will burn clean, while tallow will be smoky, but generally cheaper and easier. (In a pinch, most fats and oils will work for a crude candle or lamp. Even crayons!)
* '''A mold,''' to shape the candle, or '''a bar,''' from which to hang the candles

== Crafting instructions ==
There are two main ways to make a candle: by pouring, or by dipping

=== Pouring the candles ===

# Coat the inside of your mold with a thin layer of oil
# Cut your wicks just over twice as long as your mold
# Your candle mold should consist of several pairs of tubes with small holes in the bottom. Use a wire to thread each end of your wick through adjacent holes and seal it with some clay.
# Tie the ends of the wick to sticks at the opening of the mold to keep them centered,
# Pour your wax in the mold. Once cool, remove candles.

=== Dipping the candles ===

# Tie your wicks to a stick
# Dip your wicks in wax just barely above its melting point
# Remove the wicks, allow this layer of wax to cool.
# Repeat the process until desired thickness

== Uses ==
Candles were the main source of light after dark for much of human history. this allowed for work to be done when previously it would be impossible to see.

== Dependencies ==

Quill

2025-05-06T07:13:06Z

Gelsoup: Created page: quill

A '''quill''' is a writing utensil made from a feather of a large bird.

== Materials needed ==

* a '''feather,''' preferably of a primary wing feather of the wing matching the writers dominant hand. (Right wing for right hand, left wing for left hand)
* a '''[[knife]]''' with which to cut the nib
* an '''[[oven]]''' to cure the tip

== Crafting instructions ==

# Cure the quill by inserting the tip into hot sand for a few minutes, or by placing the quill in the oven at about 300°F for 30 minutes. this hardens the tip.
# Cut the tip of the quill at 45 degrees.
# cut a small slit in the end of the quill.
# adjust as needed.

== Uses ==
quills were a ubiquitous writing tool that allowed for communication and the spread of knowledge. Quills were used to write letters, manuscripts, legal documents, and records from the 6th to 19th centuries.

== Dependencies ==

Ink

2025-05-06T06:57:50Z

Gelsoup: Created page: Ink

'''Ink''' is a colored liquid or paste used for writing, drawing, printing, or marking surfaces. It's made by combining pigments or dyes (which provide color) with a carrier fluid (like water, oil, or alcohol) and various additives that help with drying, flow, or adhesion.

== Materials used ==

* '''Colorant,''' like [[lampblack]], [[Iron|iron oxide]] and oak gall, or sepia (squid ink)
* '''Carrier,''' like water, [[linseed oil]], or [[alcohol]]
* '''Thickeners, thinners, dryers, and such as needed'''

== Crafting instructions ==

=== India Ink ===

# Mix two parts lampblack with one part shellac or gum arabic
# Add water to desired thickness and mix
# [[Animal glue]] may be added to form an inkstick

=== Iron-gall ink ===

# Soak two parts crushed oak galls in water for 24 - 48 hours to create a solution of tannic acid
# Add one part fine powder of iron(II) sulfate to the solution
# Add thickener as desired.
# Strain and store.

=== Print ink ===

# Add linseed oil to lampblack or other colorant as desired. This ink sticks to metal and was commonly used for printing press

== Uses ==
India ink is the traditional ink used in Chinese calligraphy and has existed for millennia. It is still used today in art, calligraphy, writing, and as the black ink in tattoos. Iron-gall ink was very common in Europe, from the 5th to 19th centuries. It was so commonplace that it was also called "standard" or "common" ink. Print ink sticks to metal unlike water-based inks, and so was instrumental in the use of the [[Printing press|printing press.]]

== Dependencies ==

User:Gelsoup

2025-05-06T06:18:08Z

Gelsoup: Created page with "Doing the best i can"

Doing the best i can

Candle

2025-05-06T05:40:43Z

Gelsoup: Page created: Candle

A '''candle''' is a tool for producing light consisting of a fibrous wick encased in beeswax, tallow, or paraffin wax.

== Materials needed ==

* '''A wick''' preferably of [[cotton]], but other materials such as [[hemp]] or [[linen]] may be used.
* '''Beeswax, tallow, or paraffin wax,''' for the body of the candle. Beeswax will burn clean, while tallow will be smoky, but generally cheaper and easier.
* '''A mold,''' to shape the candle, or '''a bar,''' from which to hang the candles

== Crafting instructions ==
There are two main ways to make a candle: by pouring, or by dipping

=== Pouring the candles ===

# coat the inside of your mold with a thin layer of oil
# Cut your wicks just over twice as long as your mold
# Your candle mold should consist of several pairs of tubes with small holes in the bottom. Use a wire to thread each end of your wick through adjacent holes and seal it with some clay.
# tie the ends of the wick to sticks at the opening of the mold to keep them centered,
# Pour your wax in the mold. Once cool, remove candles.

=== Dipping the candles ===

# Tie your wicks to a stick
# Dip your wicks in wax just barely above its melting point
# Remove the wicks, allow this layer of wax to cools.
# Repeat the process until desired thickness

== Uses ==
Candles were the main source of light after dark for much of human history. this allowed for work to be done when previously it would be impossible to see.

== Dependencies ==

Calcium

2025-05-06T05:01:52Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:Ca-TableImage.svg|thumb|300px|Position of calcium in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Ca Ar.png|thumb|250px|Calcium sample.]]

'''Calcium''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to [[air]]. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust and the third most abundant metal, after [[iron]] and [[aluminum]]. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in [[limestone]] and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium.

Calcium is also the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body. As electrolytes, calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the physiological and biochemical processes of organisms and cells: in signal transduction pathways where they act as a second messenger; in neurotransmitter release from neurons; in contraction of all muscle cell types; as cofactors in many enzymes; and in fertilization. Calcium ions outside cells are important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, protein synthesis, and [[bone]] formation.

== Materials used ==
Either

* '''Calcium chloride'''
* '''[[Electricity]]'''

or

* '''[[Lime]]'''
* '''[[Aluminum]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
In China and Russia, electrolysis is used on calcium chloride.

In The United States and Canada...

# Mix and compact powdered lime and powdered aluminum into briquettes.
# Place briquettes in an evacuated retort at about 1200°C
# Elemental calcium evaporates out and condenses at the cooled ends of the retort.
# impurities like calcium aluminate can be removed by distillation

== Uses ==
Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for calcium supplementation, in the [[paper]] industry as bleaches, as components in [[cement]] and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps. On the other hand, the metal in pure form has few applications due to its high reactivity.

== Dependencies ==

* '''Calcium'''
* [[Cement]]
* [[Paper]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Tin]]
* [[Zinc]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Calcium}}

[[Category:Metals]]

Bronze

2025-05-06T04:50:43Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:God of Cape Artemision 01.JPG|thumb|250px|The Artemision Bronze, 460-450 BCE. National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]

'''Bronze''' is an alloy consisting primarily of [[copper]], commonly with about 12–12.5% [[tin]] and often with the addition of other metals (such as [[aluminum]], [[manganese]], [[nickel]] or [[zinc]]), as well as sometimes non-metals. The additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as strength, ductility, or machinability.

== Materials used ==

* '''[[Copper]]'''
* '''[[Tin]]'''
* Other materials such as '''[[Aluminum|aluminium]], [[manganese]], [[nickel]], [[zinc]] [[arsenic]]''' or '''[[silicon]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
Exact proportions of materials depend on desired material properties. see [[wikipedia:Bronze#Composition|here]] for details

== Uses ==
Due to its relatively low melting point and ductility, bronze was remarkably easy to work with. it could be cast, rather than forged, and was soft enough that it could often be bent to any shape the smith desired, even when cool. It's ductility also meant that it dulled, rather than chipped or broke, meaning tools lasted longer and could easily be resharpened. This combination of ductility and durability allowed tremendous versatility in the use of bronze. Bronze was used for all sorts of tools, armors, weapons, artworks and more. The diverse and ubiquitous use of bronze during its peak has led to this period of history being deemed "The Bronze Age".

== Dependencies ==

* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Tin]]
* [[Zinc]]
** '''Bronze'''
*** [[Axe]]
*** [[Knife]]
*** [[Spear]]
*** [[Sword]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Arsenic]]
* [[Brass]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Steel]]
* [[Alloys]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Bronze}}

[[Category:Alloys]]

Bromine

2025-05-06T04:37:33Z

Gelsoup:

'''Bromine''' is a chemical element with symbol Br and number 35. It is a red-brown, highly toxic liquid at room temperature, with a strong unpleasant odour. It readily gives off a brown gas and is irritant to the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Bromine can be found primarily as soluble bromides such as magnesium bromide in seawater<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/science/bromine]Christe, K., Schneider, S. (2025, April 9). bromine. Encyclopedia Britannica. <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/bromine</nowiki></ref>.

== Materials used ==

* '''Seawater'''
* '''[[Chlorine|Chlorine gas]]'''
* '''[[Iron]]'''
* '''[[Sodium carbonate]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==

# Bubble chlorine gas through seawater to oxidize Br⁻, producing Br2 gas
# Use air or steam to blow Br₂ out and away from solution
# Absorb in a solution of iron or of sodium carbonate, or condense Br₂ directly through cooling.

== Uses ==
Bromine is used as a water sanitiser, can be used in the production of fire retardants and in the production of dyes<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bromine-properties-incident-management-and-toxicology/bromine-general-information <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] UK Health Security Agency | Bromine: general information</ref>. It has been used as an additive to leaded gasoline to stop lead deposition.

== Production ==
Bromine can be extracted from seawater by displacement by chlorine in the presence of sulphuric acid. It should be stored in well-sealed glass or lead-lined containers.

== See also ==

* [[Chlorine]]
* [[Iodine]]
* [[Fluorine]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
* [[Astatine]]
* [[Halogens]]

== References ==

Bromine

2025-05-06T04:36:43Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

'''Bromine''' is a chemical element with symbol Br and number 35. It is a red-brown, highly toxic liquid at room temperature, with a strong unpleasant odour. It readily gives off a brown gas and is irritant to the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Bromine can be found primarily as soluble bromides such as magnesium bromide in seawater<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/science/bromine]Christe, K., Schneider, S. (2025, April 9). bromine. Encyclopedia Britannica. <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/bromine</nowiki></ref>.

== Materials used ==

* '''Seawater'''
* '''[[Chlorine|Chlorine gas]]'''
* '''[[Iron]]'''
* '''[[Sodium carbonate]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==

# Bubble chlorine gas through seawater to oxidize Br⁻, producing Br2 gas
# use air or steam to blow Br₂ out and away from solution
# Absorb in a solution of iron or of sodium carbonate, or condense Br₂ directly through cooling.

== Uses ==
Bromine is used as a water sanitiser, can be used in the production of fire retardants and in the production of dyes<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bromine-properties-incident-management-and-toxicology/bromine-general-information <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] UK Health Security Agency | Bromine: general information</ref>. It has been used as an additive to leaded gasoline to stop lead deposition.

== Production ==
Bromine can be extracted from seawater by displacement by chlorine in the presence of sulphuric acid. It should be stored in well-sealed glass or lead-lined containers.

== See also ==

* [[Chlorine]]
* [[Iodine]]
* [[Fluorine]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
* [[Astatine]]
* [[Halogens]]

== References ==

Brick

2025-05-06T04:26:11Z

Gelsoup:

[[File:A aesthetic brick blocks.JPG|thumb|250px|Brick blocks]]

A '''brick''' is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term brick denotes a block composed of dried [[clay]], but is now also used informally to denote other chemically cured construction blocks. Bricks can be joined using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period.

== Materials used ==

* '''[[Clay]]'''
* '''[[Kiln]]'''

== Crafting instructions ==
A mold is created out of a stiff material (often, [[Wood|wood)]] in the desired shape of the brick. A common shape is a [[wikipedia:Rectangular_cuboid|rectangular prism]] with side lengths in a ratio of 1:1:2. Wet [[clay]] is pressed into the mold and allowed to dry.

The dry clay brick is then fired by placing it in extreme heat, often from a [[kiln]]. This alters its physical properties and makes it stronger, suitable for use as a building material

== Dependencies ==

* [[Clay]]
** '''Brick'''
*** [[Shelter]]
** [[Mortar]]
*[[Fire]]
**[[Kiln]].

== See also ==
* [[Ceramic]]
* [[Concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Sandstone]]

== References ==
{{wa|Brick}}
== External links ==
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2017/09/22/mud-bricks/ Mud bricks] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 22 September 2017
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D59v74k5flU Primitive Technology: Mud Bricks] - Primitive Technology, 22 September 2017, YouTube
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwRFH7MH5N0 Primitive Technology: Fired Clay Bricks] - Primitive Technology, 26 April 2019, YouTube
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShvAN9bLwnw Primitive Technology: Brick kiln, brick mold and bricks] - Primitive Technology, 31 March 2022, YouTube

[[Category:Building materials]]

Brick

2025-05-06T04:25:54Z

Gelsoup: Formatting

[[File:A aesthetic brick blocks.JPG|thumb|250px|Brick blocks]]

A '''brick''' is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term brick denotes a block composed of dried [[clay]], but is now also used informally to denote other chemically cured construction blocks. Bricks can be joined using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period.

== Materials used ==

* '''[[Clay]]'''
* [[Kiln]]

== Crafting instructions ==
A mold is created out of a stiff material (often, [[Wood|wood)]] in the desired shape of the brick. A common shape is a [[wikipedia:Rectangular_cuboid|rectangular prism]] with side lengths in a ratio of 1:1:2. Wet [[clay]] is pressed into the mold and allowed to dry.

The dry clay brick is then fired by placing it in extreme heat, often from a [[kiln]]. This alters its physical properties and makes it stronger, suitable for use as a building material

== Dependencies ==

* [[Clay]]
** '''Brick'''
*** [[Shelter]]
** [[Mortar]]
*[[Fire]]
**[[Kiln]].

== See also ==
* [[Ceramic]]
* [[Concrete]]
* [[Limestone]]
* [[Mud]]
* [[Raw material]]
* [[Sandstone]]

== References ==
{{wa|Brick}}
== External links ==
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2017/09/22/mud-bricks/ Mud bricks] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 22 September 2017
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D59v74k5flU Primitive Technology: Mud Bricks] - Primitive Technology, 22 September 2017, YouTube
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwRFH7MH5N0 Primitive Technology: Fired Clay Bricks] - Primitive Technology, 26 April 2019, YouTube
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShvAN9bLwnw Primitive Technology: Brick kiln, brick mold and bricks] - Primitive Technology, 31 March 2022, YouTube

[[Category:Building materials]]

Brass

2025-05-06T04:22:37Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:St Margaret Pattens - Chandelier.jpg|thumb|200px|Brass chandelier at St Margaret Pattens church, London]]
'''Brass''' is an alloy of [[copper]] (Cu) and [[zinc]] (Zn), in proportions that can be varied to achieve varying mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. Brass is similar to bronze, another alloy containing copper that uses [[tin]] instead of zinc. Both bronze and brass also may include small proportions of a range of other elements including [[arsenic]], [[lead]], [[phosphorus]], [[aluminum]], [[manganese]], and [[silicon]]. Brass has long been a popular material for decoration due to its bright, gold-like appearance; being used for drawer pulls and doorknobs. It has also been widely used to make utensils due to properties, including having a low melting point, high workability (both with hand tools and with modern turning and milling machines), durability, and electrical and thermal conductivity.

Brass is still commonly used in applications where corrosion resistance and low [[friction]] are required, such as locks, hinges, gears, bearings, ammunition casings, zippers, plumbing, hose couplings, valves, and electrical plugs and sockets. It is used extensively for musical instruments, includinghorns and bells, and also used as a substitute for copper in making costume jewelry, fashion jewelry, and other imitation jewelry. The composition of brass, generally two thirds copper and one third zinc, makes it a favorable substitute for copper based jewelry, as it exhibits greater resistance to corrosion. Brass is not suitable for such items as boat propellers because the zinc reacts with minerals in salt water, leaving porous copper behind. The tin in bronze will not react with these minerals.

Brass is often used in situations in which it is important that sparks not be struck, such as in fittings and tools used near flammable or explosive materials.

== Materials used ==

* '''[[Copper]]'''
* '''[[Zinc]]'''
* Small amounts of '''[[lead]], [[tin]], [[arsenic]],''' and possibly others

== Crafting instructions ==
Exact proportions of materials depend on desired material properties. see [[wikipedia:Brass#Types|here]] for details

== Dependencies ==
* [[Copper]]
* [[Zinc]]
** '''Brass'''

== See also ==
* [[Bronze]]
* [[Steel]]
* [[Alloys]]

== References ==
{{wa|Brass}}

[[Category:Alloys]]

Black powder

2025-05-06T04:14:52Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:Black Powder-1.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Black powder in a glass jar]]
'''Black powder''', also known as '''gunpowder''', is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of [[sulfur]], [[carbon]] (in the form of [[charcoal]]) and [[potassium nitrate]] (saltpetre). The sulfur and carbon act as [[fuel]]s while the saltpetre is an oxidizer. Gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, and road building.

Ignition of gunpowder packed behind a [[projectile]] generates enough pressure to force the shot from the muzzle at high speed, but usually not enough force to rupture the gun barrel. It thus makes a good propellant, but is less suitable for shattering rock or fortifications with its low-yield explosive power. Nonetheless it was widely used to fill fused artillery shells (and used in mining and civil engineering projects) until the first high explosives were put into use.

the exact chemical mix varies but the widely accepted best and most efficient is 75% saltpetre (potassium nitrate) 15% charcoal 10% sulfur the mixing and constancy of the gun powder is important generally the finer the individual particles are the higher performance

== Materials used ==
[[Saltpeter]] (potassium nitrate)

Softwood [[charcoal]]

[[Sulfur]]

== Crafting method ==
Mix 75% potassium nitrate (known as saltpeter or saltpetre), 15% softwood charcoal, and 10% sulfur. Keep away from open flame

== Uses ==
Gun powder is classified as a low explosive, as the shockwave it produces is slower than the speed of sound (called deflagration, as opposed to explosion, for shockwaves faster than the speed of sound). This made it ideal for use in firearms, where a high explosive would damage the weapons and potentially the user. It has also been used in mining and excavation, as blasting powder, but was replaced by high explosives in this regard.

==Dependencies==
*[[Saltpeter]]
**[[Black powder]]

==See also==
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Fire]]
* [[Nitroglycerin]]
* [[Explosives]]
* Smokeless powder

==References==
{{wa|Gunpowder}}

[[Category:Explosives]]

Bow drill

2025-05-06T03:55:26Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions" and "Operation"

[[File:Feu-archet.jpg|thumb|250px|Bow drill with a hand piece, being used to light a fire.]]
A '''[[wikipedia:bow drill|bow drill]]''' is a [[Fire#Production Techniques|fire making]] technique that uses the same principle as the hand drill ([[friction]] by rotation of [[wood]] on wood) but instead the spindle is shorter, wider (about the size of a human thumb) and driven by a bow, which allows longer, easier strokes and protects the palms. Additional downward pressure is generated by the handhold.

== Materials needed ==

=== For the fireboard ===
Wood of medium hardness, like cottonwood, willow, aspen, tamarack, cedar, sassafras, sycamore, or poplar. The wood should be as dry as possible. Most sizes will do, but thickness should generally be limited to 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch (1.25 - 2 cm) for convenience.

=== For the spindle ===
Wood of medium hardness or harder. The wood should be as dry as possible. This piece should be about 3/4 in. (2 cm( thick, 6-12 in. (15-30 cm)long, and as straight as possible.

=== For the handhold ===
A piece of wood that fits comfortably in your hand.

=== For the bow ===
A strong but flexible stick of about arms length and about the same length of cordage.

== Crafting instructions ==

# Carve one end of the spindle to a taper.
# Carve a indentation in the fireboard such that the tapered end of the spindle fits well.
# Carve a small indentation in the handhold such that the spindle is secure when pressure is applied from above. some lubricant, such as from fresh leaves may be useful
# Tie the cordage to each side of the bow. It should be slack enough to twist around your spindle, but tight enough not to slip.<ref>https://www.jonsbushcraft.com/bowdrill%20tutorial.htm</ref><ref>https://www.instructables.com/Fire-without-matches-or-metal/</ref>

== Operation ==
On one knee, hold the fireboard down with your foot. Twist the cordage around the spindle such that the loop is on the outside of the bow and the pointed end of the spindle faces down. While pressing down from above with the handhold, pulling the bow back and forth will spin the spindle. Use this to deepen the indentation in the fireboard. From this indentation, carve out a eighth (1/8) of the circle to the edge as a channel for embers. Place your tinder beneath this notch so that it can catch an ember.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Friction]]
* [[Stick]]
* [[Wood]]
** '''Bow drill'''
*** [[Fire]]

== See also ==
* [[Hand drill]]
* [[Pump drill]]

== References ==
{{wa|Fire_making}}
== External links ==
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2016/01/22/cord-drill-and-pump-drill/ Cord drill and Pump drill] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 22 January 2016
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEl-Y1NvBVI Primitive Technology: Cord drill and Pump drill] - Primitive Technology, 22 January 2016, YouTube
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Qb9Ih7QPJY How to use a Prehistoric Bow Drill] - ancient1580, 11 March 2015, YouTube

[[Category:Fire]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Boron

2025-05-06T03:10:45Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:B-TableImage.svg|thumb|300px|Position of boron in the periodic table.]]

'''Boron''' is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as boric acid, the mineral sodium borate, and the ultra-hard crystals of boron carbide and boron nitride.

== Materials Needed ==

* '''[[Boric acid]]'''
* '''[[Magnesium]]'''
* '''[[Hydrochloric acid]]'''

== Crafting Instructions ==
''Note: This process involves high temperatures, flammable and toxic gases, and potentially explosive reactions. It should '''only''' be attempted by trained individuals in a properly equipped lab setting with appropriate safety protocols.''

# Heat the boric acid to create boric anhydride (B₂O₃).
# Mix finely powdered B₂O₃ and Mg in 1:3 ratio.
# Heat the mixture to about 900°C in a covered crucible or a refractory container.
# Wash the residue with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to dissolve magnesium oxide:
# Rinse with distilled water and dry.

== Uses ==
Boron is primarily used in chemical compounds. About half of all production consumed globally is an additive in [[fiberglass]] for insulation and structural materials. The next leading use is in polymers and [[ceramic]]s in high-strength, lightweight structural and heat-resistant materials. Borosilicate [[glass]] is desired for its greater strength and thermal shock resistance than ordinary soda lime glass. As sodium perborate, it is used as a bleach. A few boron-containing organic pharmaceuticals are used or are in study.

Borates have low toxicity in mammals (similar to table salt) but are more toxic to arthropods and are occasionally used as insecticides. Boron-containing organic antibiotics are known. Although only traces are required, it is an essential plant nutrient.

== Dependencies ==
* '''Boron'''
** [[Ceramic]]
** [[Fiberglass]]
** [[Glass]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
** [[Boric acid]]

== See also ==
* [[Arsenic]]
* [[Silicon]]
* [[Chemical elements]]

== References ==
{{wa|Boron}}

[[Category:Metalloids]]

Boric acid

2025-05-06T02:46:53Z

Gelsoup:

[[File:Structural formula of boric acid.svg|thumb|250px|Chemical structure of boric acid]]

'''Boric acid''' is a [[Chemical compounds|chemical compound]] of [[boron]], [[oxygen]], and [[hydrogen]] with formula B(OH)3. It is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in [[water]], and occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite. It is a weak acid that yields various borate anions and salts, and can react with alcohols to form borate esters.

== Materials needed ==

* '''Borax''' (sodium tetraborate decahydrate)
* '''Mineral acid''' such as [[hydrochloric acid]]

== Crafting instructions ==
The reaction of Borax with HCl is as follows:

Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 B(OH)3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O

It is also formed as a byproduct of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and diborane:

: B2H6 + 6 H2O → 2 B(OH)3 + 6 H2
: BX3 + 3 H2O → B(OH)3 + 3 HX (X = Cl, Br, I)

== Uses ==
Boric acid is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other boron compounds.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Boron]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
** [[Boric acid]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Ammonia]]
* [[Carbon dioxide]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Ethanol]]
* [[Methane]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nitroglycerin]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sulfuric acid]]
* [[Water]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Boric_acid}}

[[Category:Acids]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Boric acid

2025-05-06T02:46:34Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:Structural formula of boric acid.svg|thumb|250px|Chemical structure of boric acid]]

'''Boric acid''' is a [[Chemical compounds|chemical compound]] of [[boron]], [[oxygen]], and [[hydrogen]] with formula B(OH)3. It is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in [[water]], and occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite. It is a weak acid that yields various borate anions and salts, and can react with alcohols to form borate esters.

== Materials needed ==

* '''Borax''' (sodium tetraborate decahydrate)
* '''Mineral acid''' such as [[hydrochloric acid]]

== Crafting instructions ==
The reaction of Borax with HCl is as follows:

Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 B(OH)3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O
It is also formed as a byproduct of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and diborane:

: B2H6 + 6 H2O → 2 B(OH)3 + 6 H2
: BX3 + 3 H2O → B(OH)3 + 3 HX (X = Cl, Br, I)

== Uses ==
Boric acid is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other boron compounds.

== Dependencies ==
* [[Boron]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
** [[Boric acid]]

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Ammonia]]
* [[Carbon dioxide]]
* [[Cyanide]]
* [[Ethanol]]
* [[Methane]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Nitroglycerin]]
* [[Saltpeter]]
* [[Sulfuric acid]]
* [[Water]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Boric_acid}}

[[Category:Acids]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Arsenic

2025-05-06T02:33:05Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:As-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of arsenic in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Arsen (gediegen) mit Dyskrasit - St Andreasberg, Harz.jpg|thumb|200px|Arsenic.]]

'''Arsenic''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with [[sulfur]] and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid. Arsenic is toxic to people and animals in quantities larger than needed.

== Materials needed ==

* An arsenic-containing mineral, usually with the formula MAsS and MAs2 (M = [[Iron|Fe]], [[Nickel|Ni]], [[Cobalt|Co]]).
* Alternatively, Smelter dust from [[copper ore]], [[gold]], [[lead]], or some other metallic ores.

== Crafting instructions ==
Usable forms of arsenic may be achieved by:

* Roasting an arsenic-containing mineral like arsenopyrite in air, allowing arsenic(III) oxide to sublimate out.
* Roasting in the absence of air, to form gray arsenic.
* sublimation in a vacuum or in a hydrogen atmosphere
* distillation from a lead-arsenic mixture.

== Uses ==
The primary use of arsenic is in [[lead]] alloys (for example, in car batteries and ammunition). Arsenic and its compounds, especially the trioxide, are used in the production of pesticides, treated [[wood]] products, herbicides, and insecticides, although its use has declined with the increasing recognition of the toxicity of arsenic and its compounds.

== Dependencies ==

* '''Arsenic'''
* [[Lead]]
* [[Wood]]

== See also ==
* [[Boron]]
* [[Silicon]]
* [[Chemical elements]]

== References ==
{{wa|Arsenic}}

[[Category:Metalloids]]

Ammonia

2025-05-06T02:10:41Z

Gelsoup: Added sections: "Materials needed" and "Crafting instructions"

[[File:Ammonia-2D.svg|thumb|2D structure of ammonia.]]

'''Ammonia''', also known as '''hydrogen nitride''', is an inorganic compound of [[nitrogen]] and [[hydrogen]] with the formula NH3. It is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Although common in nature and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form.

== Materials needed ==

* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Nitrogen]]
* High-purity pulverized magnetite (Fe3O4, a compound of [[iron]])

== Crafting instructions ==
''Note: Due to the high pressure under which this reaction takes place and the reactivity of its reagents, this process is notably dangerous, and should only be attempted under laboratory conditions by professionals''

Ammonia production is mainly done through [[wikipedia:Haber_process|Haber-Bosch process]] in which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is reacted with hydrogen (H2) alongside a catalyst of finely divided iron.

The chemical reaction utilized by the Haber-Bosch process is:

N2 +3H2 → 2NH3

ΔH298k = -92.28 kJ per mole of N2

# The pulverized magnetite (Fe3O4) is oxidized to give magnetite or wüstite (FeO, ferrous oxide) particles of a specific size. The magnetite (or wüstite) particles are then partially reduced, removing some of the oxygen. The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite, encased in a shell of wüstite, which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of metallic iron.
# Mix one (1) part nitrogen to three (3) parts hydrogen alongside your catalyst.
# Bring the gas to a pressure of 250 to 350 bar and a temperature of 450 to 550°C
# Cool the resulting gas to extrude liquid ammonia

== Uses ==
Around 70% of ammonia is used to make [[Fertilizer|fertilizers]] in various forms and composition. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products.
==Dependencies==
*[[Hydrogen]]
*[[Nitrogen]]
**'''Ammonia'''
***[[Fertilizer]]
== See also ==
* [[Water]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]

== References ==
{{wa|Ammonia}}

[[Category:Bases]]