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Nitrogen Triiodide

2026-05-03T06:10:14Z

AmericanCrocodile: Proper chemistry formatting

Nitrogen triiodide(Touch Powder) is an extremely sensitive dark purple- black powder . If dry it can spontaneously explode , even with little contact.

'''<big>Synthesis:</big>'''

It can be prepared from urine , potash , ocean kelp and water

First, urine is boiled until urea is concentrated(it looks like coca cola) . Then , potash is added and (you decide how it is done best for you) the ammonia gas is bubbled into water to create ammonium hydroxide(Ammonia Solution)

i.CH4N2O + Potash ---> NH3 + Alkali Carbonate/Bicarbonate Salts ii. NH3 + H2O ---> NH4OH

Secondly , Sulfuric acid and Dried Ocean Kelp are mixed . Then collect with a cold glass lid the iodine fumes and let them turn into crystals.

H2SO4 + Ocean Kelp---> I2 + Other Things

Finally , Iodine Crystals and Ammonia Solution are reacted to form the explosive .

8NH4OH + 3I2 --> 2NI3 + 6NH4I + 8H2O

It can react furthermore with more ammonia if it is not anhydrous enough to form a complex , which is more resistant to degradation(however is still really explosive) and thus preferred.

2NI3 + 2NH4OH ---> 2NI3*NH3 + 2H2O

'''<big>Hazards:</big>'''

The product is really unstable , thus it is unwise to make more than you need due to an explosion risk and harm from shrapnel(especially if dry). It releases toxic iodine fumes upon combustion.

2NI3 ---> N2 + 3I2

The synthesis also uses sulfuric acid(Which will also react explosively is too much water is in the kelp or added into it) , ammonia solution and potash which are corrosive. Ammonia gas is a toxic lachrymator . Ammonium Iodide(which is made as a side product) will release more iodine fumes if exposed to light . Do not attempt this if you do not know what you are doing.

'''<big>Uses</big>''':

Too unstable to be used commercially; however could be used as mineral or demolition mining explosions in a survival situation or when restarting civilization.

Steel

2026-03-17T16:24:43Z

AmericanCrocodile: Proper chemistry formatting

[[File:Steel wire rope.JPG|thumb|250px|The steel cable of a colliery winding tower]]

'''Steel''' is an alloy made up of [[iron]] with typically a few tenths of a percent of [[carbon]] to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, weapons, and rockets. Iron is the base metal of steel.

The interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties. In pure iron, the crystal structure has relatively little resistance to the iron atoms slipping past one another, and so pure iron is quite ductile, or soft and easily formed. Steel is currently one of the most commonly manufactured materials in the world.

== Production ==
There are hundreds of grades of Steel each with different properties. Common variants are Stainless Steel, Spring Steel, Tool Steel and Mild Steel.

=== Mild Steel ===
Mild Steel is a low-carbon steel that is used in construction and is easy to manipulate due to its flexibility.

To produce it, Iron Ore is added to a Blast Furnace along with Coke and Lime. The Blast Furnace is heated until the mixture begins melting. The Coke is pure carbon and reacts with Iron Oxide to form Iron and Carbon Dioxide. The Lime's purpose is to react with impurities and create "slag" which floats to the top of the molten ore. In industry this process is in constant motion and Iron mixed with excess carbon will sink to the bottom where it is piped off for further processing.

The product from the blast furnace is called Cast Iron or Pig Iron and is generally unusable due to the high carbon content inside it, which makes it very brittle.

To remove this carbon, molten Cast Iron has Oxygen blasted through it which combines with the excess Carbon to create CO2 which escapes through the top of the molten mass. This leaves the Iron with almost zero carbon content, at which point an exact quantity of carbon can added to create the grade of Steel that is needed.

== Uses ==
{{See also|Spear}}
Steel can be used as a crafting material for a [[spear]]'s head.

== Dependencies ==
*[[Iron ore]]
**[[Iron]]
***'''Steel'''
****[[Axe]]
****[[Hammer]]
****[[Knife]]
****[[Scrap Steel]]
****[[Shovel]]
****[[Spear]]
****[[Sword]]
**[[Carbon]]

*[[Bloomery Furnace|Bloomery furnace]]
*[[Kiln]]

== See also ==
* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Brass]]
* [[Bronze]]
* [[Iron Ore]]
* [[Scrap Steel]]
* [[Alloys]]

==References==
{{wa|Steel}}

[[Category:Alloys]]

Iron

2026-03-16T16:47:21Z

AmericanCrocodile: Proper chemistry formatting

[[File:Fe-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of iron in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Iron element.jpg|thumb|200px|Iron.]]

'''Iron''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal and a very common element in Earth's crust, after only [[oxygen]], [[silicon]], and [[aluminum]]. It can be naturally found in small quantities in a nearly-pure form from meteorites and telluric iron. Most iron is extracted from [[Iron Ore|Iron ores]] which are quite abundant in the Earth's crust, requiring [[Kiln|kilns]] or furnaces to extract usable metal. Humans started to master that process in Eurasia around 3000 BCE with the development of the [[Bloomery Furnace|bloomery furnace]]. The displacement of [[copper]] alloys by iron tools and weapons is considered to mark the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In the modern world, iron alloys, such as [[steel]], stainless steel, cast iron and special steels, have been by far the most common industrial metals because of their mechanical properties and low cost.

== Uses ==
{{See also|Spear}}
Iron can be used as a crafting material for a [[spear]]'s head.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Iron ore]]
** '''Iron'''
::(Weapons and tools)
::* [[Axe]]
::* [[Hammer]]
::* [[Knife]]
::* [[Spear]]
::* [[Sword]]
::* [[Shovel]]
::(Other)
::* [[Scrap iron]]
::* [[Steel]]
* [[Bloomery Furnace|Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Kiln]]

== Types of Iron ==

=== '''I. Raw Materials and Manufacturing Intermediates''' ===

* '''[[Iron ore|Iron Ore]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Mined directly from the earth. Common forms include Hematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Limonite (FeO(OH)⋅nH2O), and Siderite (FeCO3). Requires processing (crushing, washing, sometimes concentrating) before smelting.
** '''Properties:''' Varies widely by ore type. Key property is iron content and the nature of impurities (gangue). Not usable as a metal in this state.
** '''Uses:''' The fundamental raw material for all iron and steel production.
* '''[[Direct Reduced Iron]] (DRI) / Sponge Iron:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Solid-state reduction of iron ore (usually pellets or lump ore) using a reducing gas (like hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or natural gas) or sometimes solid carbon (coal) at temperatures ''below'' iron's melting point. Avoids the need for a blast furnace.
** '''Properties:''' Porous ("spongy") solid iron with impurities (gangue) from the original ore. Iron content is typically high (90-97%).
** '''Uses:''' Primarily used as a feedstock for electric arc furnaces (EAFs) in steelmaking. Can be an alternative to scrap metal or pig iron, especially where coking coal for blast furnaces is scarce.
* '''[[Pig iron|Pig Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Smelting iron ore in a blast furnace with coke (fuel and reductant) and limestone (flux to remove impurities). Molten iron is tapped from the furnace and typically cast into ingots called "pigs".
** '''Properties:''' High carbon content (typically 3.8–4.7%), along with silicon and other impurities. Relatively low melting point (1150-1200°C), brittle, not directly useful for structural applications due to brittleness.
** '''Uses:''' Primary intermediate product. Re-melted and refined to produce steel or various types of cast iron.

=== '''II. [[Cast iron|Cast Irons]]''' (Generally > 2% Carbon) ===

* '''[[Grey Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Slow cooling of molten iron with appropriate carbon and silicon content, allowing carbon to precipitate out as graphite flakes within the iron matrix.
** '''Properties:''' Excellent machinability, good wear resistance, excellent damping capacity (absorbs vibrations), relatively low tensile strength and ductility (brittle compared to steel due to graphite flakes acting as stress risers). Good fluidity for casting complex shapes.
** '''Uses:''' Engine blocks, cylinder heads, machine tool bases, manifolds, cookware (e.g., skillets), pipe fittings, decorative castings.
* '''[[White Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Rapid cooling (chilling) of molten iron, often with lower silicon and higher chromium content, preventing carbon from precipitating as graphite. Carbon remains combined with iron as iron carbide (cementite, Fe3C).
** '''Properties:''' Extremely hard, brittle, excellent abrasion resistance, difficult to machine.
** '''Uses:''' Wear surfaces (e.g., grinding mill liners, slurry pump housings, shot-blasting nozzles), raw material for producing malleable iron.
* '''[[Malleable Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Producing white iron castings and then subjecting them to a prolonged heat treatment (annealing) process. This breaks down the brittle cementite structure and causes the carbon to form irregular nodules (temper carbon) within an iron (ferrite or pearlite) matrix.
** '''Properties:''' Better ductility and toughness than grey or white iron, good machinability, shock resistance. Largely superseded by ductile iron but still has niche uses.
** '''Uses:''' Automotive components (differential housings, steering gear components), pipe fittings, electrical hardware, small machine parts requiring some ductility.
* '''[[Ductile Iron]] (Nodular Iron / Spheroidal Graphite Iron):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Adding small amounts of specific elements (typically magnesium, sometimes cerium) to molten iron of appropriate composition just before casting. This causes the graphite to precipitate as spheres (nodules) rather than flakes.
** '''Properties:''' Combines the casting advantages of grey iron with mechanical properties approaching those of steel (good strength, toughness, ductility, wear resistance, machinability). More impact resistant than grey iron.
** '''Uses:''' Pressure pipes and fittings, automotive components (crankshafts, gears), heavy machinery parts, wind turbine components, axle housings. A very versatile cast material.
* '''Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Similar to ductile iron production but with tighter control over additives (often Mg and Ti) to form graphite particles that are short, thick, and interconnected (worm-like or vermicular), intermediate between flakes (grey) and spheres (ductile).
** '''Properties:''' Intermediate properties between grey and ductile iron. Higher strength and stiffness than grey iron, better thermal conductivity and damping than ductile iron. Good castability and machinability.
** '''Uses:''' High-performance engine blocks and cylinder heads (where higher strength-to-weight ratio and good thermal properties are needed), exhaust manifolds.
* '''Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Subjecting ductile iron castings to a specific heat treatment process called austempering (austenitizing followed by quenching in a salt bath at a specific temperature range and holding). This creates a unique microstructure (ausferrite).
** '''Properties:''' Very high strength, good toughness, excellent wear resistance, good fatigue strength. Properties can be tailored by adjusting the heat treatment parameters.
** '''Uses:''' High-strength, wear-resistant applications like gears, crankshafts, suspension components, agricultural and construction equipment parts, military applications. Represents a high-performance grade of cast iron.

=== '''III. Wrought Iron (Historically Significant)''' ===

* '''[[Wrought iron|Wrought Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Historically made in bloomeries or finery forges by heating iron ore with charcoal, creating a spongy mass (bloom) of iron mixed with slag. This bloom was repeatedly heated and hammered (wrought) to expel slag and consolidate the iron.
** '''Properties:''' Very low carbon content (< 0.08%), contains fibrous slag inclusions (silicates). Ductile, malleable, weldable (forge welding), relatively soft, good corrosion resistance compared to simple steels. Has a characteristic "grain" due to slag fibers.
** '''Uses:''' Historically used for decorative ironwork (gates, railings), chains, anchors, nails, tools, early structural applications (beams, bridges like the Eiffel Tower's structure). Largely replaced by mild steel, but important for historical context and restoration. ''(Modern materials sometimes called "wrought iron" are often actually mild steel).''

=== '''IV. Steels''' (Generally < 2.14% Carbon, typically much lower) ===

==== '''A. [[Carbon steel|Carbon Steels]]''' (Properties primarily determined by carbon content) ====

* '''Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Refining processes reduce carbon content to typically 0.05–0.25%.
** '''Properties:''' Relatively soft, ductile, malleable, easily welded, good machinability, relatively low strength compared to higher carbon steels.
** '''Uses:''' Vast range of applications - structural shapes (beams, channels), plates, sheets (car bodies, appliances), pipes, wire, fasteners (nails, screws, bolts). The most common type of steel.
* '''Medium Carbon Steel:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Refining processes achieve carbon content typically between 0.25–0.60%. Often requires heat treatment (quenching and tempering) to achieve desired properties.
** '''Properties:''' Higher strength and hardness than mild steel, lower ductility. Good wear resistance after heat treatment.
** '''Uses:''' Machinery parts (gears, axles, shafts, couplings), railway tracks, structural components requiring higher strength.
* '''High Carbon Steel:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Refining processes achieve carbon content typically between 0.60–1.25% (sometimes higher for ultra-high carbon steels). Almost always used in a heat-treated condition.
** '''Properties:''' Very hard, strong, excellent wear resistance after heat treatment, but lower ductility (more brittle).
** '''Uses:''' Cutting tools (knives, drills, saws), springs, high-strength wire, punches, dies.

==== '''B. [[Alloy steel|Alloy Steels]]''' (Contain significant amounts of alloying elements besides carbon to modify properties) ====

* '''General Alloy Steels (e.g., Chromium-Molybdenum / Chromoly):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Adding elements like chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Vanadium (V), Tungsten (W) during steelmaking.
** '''Properties:''' Wide range depending on alloy content. Can enhance hardness, strength, toughness, hardenability (ability to harden deeply during heat treatment), corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, wear resistance.
** '''Uses:''' High-stress structural components, automotive parts (axles, gears), pressure vessels, machine tools, aircraft components.
* '''Stainless Steel:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Adding a minimum of 10.5% Chromium (Cr), often with Nickel (Ni), Molybdenum (Mo), and other elements. The chromium forms a passive oxide layer protecting the surface.
** '''Properties:''' Excellent corrosion resistance is the defining characteristic. Various grades offer different levels of strength, toughness, weldability, and resistance to specific environments (e.g., acids, chlorides). Can be austenitic (non-magnetic, formable), ferritic (magnetic, less formable), martensitic (magnetic, hardenable by heat treatment), or duplex (mixed structure).
** '''Uses:''' Cutlery, cookware, surgical instruments, chemical processing equipment, architectural trim, automotive exhaust systems, food processing equipment.
* '''Tool Steel:'''
** '''Achieved:''' High-quality carbon or alloy steels specifically designed for making tools. Often contain Tungsten (W), Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) to enhance hardness, wear resistance, toughness, and heat resistance ('hot hardness'). Require precise heat treatment.
** '''Properties:''' High hardness, abrasion resistance, ability to hold a cutting edge, toughness (to resist chipping), resistance to softening at high temperatures (for cutting tools).
** '''Uses:''' Cutting tools (drills, taps, milling cutters), dies (forging, stamping, extrusion), molds (plastic injection), punches, shear blades.

== Production Tree: From Iron Ore to Usable Metal ==
This section details the potential pathways for transforming raw iron ore into various usable forms of iron and steel. While limited to materials available in a pre-industrial setting (primarily clay, stone, wood, animal products for bellows/mechanisms) and hand-crafted tools, this tree leverages a modern understanding of metallurgy and engineering principles to inform the design and execution of processes.

=== '''Raw Material''' ===

* '''[[Iron ore|Iron Ore]]'''
** Naturally occurring minerals rich in iron (e.g., Hematite (), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Limonite (FeO(OH)⋅nH2O), Pyrite (FeS2), Siderite (FeCO3)).
** Identification relies on visual cues (color, streak, density, shapes of the crystal forms), magnetic properties (for Magnetite), and location (ore deposits; or in the sand for Pyrite).

=== '''Ore Preparation''' ===

* '''Basic Ore Processing'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Iron Ore, Firewood/Fuel, Stone Hammers/Tools, Water (optional).
** '''''Process''':''
*** Crushing ore to smaller, relatively uniform size using stone or early metal tools.
*** Washing/Sluicing (optional, for some ore types like iron sands) to concentrate heavier iron minerals and remove lighter impurities (gangue).
*** Roasting (Calcining) the ore in a fire or simple hearth to remove water, break down carbonates, and make it more porous, improving reducibility.
** '''''Output''':'' Prepared [[Iron ore|Iron Ore]], ready for smelting

=== '''Initial Reduction from Ore to Useful Metal''' ===

==== '''Path A: Bloomery Smelting (Solid-State Reduction)''' ====

* '''''Inputs''':'' Prepared [[Iron ore|Iron Ore]], [[Charcoal]], Air Blast (from [[bellows]] or [[Centrifugal fan|blower]]), [[Clay]]/[[Stone]] for furnace construction.
* '''''Process''':'' Heating layered ore and charcoal in a relatively low-temperature furnace (typically 1000−1200°C, below the melting point of pure iron) with airflow. Carbon monoxide gas produced from incomplete combustion of charcoal reduces iron oxides to spongy metallic iron. Impurities form molten slag (primarily iron silicates) which is tapped or remains within the iron mass. The iron itself does not melt significantly.
* '''''Output''':'' [[Direct Reduced Iron]] (a spongy mass of low-carbon iron and trapped slag - precursor to Wrought Iron).
* '''''Feasibility''':'' Highly accessible as an initial step. Requires achievable temperatures and basic furnace/bellows construction with primitive materials. This is the most likely first method to yield usable iron metal.

==== '''Path B: Blast Furnace Smelting (Melting Reduction)''' ====

* '''''Inputs''':'' Prepared Iron Ore, Charcoal (requires prior charcoal making), Flux (e.g., limestone or crushed seashells - helps impurities form a fluid slag at lower temperatures), Stronger Air Blast (requires more powerful and consistent bellows than bloomery, potentially water- or windmill-powered wooden/hide designs), Refractory Clay/Stone for taller furnace construction.
* '''''Process''':'' Heating layered ore, fuel, and flux in a taller furnace with a strong air blast. Achieves temperatures high enough to melt iron (typically 1200−1500°C). As molten iron trickles down through the hot, carbon-rich fuel, it readily dissolves significant amounts of carbon. Molten slag separates and floats on the molten iron in the hearth.
* '''''Output''':'' Molten [[Cast Iron]] / [[Pig iron|Pig Iron]] (High-carbon liquid Iron, typically 3.5-4.5% Carbon).
* '''''Feasibility''':'' More challenging than bloomery as an initial step due to requirements for higher sustained temperatures, a stronger/more reliable air blast over extended periods, and more complex/taller furnace construction with primitive refractories and tapping mechanisms. Modern knowledge aids in designing efficient air supply (e.g., multi-stage bellows, potentially powered by simple windmills or waterwheels) and furnace geometry to maximize heat and reduction, making it potentially achievable earlier than historical timelines but still a significant engineering hurdle compared to a bloomery.

=== '''Working with the Initial Metal Forms''' ===

==== '''From Iron Bloom (Path A Output):''' ====

* '''Bloom Consolidation (Forging)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Direct Reduced Iron (Sponge Iron), [[Forge]], [[Charcoal]], Air Blast, Heavy [[Hammer|Hammers]] (stone or early forged iron), [[Anvil]] (stone or early forged iron).
** '''''Process''':'' Reheating the bloom to welding temperature and repeatedly hammering it while hot to expel trapped slag and weld the iron particles together into a solid, dense bar or billet.
** '''''Output''':'' [[Wrought iron|Wrought Iron]] Bars / Billets (Relatively pure iron with linear slag inclusions, highly malleable and ductile, but soft and not hardenable by simple quenching).
* '''Carburization (Cementation or Case Hardening)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Wrought Iron Bars/Objects, Carbon Source (Charcoal, bone, other organic matter), Sealed Clay Box/Crucible, Furnace capable of sustained high heat (typically 850−1000°C, below melting point).
** '''''Process''':'' Heating wrought iron in a carbon-rich environment for hours/days. Carbon atoms diffuse into the surface or bulk of the iron, increasing its carbon content.
** '''''Output''':'' Carburized Iron / Blister Steel (Wrought iron with a hardened, higher-carbon surface layer or a bulk increase in carbon content, can be hardened by quenching).
* '''Crucible Melting (Steel Production)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Wrought Iron [or mix of Wrought Iron and Cast Iron], Carbon Source (e.g., Charcoal, if starting only with Wrought Iron), Refractory Crucibles (made from suitable high-temperature clay), High-Temperature Furnace (more demanding than bloomery furnace, capable of reaching and sustaining steel melting temperatures, ∼1300−1500°C).
** '''''Process''':'' Melting the iron and carbon-rich materials in sealed crucibles within a hot furnace. The carbon dissolves uniformly into the molten iron, creating a homogeneous steel alloy.
** '''''Output''':'' [[Crucible steel|Crucible Steel]] Ingots (High-quality steel with relatively controlled and uniform carbon content, can be forged and heat treated).
** '''''Feasibility''':'' Challenging due to requirements for good quality refractory crucibles that can withstand extreme heat and thermal shock, and a furnace capable of reliably reaching and sustaining steel melting temperatures. Modern knowledge of clay composition and furnace design is crucial here.

==== '''From Molten Cast Iron (Path B Output):''' ====

* '''Casting'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Molten Cast Iron, Molds (made from sand, clay, or stone).
** '''''Process''':'' Pouring molten cast iron directly into prepared molds to create objects of desired shape.
** '''''Output''':'' Cast Iron Objects (Brittle due to high carbon, but useful for shapes that are difficult to forge, like pots, weights, furnace components. Cannot be easily forged).
* '''Decarburization (e.g., Finery Process)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Cast Iron (solid or molten), Hearth/Furnace, Strong Air Blast, Fuel, Tools for manipulating semi-molten metal (e.g., early metal rods/paddles).
** '''''Process''':'' Heating cast iron in an oxidizing environment (with air blown over or through it) to burn out excess carbon and silicon. Historically done in fining hearths or later puddling furnaces. The process is often stopped when the iron becomes pasty ("comes to nature") as carbon content drops and the melting point rises.
** '''''Output''':'' Wrought Iron (from Cast) (Lower carbon, forgeable iron, similar properties to wrought iron from bloomery. Can loop back to the Wrought Iron processing path).
** '''''Feasibility''':'' Requires a source of cast iron and a sufficiently hot, oxidizing hearth with robust air supply. Manipulating the hot, pasty metal requires durable tools, likely needing early forged iron for reliability.

=== '''Final Shaping and Use''' ===

==== '''From Wrought Iron Bars/Billets:''' ====

* '''Forging & Shaping'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Wrought Iron, Forge, Charcoal, Air Blast, Hammers, Anvil.
** '''''Process''':'' Reheating and hammering the wrought iron to shape tools, components, structural elements, etc. Wrought iron's ductility makes it suitable for bending and forming.
** '''''Output''':'' Wrought Iron Tools/Items (Durable, malleable, resistant to fatigue, but edges won't hold hardness well for cutting tools).

==== '''From Carburized Iron / Blister Steel or Crucible Steel Ingots:''' ====

* '''Forging & Heat Treatment (Hardening & Tempering)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' [[Steel]] (Carburized or Crucible), Forge, Charcoal, Air Blast, Hammers, Anvil, Quenching Medium (Water, Oil/Fat), Tempering Heat Source (Lower temperature heat, e.g., hot sand, ash, or controlled reheating in the forge).
** '''''Process''':'' Forging steel to final shape. Then, heating to the critical temperature (austenite phase, judged visually by color, ∼750−900∘C) and rapidly cooling (quenching) in water or oil to form hard, brittle martensite. Followed by reheating to a lower temperature (tempering, judged by oxide colors on the surface, ∼200−600°C) and cooling to reduce brittleness and increase toughness.
** '''''Output''':'' Hardened and Tempered Steel Tools / Components (Strong, holds a sharp edge, tough - properties vary based on carbon content and specific heat treatment).

==== '''From Cast Iron Objects:''' ====

* '''Finishing / Assembly'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Cast Iron Objects, Files, Grinders (simple abrasive stones or early grinding wheels), Assembly tools.
** '''''Process''':'' Cleaning, smoothing, and assembling cast parts. Cast iron is difficult to work with cutting tools and cannot be forged.
** '''''Output''':'' Functional Cast Iron Products (e.g., pots, weights, simple machine parts, architectural elements).

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Copper]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sponge Iron]]
* [[Tin]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Wrought Iron]]
* [[Zinc]]
* [[Tungsten]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Iron}}

== External links ==
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/08/17/iron-prills/ Iron Prills] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 17 August 2018
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyGLE0usN_I Primitive Technology: Iron prills] - Primitive Technology, 17 August 2018, YouTube

[[Category:Iron]]
[[Category:Metals]]

Iron

2026-03-16T16:20:07Z

AmericanCrocodile: Proper chemistry formatting

[[File:Fe-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of iron in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Iron element.jpg|thumb|200px|Iron.]]

'''Iron''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal and a very common element in Earth's crust, after only [[oxygen]], [[silicon]], and [[aluminum]]. It can be naturally found in small quantities in a nearly-pure form from meteorites and telluric iron. Most iron is extracted from [[Iron Ore|Iron ores]] which are quite abundant in the Earth's crust, requiring [[Kiln|kilns]] or furnaces to extract usable metal. Humans started to master that process in Eurasia around 3000 BCE with the development of the [[Bloomery Furnace|bloomery furnace]]. The displacement of [[copper]] alloys by iron tools and weapons is considered to mark the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In the modern world, iron alloys, such as [[steel]], stainless steel, cast iron and special steels, have been by far the most common industrial metals because of their mechanical properties and low cost.

== Uses ==
{{See also|Spear}}
Iron can be used as a crafting material for a [[spear]]'s head.

== Dependencies ==

* [[Iron ore]]
** '''Iron'''
::(Weapons and tools)
::* [[Axe]]
::* [[Hammer]]
::* [[Knife]]
::* [[Spear]]
::* [[Sword]]
::* [[Shovel]]
::(Other)
::* [[Scrap iron]]
::* [[Steel]]
* [[Bloomery Furnace|Bloomery furnace]]
* [[Kiln]]

== Types of Iron ==

=== '''I. Raw Materials and Manufacturing Intermediates''' ===

* '''[[Iron ore|Iron Ore]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Mined directly from the earth. Common forms include Hematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Limonite (FeO(OH)⋅nH2O), and Siderite (FeCO3). Requires processing (crushing, washing, sometimes concentrating) before smelting.
** '''Properties:''' Varies widely by ore type. Key property is iron content and the nature of impurities (gangue). Not usable as a metal in this state.
** '''Uses:''' The fundamental raw material for all iron and steel production.
* '''[[Direct Reduced Iron]] (DRI) / Sponge Iron:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Solid-state reduction of iron ore (usually pellets or lump ore) using a reducing gas (like hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or natural gas) or sometimes solid carbon (coal) at temperatures ''below'' iron's melting point. Avoids the need for a blast furnace.
** '''Properties:''' Porous ("spongy") solid iron with impurities (gangue) from the original ore. Iron content is typically high (90-97%).
** '''Uses:''' Primarily used as a feedstock for electric arc furnaces (EAFs) in steelmaking. Can be an alternative to scrap metal or pig iron, especially where coking coal for blast furnaces is scarce.
* '''[[Pig iron|Pig Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Smelting iron ore in a blast furnace with coke (fuel and reductant) and limestone (flux to remove impurities). Molten iron is tapped from the furnace and typically cast into ingots called "pigs".
** '''Properties:''' High carbon content (typically 3.8–4.7%), along with silicon and other impurities. Relatively low melting point (1150-1200°C), brittle, not directly useful for structural applications due to brittleness.
** '''Uses:''' Primary intermediate product. Re-melted and refined to produce steel or various types of cast iron.

=== '''II. [[Cast iron|Cast Irons]]''' (Generally > 2% Carbon) ===

* '''[[Grey Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Slow cooling of molten iron with appropriate carbon and silicon content, allowing carbon to precipitate out as graphite flakes within the iron matrix.
** '''Properties:''' Excellent machinability, good wear resistance, excellent damping capacity (absorbs vibrations), relatively low tensile strength and ductility (brittle compared to steel due to graphite flakes acting as stress risers). Good fluidity for casting complex shapes.
** '''Uses:''' Engine blocks, cylinder heads, machine tool bases, manifolds, cookware (e.g., skillets), pipe fittings, decorative castings.
* '''[[White Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Rapid cooling (chilling) of molten iron, often with lower silicon and higher chromium content, preventing carbon from precipitating as graphite. Carbon remains combined with iron as iron carbide (cementite, Fe3C).
** '''Properties:''' Extremely hard, brittle, excellent abrasion resistance, difficult to machine.
** '''Uses:''' Wear surfaces (e.g., grinding mill liners, slurry pump housings, shot-blasting nozzles), raw material for producing malleable iron.
* '''[[Malleable Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Producing white iron castings and then subjecting them to a prolonged heat treatment (annealing) process. This breaks down the brittle cementite structure and causes the carbon to form irregular nodules (temper carbon) within an iron (ferrite or pearlite) matrix.
** '''Properties:''' Better ductility and toughness than grey or white iron, good machinability, shock resistance. Largely superseded by ductile iron but still has niche uses.
** '''Uses:''' Automotive components (differential housings, steering gear components), pipe fittings, electrical hardware, small machine parts requiring some ductility.
* '''[[Ductile Iron]] (Nodular Iron / Spheroidal Graphite Iron):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Adding small amounts of specific elements (typically magnesium, sometimes cerium) to molten iron of appropriate composition just before casting. This causes the graphite to precipitate as spheres (nodules) rather than flakes.
** '''Properties:''' Combines the casting advantages of grey iron with mechanical properties approaching those of steel (good strength, toughness, ductility, wear resistance, machinability). More impact resistant than grey iron.
** '''Uses:''' Pressure pipes and fittings, automotive components (crankshafts, gears), heavy machinery parts, wind turbine components, axle housings. A very versatile cast material.
* '''Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Similar to ductile iron production but with tighter control over additives (often Mg and Ti) to form graphite particles that are short, thick, and interconnected (worm-like or vermicular), intermediate between flakes (grey) and spheres (ductile).
** '''Properties:''' Intermediate properties between grey and ductile iron. Higher strength and stiffness than grey iron, better thermal conductivity and damping than ductile iron. Good castability and machinability.
** '''Uses:''' High-performance engine blocks and cylinder heads (where higher strength-to-weight ratio and good thermal properties are needed), exhaust manifolds.
* '''Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Subjecting ductile iron castings to a specific heat treatment process called austempering (austenitizing followed by quenching in a salt bath at a specific temperature range and holding). This creates a unique microstructure (ausferrite).
** '''Properties:''' Very high strength, good toughness, excellent wear resistance, good fatigue strength. Properties can be tailored by adjusting the heat treatment parameters.
** '''Uses:''' High-strength, wear-resistant applications like gears, crankshafts, suspension components, agricultural and construction equipment parts, military applications. Represents a high-performance grade of cast iron.

=== '''III. Wrought Iron (Historically Significant)''' ===

* '''[[Wrought iron|Wrought Iron]]:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Historically made in bloomeries or finery forges by heating iron ore with charcoal, creating a spongy mass (bloom) of iron mixed with slag. This bloom was repeatedly heated and hammered (wrought) to expel slag and consolidate the iron.
** '''Properties:''' Very low carbon content (< 0.08%), contains fibrous slag inclusions (silicates). Ductile, malleable, weldable (forge welding), relatively soft, good corrosion resistance compared to simple steels. Has a characteristic "grain" due to slag fibers.
** '''Uses:''' Historically used for decorative ironwork (gates, railings), chains, anchors, nails, tools, early structural applications (beams, bridges like the Eiffel Tower's structure). Largely replaced by mild steel, but important for historical context and restoration. ''(Modern materials sometimes called "wrought iron" are often actually mild steel).''

=== '''IV. Steels''' (Generally < 2.14% Carbon, typically much lower) ===

==== '''A. [[Carbon steel|Carbon Steels]]''' (Properties primarily determined by carbon content) ====

* '''Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Refining processes reduce carbon content to typically 0.05–0.25%.
** '''Properties:''' Relatively soft, ductile, malleable, easily welded, good machinability, relatively low strength compared to higher carbon steels.
** '''Uses:''' Vast range of applications - structural shapes (beams, channels), plates, sheets (car bodies, appliances), pipes, wire, fasteners (nails, screws, bolts). The most common type of steel.
* '''Medium Carbon Steel:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Refining processes achieve carbon content typically between 0.25–0.60%. Often requires heat treatment (quenching and tempering) to achieve desired properties.
** '''Properties:''' Higher strength and hardness than mild steel, lower ductility. Good wear resistance after heat treatment.
** '''Uses:''' Machinery parts (gears, axles, shafts, couplings), railway tracks, structural components requiring higher strength.
* '''High Carbon Steel:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Refining processes achieve carbon content typically between 0.60–1.25% (sometimes higher for ultra-high carbon steels). Almost always used in a heat-treated condition.
** '''Properties:''' Very hard, strong, excellent wear resistance after heat treatment, but lower ductility (more brittle).
** '''Uses:''' Cutting tools (knives, drills, saws), springs, high-strength wire, punches, dies.

==== '''B. [[Alloy steel|Alloy Steels]]''' (Contain significant amounts of alloying elements besides carbon to modify properties) ====

* '''General Alloy Steels (e.g., Chromium-Molybdenum / Chromoly):'''
** '''Achieved:''' Adding elements like chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Vanadium (V), Tungsten (W) during steelmaking.
** '''Properties:''' Wide range depending on alloy content. Can enhance hardness, strength, toughness, hardenability (ability to harden deeply during heat treatment), corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, wear resistance.
** '''Uses:''' High-stress structural components, automotive parts (axles, gears), pressure vessels, machine tools, aircraft components.
* '''Stainless Steel:'''
** '''Achieved:''' Adding a minimum of 10.5% Chromium (Cr), often with Nickel (Ni), Molybdenum (Mo), and other elements. The chromium forms a passive oxide layer protecting the surface.
** '''Properties:''' Excellent corrosion resistance is the defining characteristic. Various grades offer different levels of strength, toughness, weldability, and resistance to specific environments (e.g., acids, chlorides). Can be austenitic (non-magnetic, formable), ferritic (magnetic, less formable), martensitic (magnetic, hardenable by heat treatment), or duplex (mixed structure).
** '''Uses:''' Cutlery, cookware, surgical instruments, chemical processing equipment, architectural trim, automotive exhaust systems, food processing equipment.
* '''Tool Steel:'''
** '''Achieved:''' High-quality carbon or alloy steels specifically designed for making tools. Often contain Tungsten (W), Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) to enhance hardness, wear resistance, toughness, and heat resistance ('hot hardness'). Require precise heat treatment.
** '''Properties:''' High hardness, abrasion resistance, ability to hold a cutting edge, toughness (to resist chipping), resistance to softening at high temperatures (for cutting tools).
** '''Uses:''' Cutting tools (drills, taps, milling cutters), dies (forging, stamping, extrusion), molds (plastic injection), punches, shear blades.

== Production Tree: From Iron Ore to Usable Metal ==
This section details the potential pathways for transforming raw iron ore into various usable forms of iron and steel. While limited to materials available in a pre-industrial setting (primarily clay, stone, wood, animal products for bellows/mechanisms) and hand-crafted tools, this tree leverages a modern understanding of metallurgy and engineering principles to inform the design and execution of processes.

=== '''Raw Material''' ===

* '''[[Iron ore|Iron Ore]]'''
** Naturally occurring minerals rich in iron (e.g., Hematite (), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Limonite (FeO(OH)⋅nH2O), Pyrite (FeS2), Siderite (FeCO3)).
** Identification relies on visual cues (color, streak, density, shapes of the crystal forms), magnetic properties (for Magnetite), and location (ore deposits; or in the sand for Pyrite).

=== '''Ore Preparation''' ===

* '''Basic Ore Processing'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Iron Ore, Firewood/Fuel, Stone Hammers/Tools, Water (optional).
** '''''Process''':''
*** Crushing ore to smaller, relatively uniform size using stone or early metal tools.
*** Washing/Sluicing (optional, for some ore types like iron sands) to concentrate heavier iron minerals and remove lighter impurities (gangue).
*** Roasting (Calcining) the ore in a fire or simple hearth to remove water, break down carbonates, and make it more porous, improving reducibility.
** '''''Output''':'' Prepared [[Iron ore|Iron Ore]], ready for smelting

=== '''Initial Reduction from Ore to Useful Metal''' ===

==== '''Path A: Bloomery Smelting (Solid-State Reduction)''' ====

* '''''Inputs''':'' Prepared [[Iron ore|Iron Ore]], [[Charcoal]], Air Blast (from [[bellows]] or [[Centrifugal fan|blower]]), [[Clay]]/[[Stone]] for furnace construction.
* '''''Process''':'' Heating layered ore and charcoal in a relatively low-temperature furnace (typically 1000−1200°C, below the melting point of pure iron) with airflow. Carbon monoxide gas produced from incomplete combustion of charcoal reduces iron oxides to spongy metallic iron. Impurities form molten slag (primarily iron silicates) which is tapped or remains within the iron mass. The iron itself does not melt significantly.
* '''''Output''':'' [[Direct Reduced Iron]] (a spongy mass of low-carbon iron and trapped slag - precursor to Wrought Iron).
* '''''Feasibility''':'' Highly accessible as an initial step. Requires achievable temperatures and basic furnace/bellows construction with primitive materials. This is the most likely first method to yield usable iron metal.

==== '''Path B: Blast Furnace Smelting (Melting Reduction)''' ====

* '''''Inputs''':'' Prepared Iron Ore, Charcoal (requires prior charcoal making), Flux (e.g., limestone or crushed seashells - helps impurities form a fluid slag at lower temperatures), Stronger Air Blast (requires more powerful and consistent bellows than bloomery, potentially water- or windmill-powered wooden/hide designs), Refractory Clay/Stone for taller furnace construction.
* '''''Process''':'' Heating layered ore, fuel, and flux in a taller furnace with a strong air blast. Achieves temperatures high enough to melt iron (typically 1200−1500°C). As molten iron trickles down through the hot, carbon-rich fuel, it readily dissolves significant amounts of carbon. Molten slag separates and floats on the molten iron in the hearth.
* '''''Output''':'' Molten [[Cast Iron]] / [[Pig iron|Pig Iron]] (High-carbon liquid Iron, typically 3.5-4.5% Carbon).
* '''''Feasibility''':'' More challenging than bloomery as an initial step due to requirements for higher sustained temperatures, a stronger/more reliable air blast over extended periods, and more complex/taller furnace construction with primitive refractories and tapping mechanisms. Modern knowledge aids in designing efficient air supply (e.g., multi-stage bellows, potentially powered by simple windmills or waterwheels) and furnace geometry to maximize heat and reduction, making it potentially achievable earlier than historical timelines but still a significant engineering hurdle compared to a bloomery.

=== '''Working with the Initial Metal Forms''' ===

==== '''From Iron Bloom (Path A Output):''' ====

* '''Bloom Consolidation (Forging)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Direct Reduced Iron (Sponge Iron), [[Forge]], [[Charcoal]], Air Blast, Heavy [[Hammer|Hammers]] (stone or early forged iron), [[Anvil]] (stone or early forged iron).
** '''''Process''':'' Reheating the bloom to welding temperature and repeatedly hammering it while hot to expel trapped slag and weld the iron particles together into a solid, dense bar or billet.
** '''''Output''':'' [[Wrought iron|Wrought Iron]] Bars / Billets (Relatively pure iron with linear slag inclusions, highly malleable and ductile, but soft and not hardenable by simple quenching).
* '''Carburization (Cementation or Case Hardening)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Wrought Iron Bars/Objects, Carbon Source (Charcoal, bone, other organic matter), Sealed Clay Box/Crucible, Furnace capable of sustained high heat (typically 850−1000°C, below melting point).
** '''''Process''':'' Heating wrought iron in a carbon-rich environment for hours/days. Carbon atoms diffuse into the surface or bulk of the iron, increasing its carbon content.
** '''''Output''':'' Carburized Iron / Blister Steel (Wrought iron with a hardened, higher-carbon surface layer or a bulk increase in carbon content, can be hardened by quenching).
* '''Crucible Melting (Steel Production)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Wrought Iron [or mix of Wrought Iron and Cast Iron], Carbon Source (e.g., Charcoal, if starting only with Wrought Iron), Refractory Crucibles (made from suitable high-temperature clay), High-Temperature Furnace (more demanding than bloomery furnace, capable of reaching and sustaining steel melting temperatures, ∼1300−1500°C).
** '''''Process''':'' Melting the iron and carbon-rich materials in sealed crucibles within a hot furnace. The carbon dissolves uniformly into the molten iron, creating a homogeneous steel alloy.
** '''''Output''':'' [[Crucible steel|Crucible Steel]] Ingots (High-quality steel with relatively controlled and uniform carbon content, can be forged and heat treated).
** '''''Feasibility''':'' Challenging due to requirements for good quality refractory crucibles that can withstand extreme heat and thermal shock, and a furnace capable of reliably reaching and sustaining steel melting temperatures. Modern knowledge of clay composition and furnace design is crucial here.

==== '''From Molten Cast Iron (Path B Output):''' ====

* '''Casting'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Molten Cast Iron, Molds (made from sand, clay, or stone).
** '''''Process''':'' Pouring molten cast iron directly into prepared molds to create objects of desired shape.
** '''''Output''':'' Cast Iron Objects (Brittle due to high carbon, but useful for shapes that are difficult to forge, like pots, weights, furnace components. Cannot be easily forged).
* '''Decarburization (e.g., Finery Process)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Cast Iron (solid or molten), Hearth/Furnace, Strong Air Blast, Fuel, Tools for manipulating semi-molten metal (e.g., early metal rods/paddles).
** '''''Process''':'' Heating cast iron in an oxidizing environment (with air blown over or through it) to burn out excess carbon and silicon. Historically done in fining hearths or later puddling furnaces. The process is often stopped when the iron becomes pasty ("comes to nature") as carbon content drops and the melting point rises.
** '''''Output''':'' Wrought Iron (from Cast) (Lower carbon, forgeable iron, similar properties to wrought iron from bloomery. Can loop back to the Wrought Iron processing path).
** '''''Feasibility''':'' Requires a source of cast iron and a sufficiently hot, oxidizing hearth with robust air supply. Manipulating the hot, pasty metal requires durable tools, likely needing early forged iron for reliability.

=== '''Final Shaping and Use''' ===

==== '''From Wrought Iron Bars/Billets:''' ====

* '''Forging & Shaping'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Wrought Iron, Forge, Charcoal, Air Blast, Hammers, Anvil.
** '''''Process''':'' Reheating and hammering the wrought iron to shape tools, components, structural elements, etc. Wrought iron's ductility makes it suitable for bending and forming.
** '''''Output''':'' Wrought Iron Tools/Items (Durable, malleable, resistant to fatigue, but edges won't hold hardness well for cutting tools).

==== '''From Carburized Iron / Blister Steel or Crucible Steel Ingots:''' ====

* '''Forging & Heat Treatment (Hardening & Tempering)'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' [[Steel]] (Carburized or Crucible), Forge, Charcoal, Air Blast, Hammers, Anvil, Quenching Medium (Water, Oil/Fat), Tempering Heat Source (Lower temperature heat, e.g., hot sand, ash, or controlled reheating in the forge).
** '''''Process''':'' Forging steel to final shape. Then, heating to the critical temperature (austenite phase, judged visually by color, ∼750−900∘C) and rapidly cooling (quenching) in water or oil to form hard, brittle martensite. Followed by reheating to a lower temperature (tempering, judged by oxide colors on the surface, ∼200−600°C) and cooling to reduce brittleness and increase toughness.
** '''''Output''':'' Hardened and Tempered Steel Tools / Components (Strong, holds a sharp edge, tough - properties vary based on carbon content and specific heat treatment).

==== '''From Cast Iron Objects:''' ====

* '''Finishing / Assembly'''
** '''''Inputs''':'' Cast Iron Objects, Files, Grinders (simple abrasive stones or early grinding wheels), Assembly tools.
** '''''Process''':'' Cleaning, smoothing, and assembling cast parts. Cast iron is difficult to work with cutting tools and cannot be forged.
** '''''Output''':'' Functional Cast Iron Products (e.g., pots, weights, simple machine parts, architectural elements).

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Copper]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sponge Iron]]
* [[Tin]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Wrought Iron]]
* [[Zinc]]
* [[Tungsten]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

== References ==
{{wa|Iron}}

== External links ==
* [https://primitivetechnology.wordpress.com/2018/08/17/iron-prills/ Iron Prills] - primitivetechnology.wordpress.com, 17 August 2018
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyGLE0usN_I Primitive Technology: Iron prills] - Primitive Technology, 17 August 2018, YouTube

[[Category:Iron]]
[[Category:Metals]]

Cyanide

2026-03-16T16:00:22Z

AmericanCrocodile: Proper chemistry formatting

[[File:Cyanid-Ion.svg|thumb|250px|Structure of the cyanide anion]]

'''Cyanide''' is a [[chemical compounds|chemical compound]] that contains a C≡N functional group (a substituent which causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions). This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a [[carbon]] atom triple-bonded to a [[nitrogen]] atom.

In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the anion −C≡N. Soluble salts such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN) are highly toxic. Hydrocyanic acid (HCN), also known as hydrogen cyanide, is a highly volatile liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially. It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts.

Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles. In nitriles, the C≡N group is linked by a covalent bond to carbon. Although nitriles generally do not release cyanide ions, the cyanohydrins do and are thus rather toxic. Do not eat!

In order to extract an 'effective' dose of cyanide for a person who weighs, let's say 180 pounds. You would only need 80-325 milligrams to kill them. Cyanide is so lethal that even a half-milligram of it per kilogram of body weight is enough to kill. The symptoms of cyanide poisoning include nausea, headaches, vomiting, elevated breathing, respiratory failure, loss of consciousness, and death.

== Manufacturing ==
The principal process used to manufacture cyanides is the the Andrussow process. It involves the reaction of [[methane]], [[ammonia]], and [[oxygen]]. The process is catalyzed by a platinum-rhodium alloy.

2CH4 + 2NH3 + 3O2 → 2HCN + 6H2O

Cyanide is also found in apple seeds and bitter almonds. Crushing bitter almonds in water can create deadly amounts of cyanide quickly, and is not recommended.

== Toxicity ==
Among the most toxic cyanides are hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium cyanide (KCN), and calcium cyanide. Ingestion of a small quantity of solid cyanide or a cyanide solution of as little as 200 mg, or exposure to airborne cyanide of 270 parts per million, is sufficient to cause death within minutes.<ref name="Biller2">{{cite book|title=Interface of neurology and internal medicine|edition=illustrated|first1=José|last1=Biller|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7817-7906-7|chapter=163|page=939|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRIvmTVcYBwC&pg=PA939}}</ref>

== Applications ==

=== Illegal fishing and poaching ===
Cyanides are illegally used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood markets. The practice is controversial, dangerous, and damaging but is driven by the lucrative exotic fish market.<ref name="crc2">Dzombak, David A; Ghosh, Rajat S; Wong-Chong, George M. ''Cyanide in Water and Soil''. [[CRC Press]], 2006, Chapter 11.2: "Use of Cyanide for Capturing Live Reef Fish".</ref>

Poachers in Africa have been known to use cyanide to poison waterholes, to kill elephants for their ivory.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-25/zimbabwe-poachers-kill-80-elephants-with-cyanide/4981372 Poachers kill 80 elephants with cyanide in Zimbabwe] ''ABC News'', 25 September 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.</ref>

=== Pest control ===
M44 cyanide devices are used in the United States to kill coyotes and other canids.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/wsb.361|title=Animal attendance at M-44 sodium cyanide ejector sites for coyotes|journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin|volume=38|pages=217–220|year=2014|last1=Shivik|first1=John A.|last2=Mastro|first2=Lauren|last3=Young|first3=Julie K.|issue=1|bibcode=2014WSBu...38..217S|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2419&context=icwdm_usdanwrc}}</ref> Cyanide is also used for pest control in New Zealand, particularly for possums, an introduced marsupial that threatens the conservation of native species and spreads tuberculosis amongst cattle. Possums can become bait shy but the use of pellets containing the cyanide reduces bait shyness. Cyanide has been known to kill native birds, including the endangered kiwi (not the fruit).<ref>{{cite web|last=Green|first=Wren|title=The use of 1080 for pest control|publisher=New Zealand Department of Conservation|date=July 2004|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/conservation/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/use-of-1080-04.pdf|access-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> Cyanide is also effective for controlling the dama wallaby, another introduced marsupial pest in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shapiro|first=Lee|date=21 March 2011|title=Effectiveness of cyanide pellets for control of dama wallabies (Macropus eugenii)|journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology|volume=35|issue=3|url=http://newzealandecology.org/nzje/new_issues/NZJEcol35_3_287.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203010818/http://newzealandecology.org/nzje/new_issues/NZJEcol35_3_287.pdf|archive-date=2015-02-03|url-status=live|display-authors=etal}}</ref> A licence is required to store, handle and use cyanide in New Zealand.

Cyanides are used as insecticides for fumigating ships.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sodium Cyanide|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sodium_cyanide|website=PubChem|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|access-date=2 September 2016|date=2016|quote=Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are used in electroplating, metallurgy, organic chemicals production, photographic developing, manufacture of plastics, fumigation of ships, and some mining processes.}}</ref> Cyanide salts are used for killing ants,<ref name="EPAReg19942">{{cite web|title=Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Sodium Cyanide|url=https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/3086.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/3086.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-10|url-status=live|website=EPA.gov|access-date=2 September 2016|page=7|date=1 September 1994|quote=Sodium cyanide was initially registered as a pesticide on December 23, 1947, to control ants on uncultivated agricultural and non-agricultural areas.}}</ref> and have in some places been used as rat poison<ref name="TariffInfo19212">{{cite web|title=Tariff Information, 1921: Hearings on General Tariff Revision Before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives|url=http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Tariff+Information,+1921|website=AbeBooks.com|publisher=US Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, US Government Printing Office|access-date=2 September 2016|page=3987|date=1921|quote=Another field in which cyanide is used in growing quantity is the eradication of rats and other vermin – especially in the fight against typhus.}}</ref> (the less toxic poison [[arsenic]] is more common).<ref name="PlanetDeadly20132">{{cite web|title=Deadliest Poisons Used by Man|url=http://www.planetdeadly.com/human/deadliest-poisons-man|website=PlanetDeadly.com|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511033535/http://www.planetdeadly.com/human/deadliest-poisons-man|archive-date=11 May 2016|date=18 November 2013}}</ref>

== Dependencies ==
* [[Carbon]]
* [[Nitrogen]]

== See also ==
* [[Carbon dioxide]]
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]

== References ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528070140/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MMG/MMG.asp?id=1073&tid=19 ATSDR medical management guidelines for cyanide poisoning (US)]
* [http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/firindex.htm HSE recommendations for first aid treatment of cyanide poisoning (UK)]
* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad61.htm Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides] (CICAD 61)
* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/antidote/antidote/ant02.htm#SubSectionNumber:1.13.1 IPCS/CEC Evaluation of antidotes for poisoning by cyanides]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060517035532/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/29.html National Pollutant Inventory – Cyanide compounds fact sheet]
* [http://www.snopes.com/food/warnings/apples.asp#add Eating apple seeds is safe despite the small amount of cyanide]
* [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp8.pdf Toxicological Profile for Cyanide, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, July 2006]
{{wa|Cyanide}}

[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Sulfuric acid

2026-03-16T15:58:12Z

AmericanCrocodile: Proper chemistry formatting

[[File:Sulfuric acid.svg|thumb|250px|Chemical structure of sulfuric acid]]

'''Sulfuric acid''' is a [[Chemical compounds|chemical compound]] mineral acid composed of the elements [[sulfur]], [[oxygen]] and [[hydrogen]], with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is a colorless, odorless and viscous liquid that is miscible with [[water]]. Pure sulfuric acid does not exist naturally on Earth due to its strong affinity to water vapor; it is hygroscopic and readily absorbs water vapor from the [[air]].

== Safety ==
Concentrated sulfuric acid is highly corrosive towards other materials, from rocks to metals, since it is an oxidant with powerful dehydrating properties. Upon addition of sulfuric acid to water, a considerable amount of [[heat]] is released; in the reverse procedure of adding water to the acid the heat released may boil the solution, spraying droplets of hot acid during the process. Upon contact with body tissue, sulfuric acid can cause severe acidic chemical burns and even secondary thermal burns due to dehydration. Dilute sulfuric acid is substantially less hazardous without the oxidative and dehydrating properties; however, it should still be handled with care for its acidity.

== Uses ==
Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical. It is widely produced with different methods, such as contact process, wet sulfuric acid process, [[lead]] chamber process and some other methods. Sulfuric acid is also a key substance in the chemical industry. It is most commonly used in [[fertilizer]] manufacture, but is also important in mineral processing, [[oil]] refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis. It has a wide range of end applications including in domestic acidic drain cleaners, as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteries, in dehydrating a compound, and in various cleaning agents. Sulfuric acid can be obtained by dissolving sulfur trioxide in water.

Mixing sulfuric acid with potassium permanganate and acetone, or with sodium chlorate and [[sugar]] generates an exothermic chemical reaction that can be used to start [[Fire|fires]].

it is also used in nitration (for explosives) normally this is concentrated above 90% though this may not be always true (a lower concertation will slow reaction and lower yield)

== Dependencies ==
* [[Hydrogen]]
* [[Oxygen]]
* [[Sulfur]]
** '''Sulfuric acid'''
** Sodium chlorate
** [[Sugar]]
*** [[Fire]]
** Acetone
** Potassium permanganate

== See also ==
* [[Boric acid]]
* [[Nitric acid]]
* [[Chemical compounds]]

== References ==
{{wa|Sulfuric_acid}}
{{wa|Fire}}

[[Category:Acids]]

Acetylene

2026-03-16T15:56:10Z

AmericanCrocodile: Proper chemistry formatting

'''Acetylene''' is a [[Chemical compounds|chemical compound]] with the formula C2H2 and has the structure HC≡CH.

It is a colorless and odorless gas.

= Uses =
Acetylene is highly flammable and when mixed with oxygen it gives the hottest flame of any common fuel gas, reaching over 3000 degrees Celsius, making it useful for manipulating metal.

=== Steel Welding/Cutting ===
Before arc welders were invented, acetylene torches were a common method of welding steel together. They can also be used to cut steel, however their use is limited as the heat created can ruin any heat treatment that has been done on a metal.

=== Brazing ===
Brazing is the joining of two pieces of metal using a Solder of another metal. For example, Brass is sometimes used to braze the steel frames of bikes.

Acetylene can provide localized heating in order to do this method of joining metal.
= Production =
The historical method of production is the chemical reactions between calcium carbide and water.

CaC2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]

Battery

2026-03-16T15:52:54Z

AmericanCrocodile: reformatted optoelectric nuclear batteries

=== Battery ===
A '''battery''' is a device that stores and provides [[Electricity|electrical]] energy through electrochemical reactions. In its simplest form, it consists of one or more electrochemical cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries are essential for powering a variety of tools, devices, and even entire cities.

==== History of Batteries ====
Batteries have been in use for centuries, although they weren’t always called "batteries." The earliest form of a battery can be traced back to the '''Baghdad Battery''', believed to be from around 250 BC. This device, thought to be a simple galvanic cell, was made from a clay jar, copper and iron, and possibly used for electroplating.

The modern battery, as we know it, was developed in the 1800s by '''Alessandro Volta''', an Italian scientist who created the first true battery in 1800 — the '''Voltaic Pile'''. This marked a significant turning point in the development of electrical energy storage.

==== Types of Batteries ====

# '''Primary Batteries''' – These are non-rechargeable batteries that are used once and then discarded. They include '''alkaline''' and '''zinc-carbon''' batteries.
# '''Secondary Batteries''' – Rechargeable batteries that can be used multiple times, such as '''lithium-ion''' and '''nickel-cadmium''' batteries.
# '''Flow Batteries''' – These are a newer type of rechargeable battery used in large-scale energy storage systems.

==== How Galvanic Cells Work ====
The Galvanic Cell is the foundation for common place ion batteries, as well as the original battery, the voltaic pile. A galvanic cell consists of a cathode, an anode, an electrolytic solution, and a wire running from anode to cathode. An element with lower standard electrode potential is selected for the anode material, and an element with a higher standard electrode potential is selected for the cathode material. The electrode potential of typical elements have been tabulated and can be referenced in the Standard Electrode Potential chart. The difference in electrode potential between the cathode and anode is what causes the electrons from the anode to move to the cathode. Think of the electrode potential as how much the element will want electrons. A higher difference in electrode potential between the electrode will results in a higher drive voltage.

Upon the creation of a circuit in the battery, a voltage is created due to the anode material breaking down into the electrolyte solution, and the breakdown of bonds within the metal is the source of electrons for the battery. The electrons then run through the wire to reach the cathode, and once the energy of electricity is used from the circuit between the anode and cathode, the electrons collect at the cathode where the cathode pulls ions out of solution from the electrolyte to gain mass.

A basic example of a galvanic cell is zinc and copper in a potato or lemon, however these need to be chained to be useful.
[[File:Galvanic Cell illustration.png|thumb|676x676px|Illustration of a simple galvanic cell.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Standard Electrode Potential Table'''
!Element
!Half Reaction
!Electrode Potential
|-
|Gold
|Au⁺ + e⁻ → Au
| +1.692
|-
|Silver
|Ag⁺ + e⁻ → Ag
| +0.7996
|-
|Copper
|Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu
| +0.342
|-
|Iron (III)
|Fe³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Fe
|–0.037
|-
|Lead
|Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb
|–0.126
|-
|Nickel
|Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
|–0.257
|-
|Cadmium
|Cd²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cd
|–0.403
|-
|Iron (II)
|Fe²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Fe
|–0.447
|-
|Zinc
|Zn²⁺ + 2 e⁻ → Zn
|–0.762
|-
|Aluminum
|Al³⁺ + 3 e⁻ → Al
|–1.662
|-
|Magnesium
|Mg²⁺ + 2 e⁻ → Mg
|–2.372
|-
|Calcium
|Ca²⁺ + 2 e⁻ → Ca
|–2.868
|-
|Lithium
|Li⁺ + e⁻ → Li
|–3.040
|}

==== Uses of Batteries ====

* '''Personal Devices''': Batteries power phones, laptops, and other gadgets.
* '''Energy Storage''': They store energy from solar, wind, or other sources for later use.
* '''Electric Vehicles''': Batteries are the primary source of power in electric cars and buses.
* '''Medical Devices''': Batteries are critical for devices like pacemakers and hearing aids.
* '''Military and Space Applications''': Batteries are used for everything from communication equipment to spacecraft.
* '''Heating''': Batteries can be used to heat things quickly.

==== Future of Batteries ====
The future of battery technology looks promising, with ongoing advancements in materials (like '''solid-state batteries''') and efficiency improvements. Researchers are also exploring '''sodium-ion''' and '''graphene batteries''' as alternatives to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

===== Optoelectric Nuclear Batteries =====
An optoelectric nuclear battery is a type of nuclear battery in which nuclear energy is converted into light, which is then used to generate electrical energy. This is accomplished by letting the ionizing radiation emitted by the radioactive isotopes hit a luminescent material which in turn emits photons that generate electricity upon striking a photovoltaic cell.
[[Category:Technology]]

Battery

2026-03-16T15:50:10Z

AmericanCrocodile: Added optoelectric Nuclear batteries

=== Battery ===
A '''battery''' is a device that stores and provides [[Electricity|electrical]] energy through electrochemical reactions. In its simplest form, it consists of one or more electrochemical cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries are essential for powering a variety of tools, devices, and even entire cities.

==== History of Batteries ====
Batteries have been in use for centuries, although they weren’t always called "batteries." The earliest form of a battery can be traced back to the '''Baghdad Battery''', believed to be from around 250 BC. This device, thought to be a simple galvanic cell, was made from a clay jar, copper and iron, and possibly used for electroplating.

The modern battery, as we know it, was developed in the 1800s by '''Alessandro Volta''', an Italian scientist who created the first true battery in 1800 — the '''Voltaic Pile'''. This marked a significant turning point in the development of electrical energy storage.

==== Types of Batteries ====

# '''Primary Batteries''' – These are non-rechargeable batteries that are used once and then discarded. They include '''alkaline''' and '''zinc-carbon''' batteries.
# '''Secondary Batteries''' – Rechargeable batteries that can be used multiple times, such as '''lithium-ion''' and '''nickel-cadmium''' batteries.
# '''Flow Batteries''' – These are a newer type of rechargeable battery used in large-scale energy storage systems.

==== How Galvanic Cells Work ====
The Galvanic Cell is the foundation for common place ion batteries, as well as the original battery, the voltaic pile. A galvanic cell consists of a cathode, an anode, an electrolytic solution, and a wire running from anode to cathode. An element with lower standard electrode potential is selected for the anode material, and an element with a higher standard electrode potential is selected for the cathode material. The electrode potential of typical elements have been tabulated and can be referenced in the Standard Electrode Potential chart. The difference in electrode potential between the cathode and anode is what causes the electrons from the anode to move to the cathode. Think of the electrode potential as how much the element will want electrons. A higher difference in electrode potential between the electrode will results in a higher drive voltage.

Upon the creation of a circuit in the battery, a voltage is created due to the anode material breaking down into the electrolyte solution, and the breakdown of bonds within the metal is the source of electrons for the battery. The electrons then run through the wire to reach the cathode, and once the energy of electricity is used from the circuit between the anode and cathode, the electrons collect at the cathode where the cathode pulls ions out of solution from the electrolyte to gain mass.

A basic example of a galvanic cell is zinc and copper in a potato or lemon, however these need to be chained to be useful.
[[File:Galvanic Cell illustration.png|thumb|676x676px|Illustration of a simple galvanic cell.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Standard Electrode Potential Table'''
!Element
!Half Reaction
!Electrode Potential
|-
|Gold
|Au⁺ + e⁻ → Au
| +1.692
|-
|Silver
|Ag⁺ + e⁻ → Ag
| +0.7996
|-
|Copper
|Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu
| +0.342
|-
|Iron (III)
|Fe³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Fe
|–0.037
|-
|Lead
|Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb
|–0.126
|-
|Nickel
|Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
|–0.257
|-
|Cadmium
|Cd²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cd
|–0.403
|-
|Iron (II)
|Fe²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Fe
|–0.447
|-
|Zinc
|Zn²⁺ + 2 e⁻ → Zn
|–0.762
|-
|Aluminum
|Al³⁺ + 3 e⁻ → Al
|–1.662
|-
|Magnesium
|Mg²⁺ + 2 e⁻ → Mg
|–2.372
|-
|Calcium
|Ca²⁺ + 2 e⁻ → Ca
|–2.868
|-
|Lithium
|Li⁺ + e⁻ → Li
|–3.040
|}

==== Uses of Batteries ====

* '''Personal Devices''': Batteries power phones, laptops, and other gadgets.
* '''Energy Storage''': They store energy from solar, wind, or other sources for later use.
* '''Electric Vehicles''': Batteries are the primary source of power in electric cars and buses.
* '''Medical Devices''': Batteries are critical for devices like pacemakers and hearing aids.
* '''Military and Space Applications''': Batteries are used for everything from communication equipment to spacecraft.
* '''Heating''': Batteries can be used to heat things quickly.

==== Future of Batteries ====
The future of battery technology looks promising, with ongoing advancements in materials (like '''solid-state batteries''') and efficiency improvements. Researchers are also exploring '''sodium-ion''' and '''graphene batteries''' as alternatives to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

==== Optoelectric Nuclear Batteries ====
An optoelectric nuclear battery is a type of nuclear battery in which nuclear energy is converted into light, which is then used to generate electrical energy. This is accomplished by letting the ionizing radiation emitted by the radioactive isotopes hit a luminescent material which in turn emits photons that generate electricity upon striking a photovoltaic cell.
[[Category:Technology]]

Tea

2026-03-16T03:07:47Z

AmericanCrocodile: reformatting

Tea, a drink made using ''Camellia sinensis'' plant also known as the Tea Plant.
[[File:Camellia sinensis - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-025.jpg|thumb|Camellia sinensis plant]]

== Dependencies ==

* [[Tea plant]]

Tea leaves

== How to Process into the six types of tea ==
The six types of tea are (in order of fermentation) Green, White, Yellow, Oolong, Black and dark.

=== Green Tea ===
Green tea is the simplest style of tea to make. Take Tea Leaves and [[Withering|Wither]] them and then fixed and dried for the base green tea that can also be later made into [[matcha]]

=== Yellow tea ===
Yellow tea in one of the most rare types of tea that is made by first withering then fixed and wrapped and finally dried.

=== White tea ===
White tea is another simple tea to make where you wither then dry it

=== Oolong tea ===
A very complicated tea where you first wither it then roll it and then oxidize it, fix it and finally dry it

=== Black tea ===
One of the most common types of tea black tea is made by withering, rolling, oxidizing and drying

=== Dark tea ===
Also known as pu-er tea named after the Chinese [[City|city,]] puer. Is the most oxidized type of tea. And is made by first withering then fixing, rolling and finally fermented.

== How to turn into a drink ==

=== Dependencies ===

* Water
* tea(of any variation)
* heat source
* kettle

First take your tea leaves and put them is a strainer if it is loose leaf (you can skip this step if you have a [[tea bag]]) and then put your tea into hot water and let it steep.

== Ideal temperatures for each type of tea ==
Green tea: 175f

White tea: 200f

Yellow tea: 175f

Oolong: 190f

Black and dark tea: boiling

Ideal Gas Law

2026-03-16T02:39:37Z

AmericanCrocodile: fixed typo

The ideal gas law is the equation in chemistry for the state of a hypothetical ideal gas, represented as PV=nRT.

== Definitions of the variables ==
P: Pressure, or the amount of force applied over a surface area, units of pressure include Pascals, Atm, kPa, torr, or mmHg

V: Volume, the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that an enclosed space contained.

n: Number of mols, simply the amount of times 6.022*10^23 atoms are contained within the volume

R: The Gas Constant, a constant that is used in the ideal gas law and never changes

T: Temperature, or the amount of heat in the system, units of heat include Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin (Celsius+273.15) and Rankine (Fahrenheit + 459.67)

Ideal Gas Law

2026-03-16T02:06:00Z

AmericanCrocodile: Creation of ideal gas law

Basic Mathematics

2026-03-16T01:42:31Z

AmericanCrocodile: /* Arithmetic */

This document provides a basic introduction to [[Mathematics]]. It assumes that you have no prior knowledge of mathematics. By the end of this document, you will know enough mathematics to navigate this wiki.

== Sets ==
A '''set''' is a group with objects. Sets can contain any number of objects.

To represent sets, we draw a [[Shape]]. While we ''can'' use any shape, we will use this shape below for now.

[[File:Empty Set Shape.png|alt=An empty set, or a set with no objects|center|thumb|600x600px|A set with no objects. The set has an outline to show that the set itself exists.]]

The image above also depicts what we call an '''empty set'''. An empty set is a set with no objects.

Recall, however, that sets are "groups with objects". To represent a set with an object inside, we draw an object inside the set.

[[File:Set with One Object.png|alt=A set with a red circle inside|center|thumb|600x600px|A set with an object inside]]

In fact, sets can contain any number of objects. The image below shows a set with multiple objects in it.

[[File:Set with Multiple Objects.png|alt=A set with multiple objects inside|center|thumb|600x600px|A set with multiple objects inside]]

The image above shows a set with multiple objects, but each individual object is the same. Sets do not need to contain objects that are all the same as one another. Sets may contain objects that are different from one another.

[set with objects that are different from one another]

Multiple sets can be defined at the same time. Each set may have the same or different amounts of objects inside them.

[multiple sets with objects]

Sets can even have sets inside them too! Note that the set inside is called a ''subset'' while the set containing the other set is called a ''superset''.

[set inside another set]

=== Set Symbols ===
Instead of drawing a set with objects, we can use symbols to represent the exact same thing.

==== Set ====
The symbol for a set is surrounded by an opening bracket (<code>{</code>) and a closing bracket (<code>}</code>). Each object in the set is separated by a comma (<code>,</code>).

==== Empty Set ====
Represented with ∅ or { }.

==== Equals ====
Equals means two sets have the same number of objects

== Numbers ==
A '''number''' is a symbol describing the quantity of a set. In other words, a number describes the number of objects in a set.

=== Arabic Numerals ===

=== Place Values ===

=== Number Line ===
An alternative way of viewing total number of objects in a set

== Arithmetic ==
'''Arithmetic''' lets you perform operations on numbers.

=== Addition ===
Addition is an operation where the sum of two terms is taken. Addition is represented by the symbol "+"

=== Subtraction ===
Subtraction is an operation where the second term is taken from the first term. Subtraction is represented by the symbol "-"

=== Multiplication ===
Multiplication is an operation where the first term is added to 0 as many times as the value of the second term denotes. Multiplication can be represented by the symbols "X," or "*," or "⋅," or simply by omitting an operator such as XY=(X*Y)

=== Division ===

==== Modulo ====
Modulo is similar to division. However, it gives you the remainder.

== Properties ==

=== Commutative Property ===
The commutative property dictates that for certain operators, the position of the terms does not affect the outcome.

== Ordering ==
This section goes over ordered sets

=== Ordered Sets ===

=== Ordinal Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Ordinal Numbers 0-20
!Number
!English Word Equivalent
|-
|0
|Zeroth
|-
|1
|First
|-
|2
|Second
|-
|3
|Third
|-
|4
|Fourth
|-
|5
|Fifth
|-
|6
|Sixth
|-
|7
|Seventh
|-
|8
|Eigth
|-
|9
|Ninth
|-
|10
|Tenth
|-
|11
|Eleventh
|-
|12
|Twelfth
|-
|13
|Thirteenth
|-
|14
|Fourteenth
|-
|15
|Fifteenth
|-
|16
|Sixteenth
|-
|17
|Seventeenth
|-
|18
|Eighteenth
|-
|19
|Nineteenth
|-
|20
|Twentieth
|}
If the number is greater than 20, look at the last digit. That will determine its suffix.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Ordinal Numbers Greater than 20
!Digit
!Suffix
|-
|0
| -th
|-
|1
| -st
|-
|2
| -nd
|-
|3
| -rd
|-
|4
| -th
|-
|5
| -th
|-
|6
| -th
|-
|7
| -th
|-
|8
| -th
|-
|9
| -th
|}

== Axioms ==
An '''axiom''' is a statement that is a universally recognized truth. That is, there is no need to prove that it is true. Rather, it ''is'' true, and there is no need to prove it.

Basic Mathematics

2026-03-16T01:39:45Z

AmericanCrocodile: /* Addition */ subtraction, multiplication

This document provides a basic introduction to [[Mathematics]]. It assumes that you have no prior knowledge of mathematics. By the end of this document, you will know enough mathematics to navigate this wiki.

== Sets ==
A '''set''' is a group with objects. Sets can contain any number of objects.

To represent sets, we draw a [[Shape]]. While we ''can'' use any shape, we will use this shape below for now.

[[File:Empty Set Shape.png|alt=An empty set, or a set with no objects|center|thumb|600x600px|A set with no objects. The set has an outline to show that the set itself exists.]]

The image above also depicts what we call an '''empty set'''. An empty set is a set with no objects.

Recall, however, that sets are "groups with objects". To represent a set with an object inside, we draw an object inside the set.

[[File:Set with One Object.png|alt=A set with a red circle inside|center|thumb|600x600px|A set with an object inside]]

In fact, sets can contain any number of objects. The image below shows a set with multiple objects in it.

[[File:Set with Multiple Objects.png|alt=A set with multiple objects inside|center|thumb|600x600px|A set with multiple objects inside]]

The image above shows a set with multiple objects, but each individual object is the same. Sets do not need to contain objects that are all the same as one another. Sets may contain objects that are different from one another.

[set with objects that are different from one another]

Multiple sets can be defined at the same time. Each set may have the same or different amounts of objects inside them.

[multiple sets with objects]

Sets can even have sets inside them too! Note that the set inside is called a ''subset'' while the set containing the other set is called a ''superset''.

[set inside another set]

=== Set Symbols ===
Instead of drawing a set with objects, we can use symbols to represent the exact same thing.

==== Set ====
The symbol for a set is surrounded by an opening bracket (<code>{</code>) and a closing bracket (<code>}</code>). Each object in the set is separated by a comma (<code>,</code>).

==== Empty Set ====
Represented with ∅ or { }.

==== Equals ====
Equals means two sets have the same number of objects

== Numbers ==
A '''number''' is a symbol describing the quantity of a set. In other words, a number describes the number of objects in a set.

=== Arabic Numerals ===

=== Place Values ===

=== Number Line ===
An alternative way of viewing total number of objects in a set

== Arithmetic ==
'''Arithmetic''' lets you perform operations on numbers.

=== Addition ===
Addition is an operation where the sum of two terms is taken. Addition is represented by the symbol "+"

=== Subtraction ===
Subtraction is an operation where the second term is taken from the first term. Subtraction is represented by the symbol "-"

=== Multiplication ===
Multiplication is an operation where the first term is added to 0 as many times as the value of the second term denotes. Multiplication can be represented by the symbols "X," or "*," or "⋅," or simply by omitting an operator such as XY=(X*Y)

=== Division ===

==== Modulo ====
Modulo is similar to division. However, it gives you the remainder.

== Ordering ==
This section goes over ordered sets

=== Ordered Sets ===

=== Ordinal Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Ordinal Numbers 0-20
!Number
!English Word Equivalent
|-
|0
|Zeroth
|-
|1
|First
|-
|2
|Second
|-
|3
|Third
|-
|4
|Fourth
|-
|5
|Fifth
|-
|6
|Sixth
|-
|7
|Seventh
|-
|8
|Eigth
|-
|9
|Ninth
|-
|10
|Tenth
|-
|11
|Eleventh
|-
|12
|Twelfth
|-
|13
|Thirteenth
|-
|14
|Fourteenth
|-
|15
|Fifteenth
|-
|16
|Sixteenth
|-
|17
|Seventeenth
|-
|18
|Eighteenth
|-
|19
|Nineteenth
|-
|20
|Twentieth
|}
If the number is greater than 20, look at the last digit. That will determine its suffix.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Ordinal Numbers Greater than 20
!Digit
!Suffix
|-
|0
| -th
|-
|1
| -st
|-
|2
| -nd
|-
|3
| -rd
|-
|4
| -th
|-
|5
| -th
|-
|6
| -th
|-
|7
| -th
|-
|8
| -th
|-
|9
| -th
|}

== Axioms ==
An '''axiom''' is a statement that is a universally recognized truth. That is, there is no need to prove that it is true. Rather, it ''is'' true, and there is no need to prove it.

Telegraph

2026-03-16T01:23:38Z

AmericanCrocodile: changed telegraph image

[[File:Morse-Vail telegraph key 1844 National Museum of American History.jpg|thumb|An example of a telegraph]]
A telegraph is a device which functions as part of an electric communication system. A telegraph allows for messages to be sent electronically over long distances through wires.

== Function ==
A telegraph works by using a hand-operated key to break and complete an electric circuit, sending short and long pulses of electricity along a wire to a receiver. These electrical signals activate an electromagnet at the receiving end, which stays down until the circuit on the other end is broken. A human operator then translates the series of short and long pulses with a binary code such as Morse Code into a message, or "telegram."

File:Morse-Vail telegraph key 1844 National Museum of American History.jpg

2026-03-16T01:21:50Z

AmericanCrocodile:

Telegraph

2026-03-16T01:14:59Z

AmericanCrocodile: added Telegraph function

[[File:20131011082040telegraph-470.webp|thumb|An example of a telegraph]]
A telegraph is a device which functions as part of an electric communication system. A telegraph allows for messages to be sent electronically over long distances through wires.

== Function ==
A telegraph works by using a hand-operated key to break and complete an electric circuit, sending short and long pulses of electricity along a wire to a receiver. These electrical signals activate an electromagnet at the receiving end, which stays down until the circuit on the other end is broken. A human operator then translates the series of short and long pulses with a binary code such as Morse Code into a message, or "telegram."

File:20131011082040telegraph-470.webp

2026-03-16T01:09:20Z

AmericanCrocodile:

A telegraph

Telegraph

2026-03-16T01:08:08Z

AmericanCrocodile: Created page with "A telegraph is a device which functions as part of an electric communication system. A telegraph allows for messages to be sent electronically over long distances through wires."

A telegraph is a device which functions as part of an electric communication system. A telegraph allows for messages to be sent electronically over long distances through wires.

Hydrochloric acid

2026-03-16T01:00:59Z

AmericanCrocodile: changed heading formatting

Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless strong acid and a component of the gastric acid of multiple species including humans.

== Uses ==
As with many other acids hydrochloric acid is used to catalyze certain organic reactions. HCl is also used for pH neutralization of bases and the [[Pickling]] of steel. Furthermore it has a wide range of processing and cleaning applications.

=== Pickling of steel ===
Hydrochloric acid can be used in the pickling of steel to remove rust. A typical rust removal using HCl goes as follows:<blockquote>Fe3O4 + Fe + 8HCl → 4FeCl2 + 4H2O</blockquote>This reaction reacts with the iron oxide present on the steel until it is depleted as long as HCl is added in excess.

The FeCl2 byproduct can be recycled by hydrochloric acid regeneration process to recover some of the spent HCl.

=== Hydrogen Gas Production ===
Hydrochloric acid can produce Hydrogen gas when reacted with metals more reactive than hydrogen. In this reaction the metal reduces the Hydrogen ions in the Hydrochloric Acid. The product of this reaction is Hydrogen gas and a metal chloride salt.

==== Examples of this reaction ====

Zinc:<blockquote>Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>Magnesium:<blockquote>Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>Iron:<blockquote>Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>

== Safety ==
Hydrochloric acid releases toxic vapors when in an open container. Hydrochloric acid also causes skin burns, damage to eyes and is corrosive to metals. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is volatile at room temperature.

When handeling hydrochloric acid the following are essential for safety:

* Acid resistant gloves
* Safety glasses
* Labcoat (polyester material recommended)
* Acid neutralizer
* A well ventilated area
* Hazardous waste disposal containers
* An emergency shower and eye washing tap

Avoid inhalation of fumes and avoid contact. In case of contact wash with water.

Hydrochloric acid

2026-03-16T00:58:44Z

AmericanCrocodile: reformatted chemical equations

Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless strong acid and a component of the gastric acid of multiple species including humans.

== Uses ==
As with many other acids hydrochloric acid is used to catalyze certain organic reactions. HCl is also used for pH neutralization of bases and the [[Pickling]] of steel. Furthermore it has a wide range of processing and cleaning applications.

=== Pickling of steel ===
Hydrochloric acid can be used in the pickling of steel to remove rust. A typical rust removal using HCl goes as follows:<blockquote>Fe3O4 + Fe + 8HCl → 4FeCl2 + 4H2O</blockquote>This reaction reacts with the iron oxide present on the steel until it is depleted as long as HCl is added in excess.

The FeCl2 byproduct can be recycled by hydrochloric acid regeneration process to recover some of the spent HCl.

== Hydrogen Gas Production ==
Hydrochloric acid can produce Hydrogen gas when reacted with metals more reactive than hydrogen. In this reaction the metal reduces the Hydrogen ions in the Hydrochloric Acid. The product of this reaction is Hydrogen gas and a metal chloride salt.

=== Examples of this reaction ===
Zinc:<blockquote>Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>Magnesium:<blockquote>Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>Iron:<blockquote>Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>

== Safety ==
Hydrochloric acid releases toxic vapors when in an open container. Hydrochloric acid also causes skin burns, damage to eyes and is corrosive to metals. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is volatile at room temperature.

When handeling hydrochloric acid the following are essential for safety:

* Acid resistant gloves
* Safety glasses
* Labcoat (polyester material recommended)
* Acid neutralizer
* A well ventilated area
* Hazardous waste disposal containers
* An emergency shower and eye washing tap

Avoid inhalation of fumes and avoid contact. In case of contact wash with water.

Hydrochloric acid

2026-03-16T00:53:16Z

AmericanCrocodile: Hydrochloric gas production

Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless strong acid and a component of the gastric acid of multiple species including humans.

== Uses ==
As with many other acids hydrochloric acid is used to catalyze certain organic reactions. HCl is also used for pH neutralization of bases and the [[Pickling]] of steel. Furthermore it has a wide range of processing and cleaning applications.

=== Pickling of steel ===
Hydrochloric acid can be used in the pickling of steel to remove rust. A typical rust removal using HCl goes as follows:<blockquote>Fe3O4 + Fe + 8 HCl → 4 FeCl2 + 4 H2O</blockquote>This reaction reacts with the iron oxide present on the steel until it is depleted as long as HCl is added in excess.

The FeCl2 byproduct can be recycled by hydrochloric acid regeneration process to recover some of the spent HCl.

== Hydrogen Gas Production ==
Hydrochloric acid can produce Hydrogen gas when reacted with metals more reactive than hydrogen. In this reaction the metal reduces the Hydrogen ions in the Hydrochloric Acid. The product of this reaction is Hydrogen gas and a metal chloride salt.

=== Examples of this reaction ===
Zinc:<blockquote>Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>Magnesium:<blockquote>Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>Iron:<blockquote>Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)</blockquote>

== Safety ==
Hydrochloric acid releases toxic vapors when in an open container. Hydrochloric acid also causes skin burns, damage to eyes and is corrosive to metals. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is volatile at room temperature.

When handeling hydrochloric acid the following are essential for safety:

* Acid resistant gloves
* Safety glasses
* Labcoat (polyester material recommended)
* Acid neutralizer
* A well ventilated area
* Hazardous waste disposal containers
* An emergency shower and eye washing tap

Avoid inhalation of fumes and avoid contact. In case of contact wash with water.

Zinc

2026-03-16T00:31:36Z

AmericanCrocodile: linked hcl

[[File:Zn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of zinc in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Zinc sample.jpg|thumb|200px|Zinc on a glass plate.]]

'''Zinc''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a silvery-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed.

== Uses ==
A major application of zinc is corrosion-resistant plating of [[iron]] (hot-dip galvanizing). Other applications for zinc are small non-structural castings, and alloys such as [[brass]]. Additionally, mixing zinc with [[hydrochloric acid]] produces hydrogen gas.

=== Voltaic Piles ===
[[File:Voltaic Battery.jpg|thumb|A voltaic pile]]
A Voltaic Pile is a battery which produces a steady electric current by stacking alternating zinc and copper discs separated by brine-soaked cloth.

== Dependencies ==

* '''Zinc'''
** [[Brass]]
* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Tin]]
** [[Brass|Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Zinc}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Zinc

2026-03-16T00:29:51Z

AmericanCrocodile: /* Uses */ Voltaic piles

[[File:Zn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of zinc in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Zinc sample.jpg|thumb|200px|Zinc on a glass plate.]]

'''Zinc''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a silvery-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed.

== Uses ==
A major application of zinc is corrosion-resistant plating of [[iron]] (hot-dip galvanizing). Other applications for zinc are small non-structural castings, and alloys such as [[brass]]. Additionally, mixing zinc with hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen gas.

=== Voltaic Piles ===
[[File:Voltaic Battery.jpg|thumb|A voltaic pile]]
A Voltaic Pile is a battery which produces a steady electric current by stacking alternating zinc and copper discs separated by brine-soaked cloth.

== Dependencies ==

* '''Zinc'''
** [[Brass]]
* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Tin]]
** [[Brass|Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Zinc}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

File:Voltaic Battery.jpg

2026-03-16T00:29:24Z

AmericanCrocodile:

A Voltaic Pile from the early 19th century

Zinc

2026-03-16T00:16:56Z

AmericanCrocodile: /* Uses */ Zn+HCl=H2

[[File:Zn-TableImage.svg|thumb|200px|Position of zinc in the periodic table.]]
[[File:Zinc sample.jpg|thumb|200px|Zinc on a glass plate.]]

'''Zinc''' is a [[Chemical elements|chemical element]] with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a silvery-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed.

== Uses ==
A major application of zinc is corrosion-resistant plating of [[iron]] (hot-dip galvanizing). Other applications for zinc are electrical batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys such as [[brass]]. Additionally, mixing zinc with hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen gas.

== Dependencies ==

* '''Zinc'''
** [[Brass]]
* [[Aluminum]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Tin]]
** [[Brass|Bronze]]

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2">
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Gold]]
* [[Iron]]
* [[Lead]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Magnesium]]
* [[Mercury]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Silver]]
* [[Sodium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Chemical elements]]
</div>

==References==
{{wa|Zinc}}

[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Stubs]]